Peter (fellow dog)

Pietro Particiaco , in the chronologically closer sources Petrus , also Piero , or Partecipazio or Participazio (* around 860 , † around 885 in Venice) was not recognized as the Doge of Venice according to the Venetian traditional historiography , i.e. the historiography controlled by the state , because he never ruled alone. He was therefore only briefly, until his death, co-dog of his older brother John II , who found recognition as a doge in the eyes of local historiography. On the other hand, tradition acknowledges that Peter, the youngest of the four Particiaco brothers, was for a short time, during the serious illness of his older brother and Doge John, the doge chosen by him and acclaimed by the people .

The office of fellow doge, insignia

Peter was the son and co-ruler of his older brother John II , who in turn had been brought into office by his father Ursus without election. After the death of their common father, John followed him in the office of Doge. In terms of foreign policy, Iohannes obtained from Emperor Charles III. 883 in Mantua the renewal of the privileges already renewed under Ursus in 880, which in turn went back to the Pactum Lotharii of 840. However, it did not succeed in occupying the territory of the commercial rival Comacchio , which the Pope claimed. In order to negotiate the rule of the city near Ferrara , John sent another brother, Badoer, to Rome to see Pope Hadrian III. But Badoer was killed on the way there as a result of an attack by Marino, the Count of Comacchio. In revenge, the Doge had the city ravaged in 883.

Towards the end of his reign, a series of deaths wiped out the Doge family, more precisely, the remaining three brothers died as well. First, John raised his youngest brother Peter - “minimum suum fratrem” as it is called by Johannes Diaconus (ed. Monticolo, p. 128) - to be a co-doge because he was sick himself. Peter, acclaimed by the people and intended to be the Doge's successor - “populo adclamante, successorem sibi elegit” - proved his worth, but soon died at the age of only 25. He was buried next to his brother Badoer - "sepultusque fuit iuxta predictum Badovarium fratrem suum."

The brother Ursus who remained after this early death refused to continue the office alone. As a result, none of the brothers came into question for the succession in the Doge's office. According to the Chronicle of John the Deacon, in view of this situation, the Venetians chose Petrus Candianus as doge. According to the aforementioned chronicle, John himself is said to have initiated this transition by having Petrus Candianus elected co-regent and by ostentatiously handing him the insignia of Doge rule: sword, scepter and chair - “quem domnus Iohannes dux clementer ad palatium convocans, spatam fustemque ac sellam ei contradidit, eumque sibi successorem constituens ”. He himself returned to his house and abdicated on the same day, April 17, 887, with which the Particiaco dynasty ended.

reception

For Venice at the time of Doge Andrea Dandolo , the interpretation given to Piero's brief co-rule was of symbolic importance, as one of the families forming the dynasty was disempowered with the death of the Particiaco brothers. Fate had thus ruined the third attempt in the history of Venice to establish a dynasty permanently. On the other hand, the family continued to enjoy a high reputation, so that the Badoer was the evidence of the descent from the Particiaco of high prestige.

The oldest vernacular chronicle, the Cronica di Venexia detta di Enrico Dandolo from the late 14th century, depicts the events on a level that has long been customary at this time and was dominated by individuals. When the Doge fell ill - "de corporal infirmitade agrevado" -, so the chronicler, "Piero Badoer, suo fradelo, coaiuctor et compagno nel seggio dugal constituì". Petrus, here already referred to as a member of the Badoer, appears as "coaiuctor" and "compagno". According to this chronicle, after eight years of reign, he and his brother Orso renounced the Doge's office together: “lui cum suo fradelo refiutò lo ducado”.

Pietro Marcello reports with a few deviations . In 1502, in his work, which was later translated into the Volgare under the title Vite de'prencipi di Vinegia, he stated that John, who had been Doge since 881, was sick and that he had therefore expressly raised his brother Pietro as his successor: “Giovanni poi, essendo caduto gravemente ammalato, s'ordinò per successore Pietro suo fratello ”. But the doge recovered, so that Pietro was now a fellow dog ("lo prese per compagno nel governo della Repub."). After Pietro's death, "si tolse in compagnia Orso suo fratello minore". Together with this brother, whom he had made a co-doge instead of the late Pietro - "in compagnia" - both of them, Johannes again seriously ill, withdrew from the Dogat together. More precisely, it only says: "lasciò il Magistrato". This happened before the sixth year was reached.

In his Historie venete dal principio della città fino all'anno 1382 , Gian Giacomo Caroldo reports on "Ioanni Badoaro" that he had led the regiment alone from 871 onwards. He had previously done a great job, because two days before Grado the Saracens evaded Johannes and his fleet after they had looted places in the neighborhood. When he returned home, he was raised to be a fellow doge. He, his father, clergy and people together forbade the trade in slaves: "li Duci co'l 'Clero et Popolo". For Caroldo it was obviously unproblematic to address father and son equally as "Duci". After describing Badoer's death and the subsequent acts of revenge, the author reports on the confirmation of the old rights by the emperor. Then Caroldo continues: “Il Duce hebbe una grave infirmità, nella quale (consentiente il Popolo) constitui successore nel Ducato Pietro suo minor fratello; et dopo, risanato, lo fece consorte, il quale, poco dopo, passò di questa vita d'anni XXV. Morto Pietro, il Duce fece consorte del Ducato knife Orso l'altro fratello “. So when the Doge became seriously ill, the people agreed that he should raise his younger brother Pietro to be his successor. After his recovery he made Pietro a fellow doge again. But he died a little later at the age of 25. Therefore he raised Orso, another brother, to be co-doge ("consorte"), who founded the church of Santi Cornelio e Cipriano on the Lido di Malamocco in a place called Vigna. It should be subordinate to the "Cappella di San Marco". When the Doge fell ill again, he allowed the people to choose another Doge ("permesse al Popolo ch'elegesse un Duce che più li fusse grato"). John gave the elected Pietro Candiano "l'insegne del Ducato et sede Duce". Pietro was also killed on September 17, 887. Despite his illness, Johannes listened to the people's requests - "per soddisfare alle preghiere del Popolo" - to resume his office. After six months and thirteen days, the "pubblici rumori" were so reassured that he was able to persuade the people to elect a new doge again in 888. So Caroldo carefully differentiates between the official examinations that were necessary every time John fell ill. With him and his father both were addressed as doges, then he appointed Peter as his successor with the consent of the people's assembly in order to make him a “consorte” after his recovery. Ursus was made a “consorte” right from the start, perhaps not requiring the approval of the people. He in turn allowed the people to elect a new doge, and the people in turn could ask the resigned doge to take office again.

In the Chronica published in 1574, this is Warhaffte actual and short description, all the lives of the Frankfurt lawyer Heinrich Kellner in Venice , who based on Marcello made the Venetian chronicle known in the German-speaking area, Johannes "Orsi Son / ... took the regiment / in 881 .jar ". Ursus sent "his brother Badoerum to Bapst Johanne / to hand over Comachio to the Venetians." Marinus, "Graff zu Comachio", threw "Badoerum beyond Ravenna under / wounded in / and imprisoned." At the promise to head towards his enterprise the count released him, but Badoer died "shortly afterwards / when he came back home / from the stroke he had received." In revenge, the Doge won Comacchio "with little effort. Also punishes the very hard / so umb his brother Todt had with science ”. He also covered the “Ravignaner” with “Schwerdt and Fewer.” But soon he fell seriously ill and “made him the successor to Petrum / his brother”. But when, contrary to expectations, he recovered, he took him "as an assistant in the regiment". When Peter died, "he chose his younger brother Orsum as his journeyman". The doge fell ill again and so “he gave his brother the command when he had not yet ruled for six years.” Kellner also carefully differentiates between the status of a successor (here without the consent of the people's assembly) and that of an “assistant”.

In the translation of the Historia Veneta by Alessandro Maria Vianoli , which appeared in Nuremberg in 1686 under the title Der Venetianischen Herthaben Leben / Government, und Die Aussterben / Von dem First Paulutio Anafesto an / bis on the now-ruling Marcum Antonium Justiniani , the doge is “ John II. Badoarius ”called. The identification of the Badoer with the Particiaco, beginning with Johannes' father, was already standard. When the Doge fell seriously ill after Badoer's death and the criminal campaign against Comacchio and Ravenna, he “appointed” his brother as his successor, but as the Doge “unexpectedly recovered / only headed the regiment as an assistant”, and he too had "given the job to his younger brother Orso". Vianoli recognizes the fellow Doge in a sense of their office again and makes him a "helper".

In 1687 Jacob von Sandrart wrote in his work Kurtze and an increased description of the origin / recording / areas / and government of the world-famous republic of Venice also, albeit very laconically: "In the year 881. his son Johannes who gave the Ravennatern the city of Comaclum (Comacchio) removed by force ". When the Doge "fell into a fatal illness / and he avoided / that he would die / he asked the people / that his brother would like to be appointed as his successor". When he “came up again” “he used his brother as his co-regent; and as the same with death he took his eldest son with him with equal dignity ”. After six years of government he “felt” that “the people were not at peace with their government / so they both abdicated” (p. 21). Here Peter first becomes the successor, as with the other authors, then the “secondary regent”.

According to Johann Friedrich LeBret's state history of the Republic of Venice , published in four volumes from 1769 , the siege of Grado lasted only two days and John returned "with the glory of a victory that cost him nothing more than to show itself". Nevertheless, the people allowed his elevation to the rank of fellow doge. The Doge's "son John followed him without any contradiction" (p. 176). “The Bado family was so used to ruling that they looked for princely thrones for all four brothers. Drey sat on the Venetian throne ”, so Comacchio seemed appropriate for“ Badoarius ”. When Johannes fell seriously ill and was no longer able to run the affairs of government, he obtained the “consent” of the people to “appoint his youngest brother Peter as successor or government administrator” (p. 179). Even after recovery, the people “recognized” his brother as a permanent co-regent. ”However, when he died at the age of 25,“ [John] accepted the third brother as co-regent ”, but he, too, wished to“ withdraw ”from his dignity. So "Johannes finally gave thanks voluntarily". He called on the people to vote, from which Peter Candian emerged victorious. John called him to the “ducal palace”, where he “gave him the ducal sword, the scepter, and the ducal chair, thereby recognizing him as his successor”. His behavior after his reign is particularly emphasized, especially after the unexpected death of Pietro Candiano in 887: “As soon as John calm the unrest, fulfilled the wishes of the nation, and saw the throne occupied by a worthy successor, he returned to his philosophical calm returned, and all his conduct did him more honor than a thousand victories bought with human blood [...] He left the throne again, seeing his fatherland happy, lived as a philosopher, and died happy (p. 182). “The author believes that John needed the consent of the people to become his successor, so after his recovery the people simply recognized him. The uprising of Pietro Candiano, however, took place in a more ritually represented form.

In 1853, Samuele Romanin describes in the first volume of his ten-volume opus' Storia documentata di Venezia , like Andrea Dandolo, the flight of the surprised Saracens from Grado, and how John II was immediately made a fellow doge. In connection with the conflict between the Count of Comacchio and the doge's brother, Romanin added that the Venetians were on the one hand the successful trade in Comacchio a thorn in the side, on the other hand that the county was given a diploma by Ludwig II on May 30, 854 had been awarded to Ottone d'Este, for whom his son Marino led the government. This pre-figured the permanent conflict with the Estonians. Comacchio had also made available a fleet and auxiliary troops to Pippin's invasion army against the lagoon cities of what would later become Venice. According to Romanin, Marino provided the captured Badoer with the best medical care, then given him the oath to refrain from annexation plans and sent him to Venice. Perhaps ("forse") died of the injuries suffered, revenge was demanded in Venice. The renewed privilege of Charlemagne in 883 included other provisions, such as the fact that the Doge and his relatives were exempt from taxes. Even in the event of an overthrow in Venice, provisions were made, such as the expulsion of those concerned and their accomplices, the setting of a very high fine of 100 libbre d'oro for those who violated the imperial regulations. Eventually the sick doge took his brothers, apart from Badoer, one after the other as fellow doges, but they either died or refused to lead the office alone. After Romanin, Pietro was the youngest of the brothers (p. 203); John appointed him "collega" and successor. Pietro was also buried in San Zaccaria next to his brother Badoer. The three Badoers brothers all had “l'onore del dogado”, the “honor of the Doge's office” (p. 203).

August Friedrich Gfrörer († 1861) assumes in his history of Venice from its founding to 1084 , which appeared eleven years after his death : "Doge Orso died in the year 881 (or 882)." Then he explicitly refers to the Chronicle of Andrea Dandolo describing the two-day siege of Grado, as well as the fleet that John was supposed to lead against the besiegers, who, however, evaded and devastated Comacchio on the way back. In gratitude, the Venetians raised the fleet commander to be a fellow doge after they returned home. Only now, probably in the last year of Orsos, had Constantinople and Venice made contact again, and the Emperor had also accepted Venice's new role as a regulating power in the Adriatic. Dandolo saw, through and through Venetians, the clergy as the maidservant of the state and the Doges as the starting point for all initiatives - for Gfrörer this was the Byzantine relationship between state and church, “Byzantinism” par excellence. In addition, "there are reports that Orso's sons were men with weak nerves and inclined to infirmity." John II wanted to get "his brother Badoarius a substantial supply at the expense of the chair of Peter". The men of Count Marinus of Comacchio "hit" this man - while quoting Andrea Dandolo - "one of the legs in two". In Gfrörer's view, the Pope, in view of the nobility who began to split up the Papal States, accepted Comacchio's possession by Badoer, "whose friendship was worth something". Gfrörer regards the contract with Karl the Dicken from 883, which provided for goods, duty-free trade, yes, protection from overthrow, as a sign of something else: the “Doge of Venetia recognized the Franconia as its master and took the Zealand off the imperial crown in fiefdom ”(p. 211). The Doge also retained jurisdiction over the "emigrants" who continually tried to overthrow the Doge while they were in exile in Franconia. These provisions are a kind of secret addition to the contract, which Muratori "referred" to in a footnote. Gfrörer suspects that John II turned entirely from Byzantium and turned to the Carolingians, also because his business was perhaps more likely to extend to the Franconian Empire - hence the tax exemption. Byzantium, however, by no means let the Doges have their way. Now the author weaves in an original justification for the elevation of Piero to co-doge. Gfrörer claims that "that the Greek party in Veneto, whenever Doges broke with Byzantium, forced the appointment of fellow Doges". But this ultimately failed due to the death of "Peters". Then the reinstatement of Johann followed, but since his alleged patron Karl the Fat had been overthrown, he could no longer hold his office. This also indicates that the election of his successor took place in his house and that John II only handed over the insignia of his power in the Doge's Palace afterwards. As always with Gfrörer, Byzantium was behind the appointment of fellow Doges and the resignation of the Doge.

Pietro Pinton contradicted these interpretations. He translated and annotated Gfrörer's work in the Archivio Veneto in the annual volumes XII to XVI. Pinton's own account, which did not appear until 1883 - also in the Archivio Veneto - came to very different, less speculative results than Gfrörer. He considers the doge's self-serving motive for the occupation of Comacchio to be one-sided, as the trade advantages for the whole of Venice would be suppressed. In the treaty of 883, too, Gfrörer underestimated the difficulties in which Charlemagne had found himself and who had by no means succeeded in outbidding Charlemagne in this regard. According to Pinton, the Doge, harassed by the greats of the mainland, could have stipulated that opponents such as the Ravennaten or those from the neighboring mainland should be subject to severe punishment. In any case, there is no indication of any kind of supremacy by Charles. After all, Gfrörer based his interpretation on an incorrect chronological sequence of events, because the Doge's resignation was at least three months before the death of Charlemagne, so that his resignation could not be linked to the end of his alleged overlord.

In 1867, Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna, in the first volume of his Storia dei Dogi di Venezia, expressed the view that John II had asked the Pope for Comacchio in order to increase the influence of his family. Under the section that Cicogna had dedicated to the Doge's father, the author conceals that the Saracens were about to evacuate the camp in front of Grado when they only heard of the approaching fleet, and writes nebulously of "Giovanni", the “Si valentemente portossi in questo incontro” that he was made a fellow doge as a reward by the people (“dalla nazione”). Neither the Pope nor the Emperor opposed the looting that was carried out against Ravenna. Venice received a renewal of privileges from Emperor Charles, and Cicogna also does not forget to mention that the Doge's trade was not only permitted, but even without taxes. After the two other deaths in the family, Johannes finally resigned and left the nation to choose whoever it liked (“qual più le piacesse per doge”) as doge.

Heinrich Kretschmayr believes in the first volume of his history of Venice , published in 1905, that the Doge "probably comes from a side line" of Particiaco. For this author, the expulsion from Grado means that it was not the people who raised the son of the Doge to co-regent, but the Doge himself. Since 867, Byzantium managed to intervene again in the Adriatic "under the iron fist of the first Basil", to win Bari and the subject To set up Langobardia so that around 880/881 the Adriatic Sea in the south could be “considered pacified”. "The development was heading more and more towards a supreme power inherited in the house of the particiaci" (p. 100). Kretschmayr only briefly mentions the two fellow doges Peter and Ursus: “But Johannes was suffering; no less his brother and co-regent Peter, who died at the age of 25; maybe also the second brother Orso, who temporarily took over the full administration of Dogates for the sick Johannes ”.

swell

• La cronaca veneziana del diacono Giovanni , in: Giovanni Monticolo (ed.): Cronache veneziane antichissime (= Fonti per la storia d'Italia [Medio Evo], IX), Rome 1890, p. 126–130 (death of Badoers, resignation of John, Death of Peter) ( digitized version ).
• Luigi Andrea Berto (ed.): Giovanni Diacono, Istoria Veneticorum (= Fonti per la Storia dell'Italia medievale. Storici italiani dal Cinquecento al Millecinquecento ad uso delle scuole, 2), Zanichelli, Bologna 1999 ( text edition based on Berto in the Archivio della Latinità Italiana del Medioevo (ALIM) from the University of Siena).
• Ester Pastorello (Ed.): Andrea Dandolo, Chronica per extensum descripta aa. 460-1280 dC , (= Rerum Italicarum Scriptores XII, 1), Nicola Zanichelli, Bologna 1938, pp. 155-161.

literature

• Marco Pozza:  Particiaco, Orso I. In: Raffaele Romanelli (Ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 81:  Pansini – Pazienza. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2014.

Remarks

1. ↑ La cronaca veneziana del diacono Giovanni , in: Giovanni Monticolo (ed.): Cronache veneziane antichissime , Rome 1890, pp. 59–171, here: p. 128 ( digitized version ); ed.Zanichelli, III, 32 (Nicola Bergamo: Venezia bizantina , Helvetia editrice, Spinea 2018, p. 134).
2. ^ Roberto Pesce (Ed.): Cronica di Venexia detta di Enrico Dandolo. Origini - 1362 , Centro di Studi Medievali e Rinascimentali "Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna", Venice 2010, p. 39.
3. ↑ Pietro Marcello : Vite de'prencipi di Vinegia in the translation of Lodovico Domenichi, Marcolini, 1558, p. 26 f. ( Digitized version ).
4. ↑ Șerban V. Marin (Ed.): Gian Giacomo Caroldo. Istorii Veneţiene , vol. I: De la originile Cetăţii la moartea dogelui Giacopo Tiepolo (1249) , Arhivele Naţionale ale României, Bucharest 2008, p. 64 f. ( online ).
5. ↑ Heinrich Kellner : Chronica that is Warhaffte actual and short description, all life in Venice , Frankfurt 1574, p. 10r – 10v ( digitized, p. 10r ).
6. ↑ Alessandro Maria Vianoli : Der Venetianischen Hertsehen Leben / Government, und dieback / From the First Paulutio Anafesto to / bit on the now-ruling Marcum Antonium Justiniani , Nuremberg 1686, pp. 107-111, translation ( digitized ).
7. ↑ Jacob von Sandrart: Kurtze and increased description of the origin / recording / areas / and government of the world famous Republick Venice , Nuremberg 1687, p. 21 ( digitized, p. 21 ).
8. ↑ Johann Friedrich LeBret: State history of the Republic of Venice, from its origin to our times, in which the text of the abbot L'Augier is the basis, but its errors are corrected, the incidents are presented in a certain and from real sources, and after a Ordered the correct time order, at the same time adding new additions to the spirit of the Venetian laws and secular and ecclesiastical affairs, to the internal state constitution, its systematic changes and the development of the aristocratic government from one century to another , 4 vols., Johann Friedrich Hartknoch , Riga and Leipzig 1769–1777, Vol. 1, Leipzig and Riga 1769, pp. 176–179 ( digitized version ).
9. ^ Samuele Romanin : Storia documentata di Venezia , 10 vols., Pietro Naratovich, Venice 1853–1861 (2nd edition 1912–1921, reprint Venice 1972), vol. 1, Venice 1853, pp. 199–204 ( digitized version ).
10. ↑ August Friedrich Gfrörer : History of Venice from its foundation to the year 1084. Edited from his estate, supplemented and continued by Dr. JB Weiß , Graz 1872, pp. 208-218 ( digitized version ).
11. ^ Pietro Pinton: La storia di Venezia di AF Gfrörer , in: Archivio Veneto 25.2 (1883) 288-313, here: pp. 295-298 (part 2) ( digitized version ).
12. ^ Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna : Storia dei Dogi di Venezia , Vol. 1, Venice 1867, o. P.
13. ^ Heinrich Kretschmayr : History of Venice , 3 vol., Vol. 1, Gotha 1905, p. 100 f.