Domenico Michiel

Domenico Michiel (* in the 2nd half of the 11th century, probably in Venice ; † 1130 there ) ruled the Republic of Venice from 1118 to 1129 or 1130 . According to the historiographical tradition, as the state-controlled historiography of Venice is called, he was the 35th Doge .

Domenico Michiel waged war against Byzantium , from which he forced the renewal of the trading privilege of 1082 suspended in 1118 in 1126, and a crusade in the Holy Land , in the course of which mainly Tire was conquered. During this time, from 1122 to 1125, his son Leachim and another Domenico Michiel represented him as vice duke . Hungary took the opportunity to temporarily secure cities in Dalmatia, but King Stephen II had to give up these cities when the fleet returned. After the fleet returning from the Holy Land had plundered the Byzantine islands in vain, a second naval expedition finally forced Byzantium to renew the Venetian trading privileges in 1126.

After the people's assembly asked him to appoint a new doge, the Doge made his son-in-law Pietro Polani his successor . It is unclear whether this was a last attempt in Venice's history to establish a hereditary monarchy.

Origin and family

The doge cannot be clearly assigned personal names that appear in contemporary documents. Therefore its origin cannot be clearly clarified. Domenico Michiel may have been the son of Giovanni who commanded the great fleet that went to the Holy Land in 1100 and nephew of Doge Vitale Michiel . In a notarial act from 1104, however, a Domenico Michiel, son of Pietro, who was a resident of the Venetian community of San Cassiano , also appears. In some documents from 1151 and 1160 there appears a Leachim, son of Michiel, who was also a resident of San Cassian. The matching community makes an identification of that Domenico Michiel from 1104 with the dog of the same name plausible. Then he would be the son of said Pietro and not Giovanni, son of Vitale.

Among the contemporaries there are two other men, namely a vice duke who ruled Venice with Leachim from 1122 to 1125, while the doge Domenico Michiel was absent, as well as a iudex who appears in 1125, together with said Michiel and another Michiel, Giovanni, also this iudex and signatory of a document in which the monastery Ss. Trinità di Brondolo recognizes the rights of the sons of the iudex Andrea Michiel, among whom there was another Domenico Michiel. This was property that was returned to the monastery after the father's death. So it is not possible to prove with certainty which ramo or branch of the large Michiel family the Doge belonged to. The namesakes cannot be identified with the Doge with any certainty.

His wife Vita, whose existence is only documented by Andrea Dandolo's chronicle , gave birth to a daughter named Adelasa, who married Michiel's successor, and their son Leachim, who represented the father for years as vice duke. His name is an anagram of his father's name. This son of a dog probably died before 1151 and left numerous descendants.

Most likely, Domenico Michiel already took part in the naval expedition to Dalmatia under the leadership of Doge Ordelafo Falier , which should serve to wrest the towns on the coast from the Hungarians again. He also appears as the signatory of a privilege wrongly dated to 1118 by the Doge for the Arbe commune on Rab . When Falier died before Zara in late 1116 or early 1117, Domenico Michiel followed him in office.

Doge's Office

In contrast to his predecessor, Michiel initially relied more on the diplomatic path and negotiated with the Kingdom of Hungary . The result was a contract that lasted for five years. This left Venice in the possession of Zara , the large islands of the Quarnero and perhaps other cities in Dalmatia. As a result, the Doge continued to carry the title of dux Croatiae , which Falier had already claimed to substantiate his claim to Dalmatia (and Croatia ).

In 1120, envoys from the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Garmond of Picquigny , and King Baldwin II reached Venice, along with other Christian capitals. They sought support there, because on June 28, 1119, the army of the Principality of Antioch had been almost completely destroyed in the Battle of the Bloodfield by the army of the Emir of Aleppo, Ilghazi . The Doge responded by increasing the presence of Venetian ships in the Holy Land. On the one hand, Venice had fallen behind in terms of the privilege of its trade in the region compared to its rivals Pisa and Genoa ; on the other hand, Michiel was urged to help by a letter from Pope Calixtus II . According to the chronicler Andrea Dandolo , this letter was solemnly read out in St. Mark's Church by the Doge and Patriarch of Grado, Giovanni VII. Gradenigo (1112–1129) .

Byzantine spoilage on a house on Campiello del Angaran near the church of San Pantalon in the Dorsoduro sestiere , diameter 90 cm. This is a representation from the period around 1108 to 1118, probably of Emperor Alexios I.

But first the Doge wanted to clarify the relationship with the Byzantine emperor. In his final years, Emperor Alexios I had opened the empire to the Pisans and Genoese, and relations with the Crusader states, which were heavily dominated by Normans, were strained. After the death of the emperor in 1118, the Doge turned to his successor John II to have the great privilege (Chrysobullon) of 1082 renewed. The Venetian ambassador Andrea Michiel was welcomed and addressed as "imperialis protonobilissimus", while the Doge received the title of "imperialis protosevastus". Although the negotiations dragged on into the next year, the emperor ultimately refused the renewal. The Doge then instructed all Venetian traders to return to Venice by Easter 1121, i.e. by April 10th. Two goals were connected with this, because the returnees were able to strengthen the fleet, which was now launched, and on the other hand, one avoided the danger that the traders in Constantinople would become hostages of the emperor in the event of an open conflict. To secure the route through the Adriatic , the Doge signed a contract with Bari in May 1122 , which contained mutual guarantees for people and property, as well as the appropriate means of power to suppress disputes between the citizens of the two contracting parties.

The Crusader States around 1135

In August 1122, a fleet of 100 ships, 15,000 strong, and under the personal guidance of the Doge, set sail. The Doge Domenico Michiel sailed under the flag of St. Peter, which the Pope had sent him. As vice-duke, he left the government of Venice to his son Leachim and a closely related namesake. When Emperor Johannes did not renew the privilege of 1082, the fleet attacked Corfu . But the main town withstood the long siege. When the news of the capture of Baldwin II of Jerusalem reached the Venetians in the spring , they broke off the siege and drove eastwards, taking their time and making a detour via Cyprus. On May 30, 1123, they defeated a fleet of the Egyptian sultan before Askalon , which was supposed to block Jaffa . The Venetians disembarked and, along with other crusaders, freed the city from the blockade.

But now there was disagreement for months about the continuation of the war, more precisely, about the question of whether Ascalon or Tire should be attacked. Ascalon was close to the Egyptian border, where trade quickly shifted after the 1082 privilege ended. After Wilhelm von Tire , the decision was made by the army that had adopted the perspective of Venice. Tire was their destination, because on the one hand this port was more important and the end point of an important caravan route that connected the Persian Gulf with the Mediterranean, on the other hand the city was far enough away from Egypt, on whose main port Alexandria Venice was heavily dependent at this time. because Constantinople could no longer be approached. However, Tire was more fortified. At the end of 1123, after the Doge had left the fleet, which brought up the Saracen merchant ships, in Acre , he went to Jerusalem to celebrate Christmas there. There it came to the conclusion of the so-called Pactum Warmundi (after the Patriarch of Jerusalem Garmond ), who acted on behalf of the king, who is still in captivity. This pactum provided that Venice should have its own quarters in each city of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . In addition, there was extensive tax exemption, permission to use the measures and weights there and legal supervision of its citizens. The latter should also apply to cases in which there was a dispute with non-Venetians. The Venetians were thus removed from royal jurisdiction. Corresponding privileges should also apply to the principality of Antioch . In addition, Venice was to receive a third of the cities still to be conquered, Tire and Ascalon, and their territories. After King Baldwin was freed from captivity on May 2, 1125, he confirmed these far-reaching privileges. This should lead to frequent conflicts later.

On February 15, 1124, the Venetian fleet left its port and began the siege of Tire. The city surrendered in early July. Allegedly the enthusiasm was so great - at least this is what the Historia ducum Venetorum from the 13th century claims - that the Doge was offered the crown of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Baldwin, who hardly had any hope of being released from captivity, would have been ousted.

After these widespread successes, the fleet went home. She was approaching Rhodes . The Venetians began to besiege the capital under the pretext that the residents would refuse to supply the ships with food. Then they began to pillage the Aegean islands , including Chios , where the fleet wintered. Then came Samos , Lesbos and Andros . Eventually they conquered Modon in the extreme southwest of the Peloponnese .

In Dalmatia, the Hungarians had again subjugated the cities, but now the Doge forced the surrender of Traù and Spalato . The Venetians won at Belgrado in Dalmatia, which was completely destroyed. They celebrated the victory in Zara , which the Hungarians had not occupied, with a solemn Te Deum . In June 1125 the fleet returned to Venice after almost three years. She carried enormous booty, relics and hostages from Hungary and Dalmatia.

But as early as 1126 another fleet attacked Byzantium, especially the Ionian Islands . From Kephalonia the Venetians stole the relics of St. Donatus . Only now did the Emperor inform the Doge that he was ready to restore the treaties. In the summer a Venetian embassy reached Constantinople, in August John renewed the treaty with Venice, whereby he exempted his subjects from the comerclum when they traded with Venetians. Since only the duties of the Byzantines have been handed down, it was assumed that Venice had to understand military aid. This would explain why a Venetian fleet was sent out to protect trade in the Mediterranean in 1127, as Andrea Dandolo claims.

We learn little about the years following these successes. Between the end of 1129 and the beginning of 1130 Domenico Michiel resigned from his office and retired to the monastery of San Giorgio Maggiore . There he died and was also buried. The time is not certain, because the epitaph on his grave, which was destroyed in the 16th century, names the year 1129, as the Venetiarum historia from the middle of the 14th century tells us, but his successor Pietro Polani is only recorded from May 1130.

Accordingly, he had helped the Christians in the Holy Land and harmed the warring Greeks. The inscription on his grave does not describe him as a pious crusader, but as "... terror Graecorum ... et laus Venetorum ", as the horror of the Greeks ... and praise of the Venetians, as well as the heroic conqueror of Tire, the cause of the ruin of the infidels in Syria and for the grief of Hungarians.

Only one original document from Domenico Michiel has survived. It dates from 1121.

reception

From the late Middle Ages

The Cronica di Venexia detta di Enrico Dandolo from the late 14th century, the oldest vernacular chronicle of Venice, depicts the events as well as the slightly older chronicle of Andrea Dandolo on a level that was long known at that time and largely dominated by the Doges - she even form the temporal framework for the entire chronicle. “Domenego Michiel” was “raised to doge by everyone”, “homo cattolico et valloroso”. In this chronicle it was Pope “Chalixto”, that is Calixt II (119–1124), who sent to Venice for help. The Doge "personaliter" led a large fleet to Egypt. King “Gidelian” also drove a large number of Franks on ships and galleys (“nave et galee”) “de Venetia a loro aprestade”. The Sultan, who heard this, set out with “plù de XL ^m Turchi, Blachi et Mamaluchi”, ie more than 40,000 Turks, Wallachians and Mameluks . Among these were "XX ^m arcieri", 20,000 archers, "in whom he trusted very much". In this peculiar battle the Christians are said to have had the upper hand, even if the archers caused great damage (p. 58 f.). Then the said fleet went to “Gazara”, then “Chapha”. Then “Tiro” was conquered with the help of the “Franceschi”. Of all the cities, a third went to the Venetians, as the Pope instructed (“per ordenamento de meser lo papa”), a third to the Patriarch of Jerusalem, and a third to the French. This made the doge so famous that he was to be elected king in Cilicia, but he refused this election. In order to meet his payment obligations, he minted his own coins ("et mancandoli moneda <per far le soe page, fexe bater una moneda> a la qual fiva dicto Michallati scudi"). Therefore, according to the author, the "Micheli" wore the same in their coat of arms ("arma") in memory of these events. He also mentions an extremely valuable stone that the Venetians brought from Tire. On the way back, the island of Chios was conquered and from there the "corpo" of "sen Ysidoro confessor et martoro" was taken, who was buried under a wall of St. Mark's Church with all honors. On the further return voyage, the fleet in Dalmatia recaptured “Spalato, Sybenico et Trau” from the Hungarians. Conte from Spalato became “Piero Gradenigo”, from Trau “Ziane Badoer”, from Sybenico “Sabbastian Ziani”. Belgrado, or Alt Zara, was destroyed as a center of constant rebellion, which was still visible in the author's time. As soon as he had mentioned the triumphant return and the joyful reception, the doge, “pagado el debito de la humana natura”, was buried after 11 years of rule in the monastery “Sen Ziorgio”.

St. Mark's lion on the outer wall of Modon at the southwestern tip of the Peloponnese

Pietro Marcello said in 1502 in his work later translated into Volgare under the title Vite de'prencipi di Vinegia , "Domenico Michiele Doge XXXIIII." "Fu creato Doge l'anno MCXX", so he was made 34th Doge in 1120. King Baldwin sent ambassadors to him with the request to send the largest possible fleet to "Asia". In return he promised him “gran premij”. At the same time, the ambassadors reported, like Baldwin "era stato preso da Dalocco Re de 'Parti, col quale egli era venuto à giornata, & menato à Cara." For this reason, Pope sent "Calisto", "moved by the greatness of danger", because the cause of the Christians is in the greatest disorder, also 'envoy to the Doge, and to the Venetians' to defend the Christians with the largest possible fleet. In order to make the city more inclined to do so, the bishop had the Doge publicly advertise through prayers, whereupon numerous men were ready. 'As some write', 100 galleys were equipped, after others even 200, which sailed to Dalmatia and then to Cyprus. Before "Zaffo" they attacked the enemy fleet, consisting of 700 ships. They attacked the city, but the courageous attack of the Venetians put them to flight. Some say, according to Marcello, that the opponents only had 200 ships and that they fought extremely bloody hours for two hours (p. 63). Then the Venetians hijacked a merchant fleet of ten ships that were on their way to the “alto mare”. Tire was conquered in a bloody battle. “Arimondo”, with whom they first met, “toccasse la metà di Tiro”. But Emperor Manuel ("Emanuel, Imperadore de 'Greci"), who envied the Venetians the great victory, who had also achieved such great fame, now waged open war against them. He ordered them to withdraw their fleet from "Soria". The fleet commander did as he was told, but when the Rhodians refused to deliver food, he captured the island and had it plundered. The same thing happened on Chios, from where the “corpo di San Teodoro” was brought to Venice, and the fleet also plundered “Samo”, “Mettelino” and “Andro”. The Doge fortified “Modone” “ancora spogliato di presidio”. In Dalmatia he won back Zara, from where the “magistrato Venetiano” had been expelled. Since the city had been a model for others, he had it looted for the most part. Then he snatched Spalato and Traù from the Hungarians. He also brought, as they say, a stone on which "nostro Signor IESU CHRISTO" was sitting (p. 65). After he had given a public account, he was praised and congratulated with honorable words by senators and the "ordini di tutta la città". - In his time the church and monastery “della Carità” were built, and the relics of St. Donatus brought to Venice from Pera. After eleven years of reign, the Doge died and he was buried in the church of San Giorgio, where he is still (“dove hoggidì è ancora”).

The conquest of Tire took place in 1124, oil on canvas, Antonio Vassilacchi (1556–1629), around 1590, Doge's Palace, Sala dello Scrutinio

After the chronicle of Gian Giacomo Caroldo , which he completed in 1532, "Dominico Michiele" followed in 1117 in the Doge's office. He was "di grand'età, catholico, animoso et molto prudente". His first endeavor was to destroy the enemies of the republic in order to be able to keep peace afterwards. First, however, Caroldo reports on the construction of the church and the monastery of Santa Maria della Carità by Marco Iuliano. On December 25th, 1120 the church of San Pietro di Castello burned down together with the neighboring houses. The following Saturday, as the chronicler expressly notes, after the resident Bishop Vitale Michiel had died shortly before, Bonifacio Faliero succeeded him in office. Only then does the author talk about King Baldwin, who fell into captivity of the 'King of the Persians' in a battle, together with many other “Francesi”. The Patriarchs of Jerusalem and Antioch informed the Pope and the Doge of this. The Pope had his ambassadors say that nothing greater could be done for the glory of Venice than to come to the aid of the Christians. The Doge called the people's assembly (concione) together in St. Mark's Church, where he gave a Christian exhortation (“Christiana essortazione”) in which he called on the Venetians to fight for God's price (premio) and for eternal glory, “con notabilissimo beneficio che di ciò seguirebbe alla Republica Veneta ”, which also referred to material advantages. Everyone agreed in a loud voice. A fleet was prepared, the Doge sent envoys to "Caloiani Imperator di Constantinopoli" to have the privileges issued since Alexios I confirmed. But the ambassadors reported that the emperor had rejected this with open signs of hostility, less against the Venetians than against the Franks. The Doge, in the 5th year of his reign, did not want to distract the prepared enterprise, but set off at the head of 200 sails in August. More men joined them in Dalmatia, and then there was fighting for imperial Corfu. But when the ambassadors of King Baldwin arrived, who had been able to buy himself out, the siege was broken off. The fleet sailed to "Syria". There the “Re d'Egitto”, the “King of Egypt”, besieged “Zaffa” with 70 ships. In a speech the Doge gave to his men, Domenico Michiel warned that in the event of defeat, Christians would be expelled from Judea, Syria and Asia Minor, and only Byzantium could prevent the “Mori” from moving to Europe . These peoples of the Occident would have neither the power nor the hope of help from the Latins, and they would have suffered from the grave injustices of the Greeks, as everyone knows, so that there would undoubtedly be severe damage to the Christian Republic. The 'mortal enemies' are outnumbered, but they have less discipline and are therefore more confused, they have to be defeated in order to deter them from their atrocities. The “guadagno sarà cosi grande et di tant'honore alla nation nostra et di beneficio alla Christiana Republica, quanto possiate desiderar”, “the booty, the honor for our nation and the gain for the Christian Republic will be as huge as you you could only wish, 'he promised. The Venetians attacked the fleet, whose "Capitano general" was killed (p. 131). His fleet was defeated and the siege lifted. In addition, a dealer fleet of ten ships was hijacked and brought to "Achri". The barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem promised the victors great benefits for conquering Tire. Accordingly, the fleet set out on February 11, 1124, and the city surrendered on the last day of June. The standards of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, of San Marco and those of the County of Tripoli were hoisted on the walls , and the stone on which Jesus usually sat during his sermons was carefully searched for. When the Doge heard that the Emperor wanted to wage war against Venice, the fleet went to Rhodes. Also with Caroldo the refusal of the island to give out food was the reason for the following plunder. The big booty, Caroldo said, was divided among the crews. Chios submitted - "Chio, la qual città hebbe per deditione" - so that only the relics of St. Isidore were robbed while "Samo, Mytilene, Andro et altri luoghi del Greco Imperio" were also looted. The Doge spent the winter on Chios, then in the spring the fleet went to Modon , where the booty was distributed among the soldiers ("venne a Modon, ove divise la preda fra soldati"). In Dalmatia, Spalato and Traù, abandoned by the Hungarians who had withdrawn to Belgrado, were taken. Belgrado was also finally conquered and Zara received the Doge as his master. In this city, in turn, the spoils from Dalmatia were distributed. After two years and ten months of absence, Domenico Michiel was 'received with incredible joy by everyone'. In the ninth year of his rule, the Doge had 14 galleys ready for defense against Byzantium, from which he took Kefalonia . The relics of "San Donato Vescovo et Confessore" 'found' there ended up in the church of Santa Maria on Murano. Because the hostility with Byzantium 'grew every day', warships now accompanied the traders. And because the 'cruelest hatred' between Latins and Greeks persisted, the Venetians forbade the wearing of beards on their territory. Finally, the emperor called Venetian ambassadors to Constantinople, who achieved the recognition of the privileges, for this "pace et confederatione fra il Greco Imperio et Veneto Ducato". The Doge resigned because of his age and died a little later in the 13th year of his reign. He was buried in the monastery of San Giorgio Maggiore. But even before his death, the Venetians asked him for his opinion, and the “general concione” elected Pietro Polani as his successor at his suggestion.

Coat of arms of "Domenico Michiel" based on ideas from the 17th century. Heraldry did not begin until the 3rd quarter of the 12th century, later, in retrospect, coats of arms were also given to the early Doges who never had such a coat of arms (“fanta-araldica”); this served to relate the families of this era to the earliest possible doges. Heinrich Kellner mentions the anecdote that led to the inclusion of the coins visible in the coat of arms: "When there was a lack of money on the ships", "he had Läder Müntz made / paid his people with it / instead of gold and silver".

The Frankfurt lawyer and judge Heinrich Kellner , who saw the “fourth and thirtieth duke” in the new doge, said in his Chronica published in 1574 that is a real and short description that everyone who moved to Venice lived , “Dominicus Michiel” was 1120 "Been Hertzog". According to Kellner, "Balduinus" had "great gifts and gifts offered to the Doge / that he could move with an armada / as strong as he could / move into Asia". Without them, the "Christians" could not hold their conquests in "Sirien". As soon as the ambassadors had “advertised” “then came the scream / Baldwin had defeated King Dalocco with the Parthians / were captured / and led to Cara”. Pope Calixt, who recognized the danger, sent “his ambassades to Hertzog Dominico / and to the Veniceers”. "So that one now moves the whole place and community all the more to it / and made the matter serious and great / so they say / the bishop has moved out of the command of the heart / done a mobile, even God-fearing oration and speech to the people". A hundred or two hundred ships were equipped, then "galeen and war people" were gathered in Dalmatia, and favorable winds brought the ships to "Cipern". There he learned that the enemy had "seven hundred ships / and that they were going to Zaffo". If you follow the waiter, this city should be starved. But "Hertzog Michiel came in a hurry / and attacked them very grimly", so that they had no time to set up their order of battle. Others, the author notes, believed that the battle took place “in the middle of the seas in the high seas / and not in the port”. Both sides would have "held each other well and chivalrously" for two hours. A few days after entering the city, "the Hertzog chases tens of large barges / in charge of the enemy / bit into the high seas". The stately booty was divided between "the people of war and the galleons". Then he moved in front of Tire. Lot decided that the Venetians would be the first to storm, and the bloody conquest followed. Some said they should be entitled to half of Tire and Ascalon, according to others, a third. In addition, there were freedoms and privileges in “Syria”, if these parts “would get into the Christians” with their help. Kellner also gives the Byzantine emperor the name of his successor Manuel Komnenos in the following: “But Emanuel the Greek Keyser rewarded the Venetians for such a great victory”, “started to openly war on them / commanded the Veniceers / that they take the admirals out of Syria should ". This “admiral” complied with the “Befelch with great displeasure”, which only appears with Kellner. When the "Rhodisians wanted no Proviandt to follow, he called the country by force and corrupted it". According to Kellner, he did the same with Chios - which again differs from Caroldo - and with Samos, Mitilini and Andros. "He also occupied Modona / which was even bare of war people". In order to "make an abhorrent example to others" in Dalmatia, he had Zara "grind the majority". He recaptured Spalato and Trau from the Hungarians. The curiosity of the stone on which Jesus is said to have sat is also reported by this author: “But he also brought this with him at home a stone on which our Lord Jhesus Christ was supposed to have sat.” In a marginal note, however, Kellner notes: “This is except Petro Justiniani. ”When the Doge could not pay his people more -“ than he wanted to lose money on the ships ”-“ he made Läderz from Läder / pays his people with it / in gold and silver instead ”. When they arrived in Venice, they should be exchanged for gold and silver. In memory of this procedure, the Michieli recorded “a number of golden pfennings in ir Wapen”, “if they still lead today”. In Venice he “thets public relation and display of all his direction”, for which he is thanked and “he is praised by the Rahts and all classes.” Finally Kellner notes: “Bey of his life is the church and the monastery Della Carita / that is to love / been built. S. Donati Ckörper also came from Pera to Venice. ”The author quotes in full the grave inscription of the Doge, who died in the 11th year of the reign, which could still be seen in Kellner's time. Accordingly, the doge “Anno Domini MC XXIX. indictione VII. "

In the translation of Alessandro Maria Vianoli's Historia Veneta , which appeared in Nuremberg in 1686 under the title Der Venetianischen Herthaben Leben / Government, und Absterben / Von dem First Paulutio Anafesto an / bis on the now-ruling Marcum Antonium Justiniani , the author counts, deviating by Pietro Marcello, "Dominicus Michieli, The 35th Hertzog". Ordelafo's successor took office after Vianoli in 1117. Vianoli believed, "no feather / as clever and well-cut it may be / his incomparable high understanding and heroic deeds will be able to boast and describe sufficiently." At Vianoli, Baldwin and Calixt sent their emissaries for help at the same time. Here, too, the recruitment took place through a speech by the bishop, which he gave “by order of the heart”. The speech "softened the hearts of all residents" to send a larger fleet than ever before. The 200 ships were "commanded" by the Doge himself. He came to Corfu, "wherever he stayed for a while / bit so that the time for navigation had become a little nicer" - not a word about the siege - in order to then proceed to Cyprus. At Vianoli, the doge only received news of Baldwin's capture there, as well as of the 700 enemy ships, "as the historians report". The Doge drew the said besiegers "with his fearless lion courage under the eyes". Vianoli reports the following in a very similar way to Kellner, but it was only at this point in time that King Baldwin was "released from the enemy / when he had previously given him a certain and large sum of money" (p. 204). Baldwin was only now released for a large ransom. But also with Vianoli it was “Emanuele” who, out of envy of the fame and honor of the Venetians, started the open war against them. The Venetians, "to protect their own things / as well as to prevent the new riots in Dalmatia / they had to turn their ships in a hurry to go down." When the Rhodians gave them, as usual, "no provisions / yes even to the wanted to get cash payment ”- they didn't even want to give out food for cash payment - so the indignant doge let the city and the country“ devastate and devastate ”. Then he took the islands that have always been mentioned, but Vianoli adds, with a view to the number of islands conquered: "So that the number of these almost exceeded the days / which were used for the conquest". He also left a “strong garrison” in Modon that he had conquered. "Tran, Spalatro and Zara" were also occupied, "which latter / they are now for the third time in the Republic have mineydig / the Hertzog mostly razed / and the noblest houses / because they held it with the Kayser / looted and burned down by the soldiers ". After returning to Venice “with such a great show of joy from the whole people”, a new fleet was sent to “Morea” to “assert the conquests there / over which / while the prince now found himself somewhat reduced in strength / Marcus Falier has been appointed general ”. He had succeeded in conquering Thessaloniki , whereupon peace was made with the emperor and an alliance was made (p. 206 f.). The author also mentions the leather coins "which he calls Michelotti", as well as the adoption of the coins in the "coat of arms" of the Falier. Even when the Doge dies, the author knows a little more, because he adds that the Doge had become “bedridden” and that he had “completely unexpectedly / in a few days afterwards / gave up his ghost / and became his corpse in St. Georgen Churches buried stately and magnificently ”. His “Epitaphio” can also be “found” there. 1129 followed him "Petrus Polanus" in office.

1687 was enough Jacob von Sandrart in his Opus Kurtze and increased description of the origin / recording / areas / and government of the world famous republic of Venice little more than half a page to report on "Dominicus Michaël". According to his count, the 34th Doge was "chosen" after him in 1117. He "loyally assisted the Christian weapons during the siege of the city of Tire." "He plundered the island of Rhodus" because they refused to provide him with provisions. In “the city of Methon, now Modon, he put garrison. He took the city of Zara from Hungarn again ", and he" brought other places that had been taken away again under Venetian power ". He had "gained a lot of freedom from the Venetian merchants / and the Greek islands". Then “he lay down and died / after he reigned for the 13th time (others say only the 2nd year”). He was followed in 1130 by “his brother-in-law Peter Polanus”.

After-effects of the Venetian historiographical tradition, modern historiography

Johann Friedrich LeBret published his four-volume State History of the Republic of Venice from 1769 to 1777 , in which he stated in the first volume, published in 1769, that the 35th Doge “Dominicus Michieli”, “the new Prince of the Venetians”, “was already quite old "Was," when he was called to the throne. But he still had a certain fire that made him bold and lively. ”He even broke with the emperor himself and took some lands from the Greeks. “The first years of his reign passed without any particularly strange occurrences.” But at the end of his third year in office, a fire burned the “Cathedral Church in Castelle and all the surrounding buildings”. The Venetian negotiators managed, as LeBret reports in the section on his predecessor, to negotiate another five-year truce with King Stephen. This means that LeBret's portrayal differs considerably from that of his predecessors. Then LeBret describes the fighting in the Holy Land in detail. In addition to the Pope, the Venetians also reached ambassadors who urged the latter "to let a fleet run out under the most brilliant promises of special commercial advantages" (p. 299). Pope Calixtus sent envoys and “the holy flag” to Venice to urge them too. In Byzantium, LeBret stated in contrast to earlier chroniclers, John Komnenos followed Alexios I in 1118, called "Kalojan". But the latter turned down the Doge's offer of alliance, whereupon his 200 ships sailed to Corfu, and thus to the island that the Venetians had recaptured from the Normans for the emperor. The Doge decided to “draw the sword against a people from whose power Venice had so far enriched itself.” The island capital was besieged, “and that was done by an army to which the Pope had given the sacred flag.” With that, LeBret points in the face these events of the year 1121/22 preceded the conquest of Constantinople that followed over eighty years later. But in the middle of the siege the news came that Baldwin had been captured. “At the draft, there were only seven thousand men left, five thousand of whom perished in a battle with the Turks. This moved the Doge to lift the siege of Corfu and hurry to Syria. ”For LeBret it is clear:“ The weaker the Frankish Empire in Asia, the more expensive the Venetians sold their services ”. He also held "the cross on the back" only a pretext for the "aristocratic citizens"; the latter “leaves it to the mob to deal with religion, and tries, by means of these driving forces, to look after their national interests.” The bishops as “holy recruits” were useful insofar as one could thus avoid “pressuring sailors” (p. 300 ). The author describes in a very dramatic manner how the Egyptian fleet was destroyed off Jaffa, and the fleet leader was killed in the process. "The Venetians kept this tough procedure against the Turks up to our times, which in naval battles never let any one die, but saber everyone," believes LeBret. The fleet "sailed against Alexandria" and captured the said ten merchants, whose crews were also killed, and then hibernated in Jaffa. At a meeting with the barons, the Doge tried "to sell his services at the highest price". On the one hand, Sidon, which had already been promised to Ordelafo Falier, was to go to Venice without a fiefdom, then the promises of the king, which he had made before his captivity, should be honored, after all the Venetians should have their own quarters in each city with its own jurisdiction , Church, bath, bakery, own weights, then oil, grain and wine, all of this free of taxes. In addition, as in Venice, they should be able to act free of any tax. A third of the still to be conquered cities of Tire and Sidon should fall to them. The still to be liberated king should only find recognition as ruler if he confirms all of this, or his successor. Here the author explicitly follows Wilhelm von Tire . LeBret considers this document handed down by Wilhelm to be the most important proof of the attitude of the Venetians. Venice, acting in planning, "goes unnoticed the storeroom of Asia and Europe, devours the riches of both parts of the world, and at the end of the Crusades is one of the most powerful states" (p. 303). After the conclusion of the contract, the siege of Tire began, whereby he suggests that later legends, which do not appear in the chronicles more closely, are not very credible. Following Andrea Dandolo, LeBret reports that after the conquest of Tire, the Doge was offered the royal dignity, as there was no longer any hope that Baldwin would be released. It is true that the doge rejected dignity and instead promised to work for the liberation of the king, “however,” the author remarks sarcastically, “we do not find that the Venetians carried their generosity to the point of accepting the ransom would have paid something ”(p. 305 f.). Baldwin, who was told of Domenico Michiel's rejection of the royal office, signed the said contract in 1125. But "the more the Doge spread, the more jealous" Emperor Johannes became. He tried to play off Turks and crusaders against each other in order to win back the former Reich territory. While Tire was being conquered, the King of Hungary, now allied with the emperor, conquered cities in Dalmatia. Spalatro brought the latter under his obedience “presumably with the help of some Greek ships” - the author notes in the accompanying footnote: “Lucius L. III. c. VII. ”-“ and Trau, which had already been destroyed by some Saracen pirates, was too impotent to resist ”. “But Zara remained loyal to Venetian rule,” says LeBret. The Doge asked the greats of the Kingdom of Jerusalem “not to interpret it as an infidelity under these circumstances if he sailed with his fleet and sought revenge on the Greek emperor” (p. 307). "Michieli drove boldly against Rhodus, where he initially only asked the residents for refreshment for his fleet and his crew". He reacted to the first hostile sentiment by completely destroying the city. The distribution of the booty meant that the army "longed for further ventures", so that Chios was also plundered. 1126, St. Isidore was loaded up when “Mitilene or Lesbos” were attacked, “Samnus, Andrus and other islands also experienced the spirit of plunder of their soldiers.” “One lived among his armies alone on booty, because the Doge's intention was not yet to take them all to fix these places ”.

Michiel's coat of arms at Serifos Castle , built in 1433, photographed in 2016. It shows the “coins” that Michiel had issued.

According to "Peter Justiniani" - in the accompanying footnote, the author notes: "Peter Giustiniani L. II. Dandulus says nothing about it" - reports that "in Asia he began to suffer from lack of money". The doge "immediately had money made of leather and promised the soldiers that the true value of this money would be returned to them in Venice in good silver". "This inventive spirit made himself so popular with his fatherland that the Michieli house, which descended in a straight line from him, still carries these coins in its coat of arms." LeBret's work contains an illustration at this point, namely three Michieli coats of arms. The fleet continued its voyage to Dalmatia, where the Doge planned to "chastise the cities of this country which, however, had surrendered to Hungarians" (p. 308). Spalato and Trau had to renew their oath of loyalty, the Hungarians withdrew to "Belgrade". "In this city the Hungarian kings used to have the Dalmatian crown put on themselves". King Stephan had the city fortified again after it was destroyed by Falier. The Doge conquered the city and "gave it up to his soldiers". “In Zara he was received with joy by the whole people and the Clerisey”, saying that the city received the islands off Belgrade as a reward. After two years and ten months the Doge returned to Venice, “his soldiers loved him because he had perhaps all too often given them entire islands and cities, and for lack of money had allowed them to do certain things, about which history tends to make a schleyer prefer ". He further provoked the emperor by sending a "small fleet" of 14 galleys to conquer Kephalonia. The Venetians won various battles, the Doge distrusted the Emperor. "As a result, the bitterness rose to such a level that the Doge, like Peter the first, issued a law that all Venetians should have their beards cut off so that they would no longer have anything in common with the Greeks in their outward appearance" - whereupon the author alludes to Russia under Peter the Great, but resistance in Venice was lower because of national hatred. LeBret interprets the Emperor's final request to send negotiators to mean that the Doge did not enter into negotiations from the start, but immediately took military action. The emperor issued a privilege that went even further than that of his predecessor. LeBret cites this privilege in a footnote. LeBret continues: “Among all these occupations, the Doge's hair turned gray and his end was near. In the twelfth year of his reign he fell ill with an illness from which he passed away at a fairly old age. ”The grave inscription was donated by his relatives, but this was only done at a later time. Again in a footnote, LeBret refers to “Lucius”, “who proves the time calculation errors of the same” (p. 309, note 12).

The painting to which Zanotto alludes is by Sante Peranda (1566–1638). It was created in the 1590s and is located in the Sala dello Scrutinio in the Doge's Palace .

In his Il Palazzo ducale di Venezia from 1861, Francesco Zanotto believes that Ordelafo Falier's successor had initially concluded an armistice with the Hungarians for five years, so that both powers retained the cities that were under them in Dalmatia at that time. First, however, Venice was hit by natural disasters, epidemics and famine, then the city fire of 1120. But by 1122 Venice was able to 'dedicate itself to new tasks in the Orient', "chè preparavasi a prove novelle in Oriente". Baldwin II and Calixt II had sent envoys to ask for help for the "armi crociate in Siria". The Doge first went to Bari 'with the general approval of the nation'. During the winter he besieged Corfu because he hated the hostile emperor. In the spring he continued his journey and, according to Zanotto, plundered Chios, Lesbos and Rhodes on the outward journey. Then he reached Cyprus, and finally Jaffa, where the Egyptian fleet was defeated in a three-hour battle. Zanotto adds: "Tanta vittoria venne espressa nella sala dello Scrutinio, da Santo Peranda", which is a painting by Sante Peranda in the Doge's Palace. The Doge went to Jerusalem for negotiations, where he was received as a “glorioso alleato trionfatore”. Zanotto describes in detail how a child took one of two pieces of paper with the city names Tire and Ascalon from the altar, and thus, as a kind of divine judgment, chose the city to be conquered next. So Tire was conquered first, while Ascalon was on the other piece of paper. He also briefly mentions the privileges and immunities as well as the share of the city that the Venetians should be entitled to. The army and the navy left Jerusalem and Tolemaide in early spring 1123. But the besieging army, which bore the brunt of the burden and therefore envied the Venetians who were only waiting in their ships, demanded to be allowed to remain just as calmly in their tents. At least the doge was able to convince her of his loyalty. As a reliable tradition, Zanotto also tells the story of the dove, which, equipped with a letter, was supposed to announce a relief army for Tire. But the besiegers intercepted the pigeon, exchanged the letter for someone else and thus pretended to the besieged that no relief army could be sent. This finally discouraged the residents of Tire, so that they capitulated after a few days. The author only describes in general terms that the returning fleet devastated the Greek islands and regained the lost cities in Dalmatia. However, he does not forget to mention the already mentioned stone of Jesus and the relics of Isidore. Now, however, Greeks have captured Venetian ships - something no other historian mentions - so that a new fleet was sent out. This has conquered Kefalonia. The emperor then stretched out his peace feelers in order to finally renew the privileges of his predecessor. At least Zanotto admits that one cannot hide the fact that there are such great differences between the historians that one would need the thread of Ariadne in order to find one's way out of this labyrinth . The Venetians brought the “corpo di S. Donato, vescovo di Evorea” with them from Kefalonia, which was brought to the Church of S. Maria on Murano. Therefore the church was later called "Santa Maria e Donato". At the end of 1129 the Doge resigned in order to be able to live in peace and quiet. He died the following year. According to other chroniclers, however, he died as a doge. According to the author, an anonymous old chronicle quoted by Gallicciolli - probably referring to Giovanni Battista Gallicciolli - the Doge took care of the city's lighting. This was intended to reduce the number of murders committed by men who, like the Greeks, disguised themselves with a beard ("con barbe simulate alla greca"). Therefore, wearing a beard was prohibited under the penalty of death.

Bust of Domenico Michiel, Luigi Piccoli , 1860–1861, in the Panteon Veneto , Palazzo Loredan on Campo Santo Stefano in Venice

Samuele Romanin interpreted the sources in a less educational and moralizing way, placing the few references to the Doge's life in the wider historical context. He presented this epoch in 1854 in the second of ten volumes of his Storia documentata di Venezia . In 1118, Ordelafo Falier was followed by the new Doge, who immediately sent envoys to Stephen II of Hungary, among them his son Vitale, who signed a five-year contract negotiated. In it Venice secured part of Dalmatia. Immediately afterwards, the author describes the events in “Palestine” that led to Venice intervening. In 1122, Romanin adds, the Worms Concordat came to an end, ending longstanding moral misconduct that had scandalized Christendom (“scandalizzato”). Then the author describes the operations in the Holy Land along with a series of legends on 14 pages (pp. 36–49). When the Doge heard that Stephen II had used the absence of the fleet to again occupy the cities of Dalmatia - with the express exception of Zara - he ordered the journey home in 1123. The arguments with Emperor "Calojanni" continued, which the author mentions only briefly. Just as succinctly he describes the looting of the Byzantine islands in 1125 and the recovery of the said cities from Hungary. In addition, he describes the ban on the beard, mentioned by some chroniclers, and the peace treaty of 1126, in which the emperor recognized his father's chrysobullon. Finally, Romanin enthusiastically describes the Doge's triumphant entry into Venice, as well as the booty of marble, fabrics and relics. He also attributes the lighting of the city to the Doge, allegedly also responsible for the establishment of the Capi di contrada , which he does not find explicitly mentioned until 1227, but as an 'already existing magistrate' (p. 51, note 1). The night watchman, which was also new, also served security as the tabernacolini , lights located on many corners of the house, which offered protection and better visibility to pedestrians at night. Out of 'love of rest' (“amor della quiete”) the doge finally resigned to die in the following year 1150 in the monastery of San Giorgio. Finally Romanin provides the complete text of the tomb inscription (p. 52).

Heinrich Kretschmayr argued differently in many ways in the first volume of his three-volume History of Venice in 1905 . It was "not an easy legacy that Doge Domenico Michiele (spring? 1118 - spring? 1130) took over from his brave predecessor". In the same year that Ordelafo died, Emperor Alexios also died, followed by his son Johannes. He refused to confirm the privileges, was hostile to the Venetians in his empire and "allegedly entered into an alliance with the King of Hungary himself". In the same year Baldwin I died. The new King Baldwin II turned for help, not only to Venice, but also to Pisa and Genoa, as Venetian historiography usually suppresses. Venice feared that it would succumb to their competition in the Holy Land. The decision whether to intervene first in Dalmatia, Greece or there was made easier by the promises of Baldwin II, said Kretschmayr. The Doge chose the Levant so that he could also settle accounts with the Greeks. The author brings in the new idea that Michiel could have had the ambition to revise the rejection of a hereditary monarchy that was enforced over a hundred years ago. It is true that it was not one of his sons who succeeded him, but his son-in-law, but the Doge was probably accessible to such thoughts at an advanced age. On August 8, 1122 a fleet of "probably over 100 warships", "as many trucks, about 15,000 men on board" lifted anchor (p. 224 f.). Equipped with the papal banner, the doge led the fleet himself, while his sons Leachino and Domenico stayed behind as "vice-dukes" - Kretschmayr himself puts the word in quotation marks and considers the two to be brothers. The fleet headed for Bari , which received a "very meaningless trade agreement", after all the first with an Italian seaside town. For Kretschmayr, the fleet landed on Corfu under the pretext of wintering, but the conquest did not succeed. "Renewed urgent calls for help from the east ... accelerated the departure" in spring. The fleet reached Cyprus around mid-May 1124 and Acre at the end of May. On May 29th, Jaffa was relieved from the countryside. On May 30th, the Egyptian fleet succeeded in defeating Ascalon. The said ten merchant ships were seized off El Arish , loaded with timber, cloth and silk, as the author adds. On July 7, 1124, Tire also fell. “The news of the liberation of the king that came soon afterwards made the success complete.” Kretschmayr adds: “In the south-eastern part of today's city of Sur (Tire), the remains of the old third of the Venetians can still be seen.” The said “boulder, on which pious Tradition once the Lord preached ”became the altar table of the baptistery of San Marco (p. 228). If the Venetians had wanted to secure the Christian states, action would have been taken against Damascus, but the fleet withdrew in the summer of 1124. As a precautionary measure, an order was issued in Constantinople not to allow any Venetians staying in Constantinople to leave. They wanted to be assured of them as a hostage ”(p. 228). In October the fleet reached Rhodes, where it is said that “the residents are said to have made difficulties with the delivery of food.” So the Doge began his war against John, who had now more than just refused the Chrysobullon, the confirmation of the usual privileges. “At the same time a threatened war and a war of vengeance.” The said Greek islands, then Modon, were conquered and, as Kretschmayr explains, “the population was robbed and mistreated, the cattle drove onto the ships in large flocks.” “Christians against Christians; a sad spectacle in view of the Seljuk distress ! ”On May 15, the fleet landed in Dulcigno . "The Doge took the cities of Spalato, Traù and Belgrado from the Hungarians again, and had Belgrado, which had often fallen away, destroyed to the ground." patriotic history. ”After three years trade with Byzantium was still interrupted, a new fleet occupied Kefalonia in 1126, the Venetians decided to shave their beards. "In a secret negotiation, probably under the influence of Pope Honorius II, whose mediation John had selected and won with reference to the unbroken efforts of his house to unite, the renewal of the treaties with Venice was agreed and notarized in August 1126". The Greeks, who dealt directly with the Venetians, should now also remain tax-free. Kretschmayr calls this a “commercial paternalism” against which all resistance has collapsed. But now the Hungarians advanced again from 1127 to 1128, and Venice was again thrown back onto the islands of the Quarnero. In 1127, with Roger , who was now master of the entire Norman empire, the danger of encroachment on the eastern Adriatic side arose again. In the spring of 1130 the old doge died in the monastery of San Giorgio, according to the author, "where he retired a few days before his death, sick and tired of life". His high position, perhaps also personal efforts, had the effect that the dogat of the family was preserved in the female line, because his son-in-law Pietro Polani became his successor.

For John Julius Norwich in his History of Venice , the central factor was John II's attempt to put the Venetians on a par with their competitors, Genoa and Pisa, and thus to revoke the Chrysobullon of 1082. The fleet, which set out on August 8, 1122, "was, at least in the first instance, against a Christian and not an infidel enemy." Therefore, the Doge besieged Corfu for six months, and he tried the rather hesitant way to the east To harm Byzantium where he could. If you follow the Byzantine historian Johannes Kinnamos († after 1185), the Venetians plundered Lesbos and Chios, Rhodes and Cyprus before arriving in "Acre" at the end of May. Then a small fleet provoked the Egyptians off Ashkelon while the main fleet waited beyond the horizon. "The plan worked beautifully," as Norwich concludes. This victory ended the marine superiority of the Saracens, who were increasingly denied access to European wood for their shipbuilding. The victorious Venetians were granted the aforementioned, unusually advantageous concessions, then Tire was conquered. Norwich leads the triumphal march, and the looting on the way back to Venice is also mentioned. But only after he had won a victory in Dalmatia, as well as in Kephalonia, but then especially after the restoration of Venice to the rights that the emperor had deprived of, “his reputation was assured for ever. In later centuries, indeed, it became almost legendary. ”In Venice's“ Hall of Fame ”, the Doge's Palace, he was immortalized as the only Doge on three paintings. In the process, scenes were also translated into the visual language that cannot be found in any historian, such as the doge's fictitious intention when he gave the order “for sails and steering gear of the Venetian fleet to be pulled ashore, in order to demonstrate to the allies that the Venetian galleys will not depart until Tire has been taken, ”as Norwich quoted from an art guide. Laying the ships ashore had no symbolic meaning, but was a common practice to secure a fleet for a certain period of time. "The third picture, a small ceiling oval by Bambini, shows the Doge refusing the Crown of Sicily", a crown that was never offered to him, as Norwich rightly states. After all, his “last five years ... in fact devoid of any foreign adventures”. He concentrated on internal affairs, such as rudimentary street lighting, which made Venice the first city in Europe - apart from Constantinople - to have a regular facility of this kind. These were Ancone , small Venetian light house ( "shrines" are called Norwich) to house angles that are very common today. From 1128 lights were supposed to be lit there when it was getting dark. The parish priests were responsible for this, and the republic paid the costs. After eleven years of reign, the Doge retired to San Giorgio, where he died a little later and where his tomb is still to this day.

swell

Historiography

• Roberto Cessi (Ed.): Origo civitatum Italiae seu Venetiarum ( Chronicon Altinate et Chronicon Gradense ) (= Fonti per la storia d'Italia, LXXIII), Rome 1933, p. 120.
• Luigi Andrea Berto (Ed.) Historia ducum Venetorum (Testi storici veneziani: XI – XIII secolo), Padua 1999, pp. 4 f., 8–11.
• Henry Simonsfeld (Ed.): Historia ducum Veneticorum (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica . Scriptores in Folio, 14), Hanover 1883, pp. 72-89, here: pp. 73 f. ( Digitized version of the edition, p. 73 )
• Luigi Andrea Berto (Ed.) Annales Venetici breves (Testi storici veneziani: XI – XIII secolo), Padua 1999, p. 92 f.
• Henry Simonsfeld (ed.): Annales Venetici breves , in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica , Scriptores , XIV, ed. G. Waitz, Hannover 1883, p. 71, lines 22-28. ( Digitized version of the edition, p. 71 )
• Alberto Limentani (ed.): Martin da Canal, Les estoires de Venise: cronaca veneziana in lingua francese dalle origini al 1275 . Olschki, Florence 1972. ( Fondazione Giorgio Cini . Civiltà veneziana. Fonti e testi. Series III. 3)., Pp. 26 f., 30-37.
• Ester Pastorello (Ed.): Andrea Dandolo, Chronica per extensum descripta aa. 460-1280 dC , (= Rerum Italicarum Scriptores XII, 1), Nicola Zanichelli, Bologna 1938, pp. 231-237. ( Digital copy, p. 230 f. )
• Roberto Cessi, Fanny Bennato (eds.): Venetiarum historia vulgo Petro Iustiniano Iustiniani filio adiudicata , Venice 1964, pp. 2, 73, 92, 101-108, 256.
• Marino Sanudo : Le vite dei dogi , ed. By Giovanni Monticolo , (= Rerum Italicarum Scriptores XXII, 4), 2nd ed., XXII, 4, pp. 180-188, 190, 192-196, 200.
• Robert BC Huygens (ed.): Willelmi Tyrensis archiepiscopi Chronicon / Guillaume de Tyr Chronique (= Corpus Christianorum. Continuatio mediaevalis, 63-63A), 2 vols., Brepols, Turnhout 1986, vol. I, pp. 573-579, 593 , 596 f., 601.

Documents, pacts, council resolutions, letters

• Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich Tafel , Georg Martin Thomas (ed.): Documents on the earlier commercial and state history of the Republic of Venice , Vienna 1856, in: Fontes Rerum Austriacarum , Dept. II. Diplomataria et Acta , 3 vol., Vol. 1: 814 -1205 , Vienna 1856, n. XL, XLI, LIX, pp. 84, 90-93, 141.
• Andrea Gloria (Ed.): Codice diplomatico padovano dal secolo sesto a tutto l'undicesimo , vol. I, Padua 1877, n.322 , p. 248. ( digitized version )
• Giovanni Monticolo: Il testo del patto giurato dal doge Domenico Michiel al Comune di Bari , in: Nuovo Archivio veneto IX (1899), here: pp. 96, 123, 140 f.
• Luigi Lanfranchi (ed.): Famiglia Zusatz , Venice 1955, nn. 8, 17, 21, VII, P. X, XVIII, 26 f., 40, 49, 64.
• Luigi Lanfranchi (Ed.): S. Giorgio Maggiore , Vol. II, Venice 1968, n.145, p. 318.
• Bianca Lanfranchi Strina (Ed.): Ss. Trinità e S. Michele Arcangelo di Brondolo , Vol. II, Venice 1981, n.67, p. 138.
• Roberto Cessi (Ed.): Acta Consilii sapientum , in: Deliberazioni del Maggior Consiglio di Venezia , Vol. I, Bologna 1950, n.VII, IX, pp. 242, 244.
• Marco Pozza (Ed.): Gli atti originali della Cancelleria veneziana , Vol. I, Venice 1994, nn. 6-7, 15, pp. 50-52, 71.
• Tadija Smičiklas (ed.): Codex diplomaticus Regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae , 18 vols., Vol. II, Zagreb 1904, n. 27, p. 30.
• Paul Fridolin Kehr (Ed.): Regesta pontificum Romanorum , Vol. VII, 2, Berlin 1925, n. 38 f., P. 21.

literature

• Marco Pozza: Michiel, Domenico , in: Dizionario biografico degli Italiani 74 (2010) 300–303.
• Gerhard Rösch : Mercatura e moneta , in: Lellia Cracco Ruggini , Massimiliano Pavan, Giorgio Cracco , Gherardo Ortalli (eds.): Storia di Venezia dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima , vol. I: Origini - Età ducale , Rome 1992, p. 563, 568.
• Irmgard Fees : Wealth and Power in Medieval Venice , Tübingen 1988, n.13, p. 233, 272.
• Silvano Borsari : Venezia e Bisanzio nel XII secolo , Venice 1988, pp. 17 f., 22, 95.
• Jonathan Riley-Smith : The Venetian crusade of 1122-1124 , in: Gabriella Airaldi, Benjamin Z. Kedar (eds.): I Comuni italiani nel Regno crociato di Gerusalemme , Genua 1986.
• Donald E. Queller , Irene B. Katele: Venice and the conquest of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem , in: Studi veneziani , ns, XII (1986) 15-43, here: pp. 29-34, 36 f.
• Marco Pozza: Venezia e il Regno di Gerusalemme dagli Svevi agli Angioini , in: Gabriella Airaldi, Benjamin Z. Kedar (ed.): I Comuni italiani nel Regno crociato di Gerusalemme , Genua 1986, n. 1 f., P. 374, 376, 380 f.
• Jadran Ferluga : L'amministrazione bizantina in Dalmazia , Venice 1978, p. 249.
• Roberto Cessi : Politica, economia, religione , in: Storia di Venezia , Vol. II, Venice 1958, pp. 359–365, 368, 370–372.
• Heinrich Kretschmayr : History of Venice , 3 vol., Vol. I, Gotha 1905, pp. 183, 223-230, 237, 329, 334, 342, 459-462.
• Şerban Marin: A Precedent to the Fourth Crusade. The anti-Byzantine Campaign of Doge Domenico Michiel in 1122-1126 according to the Venetian Chronicles , in: Annuario 6–7 (2004–05) 239–266. ( academia.edu )

Web links

Commons : Domenico Michiel  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

1. ^ Alfred Raymond Bellinger: Catalog of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection , Dumbarton Oaks, 1999, p. 147 f.
2. ↑ These contemporary figures are probably exaggerated.
3. ↑ Irmgard Fees : The signatures of the Doges of Venice in the 12th and 13th centuries , in: Christian Lackner , Claudia Feller (ed.): Manu propria. From the personal writing of the mighty , Böhlau, 2016, pp. 149–169, here: p. 156.
4. ^ Roberto Pesce (Ed.): Cronica di Venexia detta di Enrico Dandolo. Origini - 1362 , Centro di Studi Medievali e Rinascimentali “Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna”, Venice 2010, pp. 58–60.
5. ↑ Pietro Marcello : Vite de'prencipi di Vinegia in the translation by Lodovico Domenichi, Marcolini, 1558, pp. 62-65 ( digitized version ).
6. ↑ Șerban V. Marin (Ed.): Gian Giacomo Caroldo. Istorii Veneţiene , Vol. I: De la originile Cetăţii la moartea dogelui Giacopo Tiepolo (1249) , Arhivele Naţionale ale României, Bucharest 2008, pp. 128-133. ( online ).
7. ↑ Literally it says: “quando questi Mori d'Egitto vincessero, sarebbono Christiani espulsi della Giudea, Syria et Asia, che non si potrebbe a lor Mori far resistenza, salvo da Greci ad entrar nell'Europa, li quali, non havendo forze bastevoli da potersi difendere et meno speranza d'esser aiutati da Latini, includendo sotto questo nome tutti gl'Occidentali Popoli, per le gravi ingiurie che hanno ricevute da Greci, come wallpaper, senza dubio ne seguirebbe (ch'a Dio non piaccia) qualche gran danno alla Republica Christiana ”.
8. ↑ So the coats of arms of the much later descendants of these doges, especially since the 17th century, were projected back onto the alleged or actual members of the families (allegedly) ruling Venice since 697: "Il presupposto di continuità genealogica su cui si basava la trasmissione del potere in area veneziana ha portato come conseguenza la già accennata attribuzione ai dogi più antichi di stemmi coerenti con quelli realmente usati dai loro discendenti "(Maurizio Carlo Alberto Gorra: Sugli stemmi di alcune famiglie di Dogi prearaldici , associazione nobiliare regional veneta. Rivista di studi storici, ns 8 (2016) 35–68, here: p. 41).
9. ↑ Heinrich Kellner : Chronica that is Warhaffte actual and short description, all life in Venice , Frankfurt 1574, p. 25v – 27r ( digitized, p. 25v ).
10. ↑ With this, Kellner, or Piero Giustinian, calls en passant a means with which one tried to get over the shortage of precious metals in the form of short-term loans. Later bonds were issued with a paper receipt issued.
11. ↑ Alessandro Maria Vianoli : Der Venetianischen Herthaben life / government, and withering / from the first Paulutio Anafesto an / bit on the now-ruling Marcum Antonium Justiniani , Nuremberg 1686, pp. 200-208 ( digitized ).
12. ↑ Jacob von Sandrart : Kurtze and increased description of the origin / recording / areas / and government of the world famous Republick Venice , Nuremberg 1687, p. 33 f. ( Digital copy, p. 33 ).
13. ↑ Johann Friedrich LeBret : State history of the Republic of Venice, from its origins to our times, in which the text of the abbot L'Augier is the basis, but its errors are corrected, the incidents are presented in certain and from real sources, and after a Ordered the correct time order, at the same time adding new additions to the spirit of the Venetian laws and secular and ecclesiastical affairs, to the internal state constitution, its systematic changes and the development of the aristocratic government from one century to another , 4 vols., Johann Friedrich Hartknoch , Riga and Leipzig 1769–1777, Vol. 1, Leipzig and Riga 1769, pp. 298–309 ( digitized version ).
14. ↑ Francesco Zanotto: Il Palazzo ducale di Venezia , Vol. 4, Venice 1861, pp. 88–92 ( digitized version ).
15. ↑ Giovanni Battista Gallicciolli: Delle antiche memorie Venete, profane ed ecclesiastiche , Domenico Fracasso, 1795, S. 305 f. ( Digitized version ).
16. ^ Samuele Romanin : Storia documentata di Venezia , 10 vols., Pietro Naratovich, Venice 1853–1861 (2nd edition 1912–1921, reprint Venice 1972), vol. 2, Venice 1854, pp. 35–52 ( digitized, p. 39 ).
17. ↑ In describing the events, he relies on “And. Morosini, Imprese de 'Veneziani in Terra Santa “, as Romanin expressly notes in a footnote (p. 36, note 2). The full title reads: Andrea Morosini: Le imprese e spedizioni di Terra Santa, e l'acquisto fatto dell'impero di Costantinopoli dalla repubblica di Venezia dopo l'anno 1198 infino all'anno 1205 , Venice 1627.
18. ^ Heinrich Kretschmayr : History of Venice , 3 vol., Vol. 1, Gotha 1905, pp. 223–230 ( digitized , pages 48 to 186 are missing!).
19. ^ John Julius Norwich : A History of Venice , Penguin, London 2003, 1st ed. 1982.
20. ↑ Norwich did this in 1977 in his Venice work . The rise to empire , Allen Lane, 1977, p. 115.
21. ↑ The painting by Nicolò Bambini (1651–1736) names, for example, Marco Boschini: Descrizione di tutte le pubbliche pitture della città di Venezia e isole circonvicine: O sia rinnovazione delle Ricche minere di Marco Boschini, Colla aggiunta di tutte le opere, che uscirono dal 1674. fino al presente 1733. , Pietro Bassaglia, Venice 1733, p. 131.
22. ↑ Angela Caracciolo Aricò , Chiara Frison (ed.): Marin Sanudo il Giovane: Le vite dei Dogi 1423–1474 , 2 vols., Venezia La Malcontenta, Venice 1999–2004 (critical edition).

predecessor	Office	successor
Ordelafo Faliero	Doge of Venice 1118–1130	Pietro Polani