Chios
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Municipality of Chios Δήμος Χίου |
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| Basic data | |||
| State : |
 Greece
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| Region : | North Aegean | ||
| Regional District : | Chios | ||
| Geographic coordinates : | 38 ° 24 ' N , 26 ° 10' E | ||
| Area : | 844.673 km² | ||
| Residents : | 51,390 (2011) | ||
| Population density : | 60.8 inhabitants / km² | ||
| Seat: | Chios (city) | ||
| LAU-1 code no .: | |||
| Parishes : | 8 parishes | ||
| Local self-government : |
8 city districts 50 local communities |
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| Location in the North Aegean region | |||
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The Greek island of Chios ( Greek Χίος ( f. Sg. )) Has formed the municipality of Chios (Δήμος Χίου) since 2011 and, together with the Inousses archipelago , Psara and Andipsara as well as some smaller uninhabited islands, the regional district of Chios (Περιφερειακή Ενότητα der .Χίουτ) in North Aegean region . With an area of 842.796 km², Chios is the fifth largest island in Greece and the tenth largest in the Mediterranean . According to the 2011 census, the island had a total of 51,390 inhabitants. The administrative and economic center of the island is the city of Chios with a population of 26,850.
geography
location
The island of Chios is located in the East Aegean and is off the coast of Asia Minor . The distance to the Çeşme Peninsula ( Turkish Çeşme Yarımadası ), also Erythrea Peninsula (Χερσόνησο της Ερυθραίας) is between 7 km and 13 km. The Inousses archipelago is about two kilometers off the northeast coast. Psara is about 20 km west of the northwest coast. The island of Lesbos is 48 km north and Ikaria 58 km south.
The maximum extension is from Cape Masticho (Ακρωτήριο Μάστιχο) in the south to Cape Epanochoro (Ακρωτήριο Επανωχώρω) in the north 51 km. The width varies between about 29 km in the north of the island and almost 13 km in the center of the island.
The north of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges. Several peaks of the Pelinneo (Πελινναίο) are over 1000 meters, the Profitis Ilias (Προφήτης Ηλίας) is the highest mountain on the island with 1297 m. The smaller massif of the Amani (Αμανή) in the northwest reaches 809 m. South of the Pelinneo is the treeless Epos plateau (Οροπέδιο Αίπος), on the southwestern edge of which the Kochlias (Κοχλίας) rises to 929 m. In the middle of the island the heights decrease significantly, towards the south the relief becomes hilly and then rarely exceeds 400 m. The largest plains are in the middle of the island, south of the city of Chios and in the southeast.
The coastline of Chios is characterized by a few large and open bays. The north coast is steep, the northeast coast offers two protected harbors with the Bay of Marmoro (Όρμος Μάρμορου) and the Bay of Kolokythia (Όρμος Κολοκυθίας) near Langada . The main port and most of the anchorages on the island are located along the east coast and are protected by the coast of Asia Minor. The bay of Megas Limionas (Όρμος Μέγα Λιμιώνα) and the bay of Kalamoti (Όρμος Καλαμοτής) follow in the southeast. West of Cape Masticho (Ακρωτήριο Μάστιχο) also Cape Oura (Ακρωτήριο Ουρά), the southern tip of the island, the coastline is more structured by numerous small harbor bays and capes.
climate
The subtropical winter rainy climate of Greece is characterized by mild, rainy winters and warm, dry summers and can therefore be assigned to the Csa climate , and at higher altitudes to the Csb climate. This also applies to the location of Chios in the eastern Aegean, but the climate is also influenced by its proximity to the coast of Asia Minor. Winters have lower temperatures and higher rainfall, but the climate is generally warmer.
A cool and rainy season from mid-October to the end of March and a dry and warm season from April to mid-October. Seen over the course of the year, extreme weather phenomena such as snow, hail or heat waves tend to occur rarely. Snow falls an average of two days a year.
The annual average temperature on Chios is 17.5 ° C. The maritime character of the island can be recognized by the slow warming from January to March and the average summer temperatures of around 26.0 ° C in July and August. The warmest days in summer are from the end of July to mid-August with maximum daily temperatures between 29 ° C and 35 ° C.
The precipitation is distributed unevenly over the year. In the period from mid-October to the end of March, almost all of the precipitation falls. Nevertheless, the sky does not remain cloudy for days and from January to mid-February a weather phenomenon with sunny days can occur. The months May to September are determined by drought.
On Chios, winds from north to northeast prevail at around 75%. The Meltemi blows constantly from the north in July and August and provides cooling. The winds in November and December can definitely have the character of a storm.
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Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Chios
Source: chios.gr
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history
Eugène Delacroix
Oil on panel, 419 × 354 cm, Louvre
The island of Chios has been inhabited for five millennia. Archaeological finds in the caves of Agios Gala were dated 3000 BC. Dated. Finds from the period 2600–2000 BC were found near the city of Emborio. An early mention of the island can be found on linear B tablets from the Mycenaean Pylos . The female ethnicon ???? ki-si-wi-ja is listed there. The first recorded king of Chios was called Amphialos or Amphiklos . He was sent to Chios by an oracle. Ionians from Asia Minor later colonized the island. Around 700 BC Chr. Chios became a sea power and a center of culture and trade. This was a heyday for the island, whose inhabitants were among the richest in the Aegean Sea. The island's prosperity was also based on the slave trade that had been going on there from ancient times to modern times. According to Theopompos , it was the Greeks in Chios who opened the first slave market.
Around 512 BC Chr. Chios was determined by the extent of the Persian Empire conquered. After the Persians were defeated in the battles of Salamis and Platea , the Persian governor of Chios was also driven out. The island experienced a second heyday during the time of the Attic League . This period ended with the Peloponnesian War , where it broke away from Athens and joined Sparta . A period of instability followed. Chios entered into various alliances with the Athenians, Alexander the Great and the Romans . During this period the center of power shifted from the Aegean Sea to the mainland. The early years of the first millennium were marked by many earthquakes. Chios was a Genoese colony from 1304 to 1329 and from 1346 to 1566 , after which it was conquered by the Ottomans and belonged to the Ottoman Empire from 1566 to 1912.
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In the early modern period, Chios was a prosperous and populous island that lived mainly from the cultivation of mastic . As the personal fief of the sultana, it enjoyed special privileges. At that time the island belonged administratively to the province of İzmir .
Although the inhabitants were loyal to the Ottoman Empire , the majority of the population (around 40,000) was murdered by the Ottomans on April 11, 1822 during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829). By order of the sultan, only the mastic farmers were spared for the time being. When the Greek freedom fighter Konstantinos Kanaris set the Turkish admiral's ship on fire a little later, the mastic farmers were also killed. These "Turkish atrocities" outraged all of Europe at the time. The painting The Massacre of Chios by Eugène Delacroix became famous . An earthquake on April 3, 1881 destroyed much of what was left, especially the island's capital. In November 1912, Greek naval and army units captured the island of Chios in a landing operation. The Ottoman Empire signed the London Treaty on May 30, 1913 , thereby recognizing that the island would remain in the Kingdom of Greece .
During the refugee crisis in Europe from 2015 , a reception camp was set up on Chios. As of April 2017, more than 3000 people who had previously crossed from Turkey were accommodated there.
Administrative structure
With the implementation of the municipal reform according to the Kapodistrias program in 1997, the island of Chios was divided into eight municipalities with a total of 58 municipal districts. On January 1, 2011, the Kallikratis program merged the former municipalities of the island into the newly created municipality of Chios ( Dimos Chiou Δήμος Χίου), the administrative center is the city of Chios. The previous municipalities form municipal districts.
| Surname | Greek name | code | Area (km²) | Population 2001 | Residents 2011 | City districts / local communities (Δημοτική / Τοπική Κοινότητα) |
location |
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| Chios (city) | Δημοτική Ενότητα Χίου | 570101 | 22.618 | 23,779 | 26,850 | Chios |
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| Agios Minas | Δημοτική Ενότητα Αγίου Μηνά | 570102 | 13,410 | 2,686 | 3,271 | Thyme, neochori |
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| Amani (Chios) | Δημοτική Ενότητα Αμανής | 570103 | 158.160 | 2,668 | 983 | Volissos, Agio Galas, Diefcha, Keramos, Kourounia, Leptopoda, Melanios, Nea Potamia, Nenitouria, Parparia, Pirama, Pispilounda, Trype, Fyta, Chalandra |
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| Ionia | Δημοτική Ενότητα Ιωνίας | 570104 | 47.717 | 4,650 | 3,956 | Kallimasia, Vouno, Exo Didyma, Tholopotami, Katarraktis, Kini, Mesa Didyma, Myrmingi, Nenita, Pagida, Flatsia |
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| Kambochora | Δημοτική Ενότητα Καμποχώρων | 570105 | 50.629 | 3,154 | 2,897 | Chalki, Agios Georgios Sykousis, Vavili, Vasileoniko, Ververato, Dafni, Zyfias |
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| Kardamyla | Δημοτική Ενότητα Καρδαμύλων | 570106 | 184.068 | 2,920 | 2.234 | Kardamyla, Amades, Viki, Kabia, Pityous, Spartounda |
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| Mastichochoria | Δημοτική Ενότητα Μαστιχοχωρίων | 570107 | 212.149 | 4,744 | 3,672 | Pyrgi, Armolia, Vessa, Elata, Kalamoti, Lithi, Mesta, Olymbi, Patrika |
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| Omiroupoli | Δημοτική Ενότητα Ομηρούπολης | 570108 | 155.922 | 7,335 | 7,527 | Vrandados, Anavatos, Avgonyma, Karyes, Langada, Sidirounda, Sykiada |
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| total | 5701 | 844.673 | 53,408 | 51,390 | |||
List of cities and larger towns
Over 70% of the population lives in the east of the island. 50% of the island's inhabitants live in the city of Chios.
| Name German |
Name greek |
Residents 2011 | Parish | Area (km²) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chios | Χίος | 26,850 | Chios | 22.82 |
| Thyme | Θυμιανά | 1,566 | Agios Minas | 7.67 |
| Kallimasia | Καλλιμασιά | 958 | Ionia | 7.27 |
| Nenita | Νένητα | 903 | Ionia | 9.47 |
| Marmaro | Μάρμαρο | 875 | Kardamyla | 74.79 |
| Pyrgi | Πυργί | 755 | Mastichochoria | 59.55 |
| Vrontados | Βροντάδος | 5,323 | Omiroupoli | 40.86 |
| Langada | Λαγκάδα | 760 | Omiroupoli | 11.71 |
Tourist Attractions
- The Nea Moni Monastery is one of the most important Greek sacred buildings of the 11th century and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- Sykias stalactite cave
- The island is one of the best diving areas in Europe. Clear warm water, small underwater caves, imposing rocky landscapes and steep walls, interspersed with species-rich corals , invite you to dive .
- The medieval "Mastixdörfer" (Mastichochoria) Mesta, Olymbi, Vessa (among others) and Pyrgi, the townscape of which is strongly characterized by the house facades designed using the sgraffito technique ("Xysta").
- The watchtowers of Chios
traffic
Air travel
The Chios Island National Airport Omiros (Κρατικός Αερολιμένας Χίου, Όμηρος) is located about 3 km south of the city center. Scheduled flights from Athens are operated by the Greek national airline Olympic Airways and Aegean Airlines . Olympic Airlines also offers direct flights from Lesbos , Samos , Rhodes and Thessaloniki . The Cretan Sky Express also flies to Chios (from Rhodes, Samos, Lesbos and Limnos). In the summer months, charter flights from Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, Slovenia and Norway are on offer.
Ferry traffic
By far the most important port on the island is in Chios . Several times a week there are direct connections from Piraeus with Blue Star Ferries . NEL Lines calls at the port of Limenas Mesta from Lavrio (Attica). There are regular connections to the neighboring islands of Psara and Inousses and also to Çeşme in Turkey. In addition, connections are possible from Thessaloniki and Kavala in the north via Mytilini and Samos to Rhodes in the south.
Bus transport
The bus terminal of KTEL Chios SA, founded in 1952, is housed in the same building as the port's passenger terminal. Seven bus routes open up the island, the bus connections are good. Buses run several times a day, especially in the south. In addition, the city has its own network of routes.
Agriculture
In addition to olive oil and wine , Chios is best known for its mastic production, especially in the southern district of Mastichochoria . Here, and especially in the vicinity of the “mastic villages” Pyrgi, Mestá and Olympia, grow those evergreen mastic trees that secrete the valuable natural resin. The harvest is from August to the end of October. The resin , which is obtained by scratching the mastic trees, is cleaned of flies and bits of bark by the women of the island with tweezers and used, among other things, to make ouzo , chewing gum and sweets.
Personalities
On Chios are born:
- Homer is said to have been born in the village of Pityous . However, numerous other places in Greece claim this honor.
- Glaucus of Chios (around 700 BC), inventor of the art of soldering
- Oenopides (approx. 490 – approx. 420 BC), mathematician, geometer and astronomer
- Metrodoros of Chios (5th century BC – 4th century BC), Greek philosopher
- Theopompos (378/377 BC - between 323 and 300 BC), Greek historian
- Erasistratos of Chios (304–250 BC), pioneer of human anatomy, personal physician under Seleukos I Nicator of Syria and founder of the ancient medical school of Alexandria ; discovered the connection of organs through venous, arterial and nervous systems
- Hippocrates of Chios (mid or second half of the 5th century BC) Greek astronomer and mathematician
- Ion of Chios (480 BC - between 423 and 421 BC), Greek poet and playwright
- Ariston of Chios (around 250 BC), Greek philosopher
- Claudia Metrodora (approx. 54–68 AD), Greco-Roman public benefactress
- Pietro Recanelli Giustiniani († after 1363), partner in the Maona (tax-tenant community) of Chios, ancestor of the Genoese branch of the Giustiniani family
- Matrona of Chios (* 15th century, † before 1455), saint of the Orthodox Church
- Markella of Chios (15th century AD), saint of the Orthodox Church
- Andreas Argenti (saint) († 1465 AD), new martyr of the Orthodox Church
- Francisco Albo (16th century), pilot of the Magellan Expedition, the first circumnavigation of the earth
- Vincenzo Giustiniani (1516–1582), cardinal
- Jacob Palaeologus (1520–1585), Greco-Italian theologian and diplomat
- Agostini Salvago OP († 1567), Archbishop of Genoa
- Vincenzo Giustiniani the Younger (1564–1637), Roman collector of paintings
- Leone Allacci (Latinized Leo Allatius) (approx. 1586–1669), Greek Catholic scholar and theologian
- Mavrokordatos (17th century), Chiot noble family
- Eustratios Argenti (around 1687 – around 1757), Greek doctor and theologian
- Nikephoros of Chios (approx. 1750–1821), abbot of the Nea Moni monastery and theological writer
- Stephenos Ralli (1755-1827), Greek entrepreneur
- Eustratios Argenti (national hero) (1767–1798), campaigner of Rigas Velestinlis
- Neofytos Vamvas (1776–1855), scholar of the Enlightenment
- Ralli brothers (18th and 19th centuries), trading company
- İbrahim Edhem Pasha (1818–1893), Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
- Konstantinos Amantos (1874–1960), historian, Byzantinist, professor at the University of Athens, member of the Athens Academy
- Georgios Ioannou Zolotas (1845–1906), local historian of the island and director of the high school in Chios
- Philip Pandely Argenti (1891–1974) came from the ancient Chiot nobility and was the island's greatest historian. He wrote over a dozen historical accounts of the island
- Ioannis Despotopoulos also Jan Despo (1903–1992), architecture and town planner
- Kostas Perrikos (1905–1943), Air Force officer and resistance fighter in World War II
- Constantine A. Trypanis (1909–1993), philologist and poet and Minister for Culture and Science
- Nikolaos Syllas (1914–1986), Greek discus thrower and multiple participant in the Olympic Games
- Ioannis Pezmasoglou (1918–2003), Greek economics professor, finance minister, member of parliament
- Andreas Papandreou (1919–1996), Greek Prime Minister
- Mikis Theodorakis (* 1925), Greek composer and politician
- Petros Molyviatis (* 1928), Greek politician, former foreign minister
- Panteleimon Bezenitis (1938–2014), Metropolitan of Athens
- Takis Fotopoulos (* 1940), philosopher, economist and political scientist
- Dimos Avdeliodis (* 1952), Greek actor , film and theater director
- John Sitaras (* 1972), fitness trainer, originator of the Sitaras method
The following died on Chios:
- Isidorus of Chios (* in Alexandria ; around 251) martyr and saint
- Myrope of Chios (* in Ephesus, died during the reign of Emperor Decius (249-251)), martyr and saint
- Jacques Cœur (1395–1456), French merchant and financier of King Charles VII of France
- Giovanni Giustiniani Longo (1418-1453), Genoese captain, led in 1453 on his own initiative and expense 700 Chiot soldiers to defend Constantinople
- Athanasios Parios (1722–1813), Greek priest monk, 1788–1811 head of the school of Chios
- Macarius of Corinth (1731–1805), saint of the Orthodox Church
- Namık Kemal (1840–1888), Turkish writer and governor of the island
In Chios in exile:
- Mehmed Memduh (1839–1925), Ottoman chronicler and politician
Other personalities:
- Andrea Bianco (15th century), Genoese cartographer, inhabitant of Chios
- Adamantios Korais (1748–1833), Greek scholar and writer; his father came from Chios and A. Korais felt close to the island; named after him the Korais library (Δημόσια Κεντρική οστορική Βιβλιοθήκη Κου ήοραή) in Chios city
Others
- Chios played an important role in the PC game No One Lives Forever 2 .
Customs
Movies
- Elke Werry: Like sisters - matrilineality on the Greek island of Chios. (30 min.) ZDF, Germany 1985.
- The village of Tholopotami on Chios is the setting for the film The Spring Meeting of the Field Rangers (I earini synaxis ton agrofylakon) by Dimos Avdeliodis .
literature
- Illustration as a wood engraving, in: De Huisvriend. Geillustreerd Magazijn 1881, p. 145.
- Fanny Aneroussi, Leonidas Mylonadis: The Kampos of Chios in its Heyday: Houses and Surroundings . Translated from Greek into English by Antonis Scotiniotis. (Aipos Series, no 12). Akritas Publications, Nea Smyrni 1992, ISBN 960-7006-87-9 .
- Charalambos Th. Bouras: Chios . (Guides to Greece, no 4). National Bank of Greece, Athens 1974.
- Charalambos Th. Bouras: Greek Traditional Architecture: Chios . Melissa, Athens 1984.
- Athena Zacharou-Loutrari, Vaso Penna, Tasoula Mandala: Chios: History and Art. English translation by Athena Dallas-Damis… (The Monuments of Chios). The Chios Prefecture, Chios 1989. OCLC 31423355 .
- Günther Ketterer: The example of Chios . In: Atlas on the history of Islam . Primus, Darmstadt 2001, ISBN 3-89678-194-4 .
- Merian. Lesbos - Chios - Samos . Issue 12 / XXVII, Merian-Verlag, 1974.
- Hubert Pernot : En Pays Turc: L'île de Chios . (Dijon, Imprimerie Darantière, Rue Chabot-Charny, 65). Avec 17 mélodies popular et 118 simili-gravures. J. Maisonneuve, Libraire-Éditeur, Paris 1903. archive.org
- Arnold C. Smith: The Architecture of Chios: Subsidiary Buildings, Implements and Crafts . Published by Philip Pandely Argenti . Tison, London 1962.
- Michales G. Tsankares, Alkes X. Xanthakes: Chios: hekato chronia photographies, 1850-1950. ( Chios: Hundred Years of Photographs, 1850–1950 ). Synolo, Athens 1996, ISBN 960-85416-4-6 .
- Eleftherios Yalouris: The Archeology and Early History of Chios. (From the Neolithic Period to the End of the Sixth Century BC) . University of Oxford, Merton College, Diss., Oxford 1976.
Web links
- Chios Island (general information such as history, beaches, cities, famous people and monasteries)
- Chios (map of the island)
- Chios pictures (picture gallery, island map, information about nature and culture)
- Aerial view of Chios
Individual evidence
- ↑ Results of the 2011 census at the National Statistical Service of Greece (ΕΛ.ΣΤΑΤ) (Excel document, 2.6 MB)
- ↑ Ελληνική Στατιστική Αρχή [ΕΛΣΤΑΤ] (Ed.): Στατιστική Επετηρίδα της Ελλάδος (Statistical Yearbook of Greece) 2009 & 2010 . Piraeus 2011, p. 47 .
- ^ Charles Arnold (ed.): The islands of the Mediterranean . A unique and complete overview. 2nd Edition. marebuchverlag, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-86648-096-2 .
- ↑ Chios map, 1: 60,000 . Road Editions, ISBN 960-8481-91-0 .
- ^ Sarah P. Morris: Potnia Aswiya: Anatolian Contributions to Greek Religion. (PDF) I. Potnia Aswiya at Pylos. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 6, 2009 ; accessed on May 1, 2015 .
- ↑ Rosemarie Noack: The expensive tears of Chios . In: Die Zeit , No. 42/1993.
- ↑ Doctors leave the hotspot after "night of horror". The aid organization Doctors of the World is withdrawing from the reception camp on the Greek island of Chios after new clashes. - n-tv, April 1, 2016.
- ↑ Interview with Mayor Manolis Vournous. Zeit Online , April 4, 2016.
- ^ Helena Smith: 'Europe's dirty secret': officials on Chios scramble to cope with rising tensions . The Guardian, April 28, 2017.
- ^ Ten Best Dive Sites in Europe , scubatravel.co.uk, accessed May 31, 2011.
- ↑ Chios Airport hcaa-eleng.gr ( Memento from December 7, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ KTEL Chios, route network map with timetable ktelchios.gr
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