Samsun

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Samsun
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Samsun (Turkey)
Red pog.svg
Samsun - panoramio (11) .jpg
View of Samsun from above
Basic data
Province (il) : Samsun
Coordinates : 41 ° 17 '  N , 36 ° 20'  E Coordinates: 41 ° 17 '15 "  N , 36 ° 20' 5"  E
Surface: 9,474 km²
Telephone code : (+90) 362
Postal code : 55,000
License plate : 55
Structure and administration (as of 2019)
Mayor : Mustafa Demir ( AKP )
Website:

Template: Infobox Location in Turkey / Maintenance / InhabitantsOrtMisst

Template: Infobox Location in Turkey / Maintenance / District Without Inhabitants Or Area

Samsun ( Greek Σαμψούντα Sampsounda , in antiquity Amisos , ancient Greek ᾽Αμισός ) is the largest city in the Black Sea region of Turkey and the capital of the province of the same name , Samsun . It has the largest harbor basin on the Turkish Black Sea . The main industry is the processing of tobacco , which is grown in the area. Since a territorial reform, Samsun has been a Büyükşehir Belediyesi (big city municipality) and is therefore identical to the province in terms of area and population.

Location and traffic

Urban expansion in the coastal plain

Samsun is located around 850 kilometers east of Istanbul at the mouth of the Mert Irmağı . The valley cut of the small river separates the west Pontic from the east Pontic mountain range . Two larger rivers are the Kızılırmak ("red river"), which forms a wide estuary about 70 kilometers to the west, and the Yeşilırmak ("green river"), which flows into the Black Sea 40 kilometers to the east . After a short stretch of coastline, less than a kilometer wide in the urban area, the foothills of Canik Dağları gradually rise to a height of over 1000 meters. Tobacco, cereals (especially maize) and vegetables are grown in the mountain valleys in the hinterland of Samsun, favored by year-round rainfall.

The expressway running south over the mountains towards Merzifon and Amasya is the extension of the E 95 ; The E 70 runs along the coast .

Samsun is the end of a railway line that initially runs in the valley along Mert Irmağı via Amasya to Sivas . Samsun was connected to the national railway network in 1932 when the Sivas – Samsun railway was opened . In 1926, the narrow-gauge line to Çarşamba , nationalized in 1929 and closed in 1971, was opened. In 1980 the Samsun – Çarşamba line was reopened as a 38.5 km long standard gauge line, followed in 1983 by a further 13 km branch line to the Gelemen industrial area ( Azot ).

Samsun International Airport is located around 25 kilometers east of the city . The bus station is about four kilometers west of the center. Since the beginning of 2010, Samsun has been operating a tram line that runs from the university to the city center. Three lines are planned.

The Turkish part of the Blue Stream pipeline begins in Samsun and runs for a further 444 kilometers to Ankara . The pipeline is 1213 kilometers long and has an annual transport capacity of 19 billion cubic meters. In 2009, 9.8 billion cubic meters of natural gas were exported through the pipeline to Turkey, which corresponded to 49 percent of the volume delivered by Gazprom to Turkey, and the trend is increasing - in 2006 it was 7 billion cubic meters or 38 percent of the volume delivered by Gazprom. The pipeline with its route to the Turkish capital will therefore be of growing importance for the rapidly growing economy in Samsun and for the greater Ankara area.

history

Drachm (Tychekopf) and Tetrobol (owl) from Amisos, approx. 400–350 BC Minted
Town hall 1938
Bronze coin from Amisos with city names between tripods, approx. 120–80 BC. Chr.

The oldest finds of a settlement come from Dündartepe and date to the Copper Age . Herodotus and Strabo tell of local tribes Levkosurer or Syrians , between the Halys and Themiskyra had lived. Another tribe, the Enetoi, populated the place where the city later emerged, but these have disappeared. Towards the end of the 8th century BC Chr. Were Cimmerians from the northeast to the south coast of the Black Sea passes and had Sinope conquered. It is assumed that they came across the settlement of the later Amisos on their move west.

In the 7th century BC According to the tradition of Theopompos, settlers from Miletus founded the place Amisos ( ancient Greek ᾽Αμισός ), the remains of which were excavated about three kilometers northwest of today's city center. Skymnos , on the other hand, attributed the foundation to the Phocaeans and Arrian , Appian and Plutarch to the Athenians . Amisos belonged to about 300 BC. BC or a little later to the kingdom of Pontus . The exact date of the incorporation of the city into the Pontic Kingdom is not known. The time under the rule of the Pontic kings meant a golden age for the Greek city, which lasted almost the entire period of Hellenism . Amisos was promoted by the Pontic kings and was one of the most important economic and administrative centers. King Mithridates VI. (132–63 BC) resided temporarily in the city. He had temples built and founded the Eupatoria district. In the third Mithridatic war against the Romans , the city was destroyed by the Roman general Lucullus after a siege and then rebuilt.

In late antiquity , Amisos was the seat of a bishop , but never achieved the importance of Sinope . In 863 the Arab emir Umar von Melitene , who was the main enemy of the Byzantine Empire on its eastern border in the middle of the 9th century , conquered and sacked the city. On September 3 of the same year Umar fell at the Battle of Poson, which ended in the defeat of the Arabs.

In the 12th century the city belonged to the Rum-Seljuks Empire . Under Sultan Kılıç Arslan I (ruled 1092-1107) it received its current name Samsun. The princes of İsfendiyaroğlu, who ruled in the 14th century, allowed the Genoese to set up a trading post. The Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I took the city temporarily in 1393 or 1395. In 1425 the Ottomans under Murad II conquered the city ​​again. In 1461 the eastern empire of Trebizond and in 1470 Samsun became permanently Ottoman.

In 1806 a Turkish fleet shot at the two cities of Samsun and Ünye in the fight against the dependent regional prince . Samsun burned down completely.

Memorial for the landing of the Turkish troops in 1919: Ataturk Kültür Merkezi at the harbor

The landing of Mustafa Kemal Pascha on May 19, 1919 with the ship Bandırma is considered to be the beginning of the liberation struggle against the occupation and division of Turkey after the First World War .

The Greek Orthodox Church of Agia Triada and the Armenian Church of Surp Nigoğayos were destroyed in the 20th century after the genocide of the Armenians .

Cityscape

The Ataturk bulvarı coastal road runs in the city area in a north-south direction. Between it and the artificially created harbor basin are the train station, a stop for the local tram and a large park designed to commemorate the landing of the Turkish Liberation Army. To the west is the modern business center with pedestrian zones around the central Cumhuriyet Meydanı ("Republic Square").

The symbol of Samsun is next to the monument to the landing of the troops at the port a statue of Mustafa Kemâl in the center (Onur Anıtı) . It was created in 1931 by the Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel . Older sights have not been preserved except for the Pazar Camii, a mosque from the 14th century.

The inner city consists almost entirely of densely built-up apartment blocks, which the older two- to three-story buildings are gradually having to give way. Similar residential areas extend in three directions, along the coast and over the low, partially wooded hills inland. In the south, the urban center is bordered by the canalised Mert Irmağı, beyond which there is a craftsmen's quarter. A swimming pool with slides has been set up at the southern end of the industrial port.

Old Amisos is located on the edge of the coastal plain three kilometers north of the center in the Baruthane district. The small remains on a hill were processed for tourism. The local excursion restaurant can also be reached with a chairlift from a parking lot next to the coastal expressway. You can see the exposed remains of the wall and two grave tunnels, each with three chambers in a row, under artificially raised hills ( tumuli ).

In the İlkadım district there is still the Catholic Mater Dolorosa Church , built from 1861 .

In 2008, a State Opera with ballet ( Samsun Devlet Opera ve Balesi ) opened in Samsun . Ondokuz Mayıs University (OMU), founded in 1975, is located about 16 kilometers to the west. It makes the city one of the most important educational centers on the Black Sea.

Personalities

New opera on the premises of Ataturk Kültür Merkezi

Town twinning

Climate table

Samsun, Atakum (4 m)
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.
 
 
60
 
11
4th
 
 
53
 
11
3
 
 
59
 
12
5
 
 
54
 
15th
8th
 
 
50
 
19th
12
 
 
50
 
24
16
 
 
33
 
27
19th
 
 
38
 
27
20th
 
 
48
 
24
17th
 
 
93
 
20th
13
 
 
88
 
16
9
 
 
75
 
13
6th
Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm
Source: State Meteorological Office of the Turkish Republic, normal period 1981–2010 ; wetterkontor.de (water temperature, humidity)
Average monthly temperatures and precipitation for Samsun, Atakum (4 m)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 10.9 10.6 12.0 15.0 18.7 23.6 26.7 27.4 24.2 20.2 16.3 12.9 O 18.2
Min. Temperature (° C) 4.1 3.4 4.6 7.7 11.6 16.1 19.3 19.9 16.6 12.9 8.6 6.1 O 11
Temperature (° C) 7.2 6.7 7.9 11.1 15.4 20.3 23.5 23.9 20.2 16.2 12.0 9.1 O 14.5
Precipitation ( mm ) 59.9 52.6 59.4 54.0 49.9 49.7 32.8 37.6 47.8 92.7 88.3 75.1 Σ 699.8
Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 2.9 3.5 3.9 4.9 6.5 8.2 8.8 8.5 6.5 4.7 3.9 2.9 O 5.4
Rainy days ( d ) 13.7 13.8 15.6 14.6 12.4 10.1 6.2 6.4 10.1 13.0 12.7 13.7 Σ 142.3
Water temperature (° C) 9 8th 8th 10 14th 20th 23 23 21st 19th 15th 11 O 15.1
Humidity ( % ) 68 70 75 77 79 74 72 72 73 73 70 65 O 72.3
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
10.9
4.1
10.6
3.4
12.0
4.6
15.0
7.7
18.7
11.6
23.6
16.1
26.7
19.3
27.4
19.9
24.2
16.6
20.2
12.9
16.3
8.6
12.9
6.1
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
N
i
e
d
e
r
s
c
h
l
a
g 		59.9
52.6
59.4
54.0
49.9
49.7
32.8
37.6
47.8
92.7
88.3
75.1
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

literature

Web links

Commons : Samsun  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Philip Ernest Schoenberg: The Evolution of Transport in Turkey (Eastern Thrace and Asia Minor) under Ottoman Rule, 1856-1918 . In: Middle Eastern Studies . tape 13 , no. 3 , 1977, pp. 359–372, here p. 364 , doi : 10.1080 / 00263207708700358 ( PDF ).
  2. ^ Benno Bickel, Karl-Wilhelm Koch, Florian Schmidt: Steam under the half moon. The last years of steam operation in Turkey . Verlag Röhr, Krefeld 1987, ISBN 3-88490-183-4 , p. 17 .
  3. ^ The settlements, monuments, and coinage of Mithradates VI and his predecessors. D. Burcu Arıkan Erciyas, Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 2001, p. 43.
  4. ↑ Eleni Mentesidou: The Terracotta Figurines of Amisos. Dissertation International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki 2015, p. 5 ( digitized version ).
  5. ↑ D. Burcu Arıkan Erciyas: Studies in the archeology of hellenistic Pontus: The settlements, monuments, and coinage of Mithridates VI and his predecessors. Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 2001, p. 145.
  6. ↑ Eleni Mentesidou: The Terracotta Figurines of Amisos. Dissertation International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki 2015, pp. 8–9 ( digitized version ).
  7. ↑ Port of Samsun (TCDD) ( Memento from March 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive )