Black Sea Region (Turkey)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Black Sea region ( Karadeniz Bölgesi in Turkish ) has been a geographical area of ​​Turkey since the 1941 Geography Congress in Ankara . The region represents around 18.1% of the Turkish state territory. With an area of ​​141,000 km², it ranks third in the comparison of areas of the seven regions.

The Black Sea region in northeastern Turkey is to be understood both as a spatial-administrative region and as a cultural region, although the exact demarcation of the two need not necessarily be identical. Due to its peripheral location in northern Anatolia on the southern shore of the Black Sea and the mountain ranges that separate the region from the rest of the country to the south, the Black Sea region has retained its special history and identity in Turkey. Despite this geographical isolation, the Black Sea region was always in contact with the rest of Asia Minor , even if people looked more to Istanbul and other metropolises to the west . During the Cold War , proximity to the USSR by land and sea played an important role.

1. Marmara Region, 2. Central Anatolia, 3. Aegean Region, 4. Mediterranean Region, 5. Black Sea Region , 6. Southeast Anatolia, 7. Eastern Anatolia

geography

The Black Sea region is geographically strongly characterized by various mountain ranges. The Pontic Mountains extend over a distance of about 1,000 kilometers along the sea coast. Between the sea and the natural barrier of the Pontic Alps, the climate is humid and the vegetation is dense. The average height of the mountains is between 2,000 and 3,000 meters. In general, its altitude increases from west to east. The highest elevations in the Black Sea region are in the Eastern Pontic Mountains . It is the Kaçkar Dağı with a height of 3932 meters. The isolation of the region by the mountain ranges ensures a largely independent, isolated and independent development of Central Anatolia in terms of regional history, culture and population composition.

The eastern part of the Black Sea region in particular is dominated by hazelnut plantations and is therefore popularly known as the “hazelnut coast”. Other parts of the region are characterized by tea cultivation and large tea plantations. This is especially true in the area around Rize , where you can attend many local tea festivals in summer.

Administrative division

Bulgarien Griechenland Zypern Georgien Armenien Aserbaidschan Iran Irak Syrien Marmararegion Ägäisregion Mittelmeerregion Südostanatolien Schwarzmeerregion Ostanatolien Zentralanatolien
Location of the Black Sea region

The Black Sea region is located in northern Anatolia and covers most of the Turkish Black Sea coast . The Black Sea region consists of the following three sub-regions:

  • Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi - western Black Sea region
  • Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi - central Black Sea region
  • Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi - Eastern Black Sea Region

politics

Of the 81 provinces in Turkey , the following 22 belong to the Black Sea region:

Parliamentary election 2018 results from Black Sea region
Political party percent
Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi
  
 52.0%
Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi
  
 19.6%
Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi
  
 14.8%
İyi Parti
  
 9.6%
Otherwise.
  
 4.0%

climate

The Black Sea region is in a temperate climate zone . Rain falls all year round and a constant wind comes from the sea. The maximum temperatures in summer are usually around 30 degrees Celsius . In winter, values ​​of zero to ten degrees Celsius are reached. There is a humid , damp climate.

Climate data of the Black Sea region numbers
Average temperature 16.3 ° C
Maximum temperature 44.2 ° C
Lowest temperature −20.8 ° C
Average humidity 70.9 mg
Average rainfall 828.5 mm

history

Ancient and Byzantine Empire

The ancient Greeks described the region on the Black Sea coast as a frightening and barbaric place far from the civilized world. The region became famous through the legend of Jason and the Golden Fleece . In the fourth century BC, the Black Sea coast was marked by rivalries and battles between Athens and the Persians . Seven indigenous nations of the Black Sea coasts were also involved in the conflict as opponents of the Greeks. For a long time into the Byzantine Empire , the image of the Black Sea region was shaped by negative prejudices stemming from colonial and imperial arrogance. The Byzantine historian Procopius stated that the inhabitants of the region were barbaric and cultivated pagan customs.

In the fertile “elbow” on the Black Sea, which extends from Trabzon to the foothills of the Caucasus , a prosperous civilization emerged in the Bronze Age that profited greatly from trade between Persia, Anatolian cities and the Greeks. In this age, the mining of silver began in the city of Gumüshane (Argryopolis or also called the silver city ), which continues to this day.

The Greeks originally came as warriors on forays to the northern Black Sea coast. From the seventh century BC they began to settle on this territory. Commercial colonies were established along the coast. Here the most important and influential was the city of Sinope , which was founded by the Ionians from Miletus. It was followed by offshoots of the city from the fourth century BC. The places Amisus ( Samsun ), Cotyora ( Ordu ), Cerasus ( Giresun ), Trapezus (Trebizond, Trabzon ) and Bathys ( Batumi ) are named. The colonization by the Greeks always took place along the coastline at strategically important locations that were connected to the trade routes that crossed the Pontic Mountains. The majority of the cities that exist in the region today are of Greek origin.

A major change for the region came in the fourth century AD with the Christianization of the population. The Greek-speaking portion of the population adopted Christianity at the same time as the rest of the ancient Roman Empire . The lasers followed two centuries later. The common religion caused a Hellenization and a turn to Greek culture in the region.

The Ottoman era in the Black Sea region

The next significant change in the culture and character of the region came in the eleventh century AD when the Turks invaded Anatolia. Even if the region was less directly affected by this event, this factor had an indirect effect on the coastal region: the centralized , administrative Byzantine regime was replaced by a Turkish regime, which was similar to those of the European feudal period . As a consequence, the Empire of Trebizond was formed in the Black Sea region and the economy, trade and culture flourished. The Empire profited from the Mongol invasion of Baghdad in 1258 , as the Silk Road and trade had to be relocated to the north. In this economically favorable location, the empire developed into a Christian outpost in the Muslim Middle East for two centuries and became a center for art, literature and teaching. Genoese and Venetian merchants dominated at that time with the approval of the Byzantine Empire to maritime trade in the region.

From the 15th century, the Ottomans began to expand their empire in the east. The history of the Empire of Trebizond ended with the Ottoman conquests in 1461. Subsequently, the area was reintegrated into a centralized administration. The region then fell back into a marginalized and insignificant position in a large empire. Even if a moderate level of prosperity could be maintained, the province was considered a hinterland. Despite the Ottoman conquest, few Turks initially moved to the Black Sea region, with the exception of the area around Trabzon. During the reign of Selim I , the Lasen were converted to Islam . The Greek-speaking Hemsin was converted in the 1680s.

The minorities survived. Until the 19th century, the Greeks made up the majority in the coastal cities such as Giresun , Tirebolu , Trabzon and Batumi . They kept their seafaring and trading traditions. For a long time, the Russian tsar guaranteed the protection and privileges of Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan . However, conflicts arose between the Ottoman and Russian empires when Russia annexed the Caucasus region , which had previously served as a buffer zone. So there were conflicts and wars in 1828, 1864, 1877 and from 1915 to 1918. The war in 1877 changed the population structure in the Black Sea region significantly. The poor treatment of Caucasian Muslims by Russia in the war of 1877 sparked a wave of Muslim peoples from the Caucasus to the region. During the Russian occupation of the region in 1916, tensions arose between the Muslim Turks and the Orthodox Greeks, as the latter were accused of collaborating with the occupiers due to historical and religious connections.

Turkish Republic

On May 19, 1919, historically decisive scenes of modern Turkey took place in the Black Sea region . On this day Ataturk landed in Samsun in order to proceed from there against the sultanate and the victorious powers of the First World War in Anatolia .

After the Greco-Turkish war in 1920-22, around one million Greeks had to leave their homeland on the Black Sea and the Turkish Aegean Sea or were forcibly resettled. The minorities residing in Turkey, mainly along the Black Sea coast, such as the Greeks, had lived there for thousands of years. For a long time, the Christian minorities of the Greeks and Armenians could be sure of their historical privileges under the Ottoman conquerors, as parts of their social structure were taken over and Russia has acted as the protective power of this minority against the Ottoman regime since the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kaynardji in 1774. This changed with the strengthening of the Young Turkish Movement and Turkish nationalism in the course of the Turkish Revolution in 1908. The Greek-Turkish population exchange has its diplomatic and political origins in 1914. There, however, it is an optional and not an obligatory one Population exchange. However, the actual population exchange of 1923 was effectively a mandatory act. The Lausanne Agreement of January 30, 1923 was unable to adhere to the principles of minority protection as they are standard today. The population exchange of 1923 and the loss of the Greeks, who were important for the local economy, weakened the region until the 1940s. From then on, tea production provided an economic upswing.

In the past, two opposing systems met in the Black Sea region. The region can be seen as a front line between countries with a capitalist-oriented free market economy on the one hand and countries that were organized according to a planned economy on the other .

The Black Sea region has oriented itself towards Russia and the Caucasus since the beginning of time through sea and land trade . So that was labor migration to South Russia and other territories under Russian influence important to the local Turkish economy. Especially bakers from the Black Sea region made their way. From the 1930s it became increasingly difficult to cross the border unnoticed. Accordingly, there was a sharp decline in labor migration, which hit the Black Sea region hard economically. To compensate for this, other destinations to emigrate were sought from the 1960s. Many tried their luck in Istanbul or went to Germany . The collapse of the Soviet Union and the reopening of the border resulted in a high number of travelers. At that time there was a shortage of consumer goods in the former territory of the USSR. Many people from these areas drove to the Turkish side of the border to shop and trade. In return, the Turks in the Black Sea region profited from the import of mediocre, but inexpensive, Soviet technology and machines. The majority of Soviet women came to trade in the Black Sea region. Some of them were accused of prostitution. Conservative Islamic parties such as the " Refah " party used this accusation to establish an alleged decline in values ​​and a departure from good morals. Your program should restore morale in the region.

population

According to the 2000 census, the population is 8,439,213 (5th place) and the population density is 59.9 inhabitants / km² (TR nationwide: 88.25 inhabitants / km²). 49% (4,137,166) of the population live in cities and 51% (4,301,747) in rural areas. The annual population growth is 0.365%.

The Black Sea region is home to the Lasa . Lasisch belongs to the South Caucasian language family . Usually all speakers of Lasic are also proficient in Turkish and are therefore bilingual . Many of the younger generations speak only Turkish. Since the older generations in particular speak Lasish, the existence of the language is considered to be threatened. Economic factors such as access to education and higher careers, pro-Turkish influences and the suppression of minority languages ​​by the Turkish state in the 1990s caused the number of speakers to decline. The modern language variant of Lasic is also influenced by the Black Sea dialect of Turkish, while words that are derived from standard Turkish are rather rare. The main settlement areas of the Lasen are the cities of Pazar (Atina), Ardesen (Artaseni), Findikli (Vic'e), Arhavi (Arkabi) and Hopa (Xopa).

Other linguistic minorities are or were the Hemsin , Pontus Greeks and Georgians . Internal migration and seasonal work brought people with Kurdish and Turkish mother tongues to the Lasen settlement area.

Catholics live in the Black Sea region only in small numbers. There are only two Catholic churches, namely Mater Dolorosa (Samsun) in İlkadım ( Samsun Province ) and St. Mary in Ortahisar ( Trabzon Province ), both belonging to the Anatolian Apostolic Vicariate of the Latin Church .

Internal migration from the Black Sea region

Turkey is a country that has been characterized by internal migration and rural exodus to large cities like Istanbul since the 18th century . With the decline of the Black Sea trade in the course of the 19th century, this region was the first from which large numbers of residents migrated towards Istanbul. At first it was about seasonal hikes or temporary stays in the big city. Many of the residents became sedentary over time. In Istanbul and other big cities the connection to the original homeland of people of the same origin was cultivated in so-called "Hemşehri clubs". "Hemşehri" means something like "relative" or "friend". It is important to know that in 2007 the majority of these associations had their roots in the central and northern Black Sea region as well as in eastern and central Anatolia. In these areas there were strong waves of emigration and emigration between the 1950s and 1980s.

Economy and Infrastructure

In November 2005, the Blue Stream natural gas pipeline was opened in the northern Turkish city of Samsun . The major Russian-Turkish project enables natural gas to be transported from Novorossiysk to Turkey. This is the first pipeline to transport Russian natural gas to Anatolia without stopping. The US rejected the project. The pipeline is finally to be connected to the Nabucco project, which is to expand the infrastructure for gas transport across the Balkans to Austria .

Furthermore, dam projects for energy generation are to be implemented on the Black Sea coast. The government plans to build 1,500 dams and 40 additional hydropower plants in the Loc valley. This is intended to cover Turkey's growing energy needs. The state's plans are met with resistance and protests from local residents and environmentalists. For example, setbacks in Turkish environmental standards and the incompatibility with the EU's accession criteria are criticized.

In the city of Sinop on the Black Sea coast, Turkey's second nuclear power plant is to be completed in 2023 at the same time as the 100th anniversary of the republic. The power plant is being built in cooperation with the French company Areva and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries . The problem with the location of the power plant is the high earthquake risk in the region.

traffic

Shipping traffic traditionally played an important role in the mountainous region. Since the construction of national road 20, which leads on the coast from Samsun to Hopa and the national road E390 from Trabzon to Erzurum , shipping has lost its importance. Nevertheless, traveling in the mountains is still difficult. The most important ports in the east of the region are Samsun, Fatsa , Giresun , Görele , Trabzon, Rize and Hopa.

In the eastern part of the region, a regional airport is to be built in Pazar near Rize , which will handle two million passengers a year.

Agriculture

The Black Sea coast is characterized by agriculture. This is especially true for the cultivation of hazelnuts , tea , tobacco and fruit . The industrially poor region produces 70 percent of world production annually, which corresponds to profits of 2 billion US dollars. The cities of Ordu and Giresun and the surrounding area are strongholds for the cultivation of hazelnuts. The Black Sea region is the main growing area of ​​the filbert nut . Three quarters of the "hazelnuts" available in stores worldwide come from there. Around 60 percent of the national harvest is brought in in the eastern Black Sea region. Another 25 percent is produced in the west and around 15 percent in the center of the region. Most of the products are intended for export .

Due to the low purchase prices, there have been protests from angry farmers in the region in the past. Further problems are the lack of renewal of the hazelnut crops, soil erosion and insufficient care. Accordingly, Turkish producers have 600 to 1000 kg of nuts per hectare, which means they have to record production losses in an international comparison. The main buyers are the western states and, most recently, countries of the former Eastern bloc . Due to the tense economic situation and immigration from neighboring countries in crisis, poor working conditions, wage discrimination and the work of minors without adequate protection are further challenges for Turkish producers and Western customers such as Nestlé .

Hazelnut cultivation in the Black Sea region benefits from the maritime and rainy climate and the poor soils, which are unsuitable for other agricultural products. The nuts grow on steep slopes with gradients of over 20 percent. Around two to three million farmers are dependent on nut production. In the national context, this is around five percent of the Turkish population. This explains the strategic value of hazelnut production for the region and its economic and social importance.

Studies have shown that the intensive use of the soil, combined with fertilization by farmers, has caused pollution of the sea and the Black Sea coast.

tourism

In terms of tourism, the Black Sea coast is an insider tip, as the climate is more humid than in other regions of Turkey and numerically fewer visitors explore the region. Nevertheless, diverse flora and fauna, deserted beaches and historical sites attract the region: in the town of Amasra, which is located on a peninsula, you can explore the ruins of a Byzantine castle and the Fatih mosque. There is also a historical museum. Traditional wooden architecture can be found in Bartin, west of Zonguldak . The so-called strawberry festival in spring gives visitors an insight into the local culture of the place. In the area of ​​the small coastal town of Sile, various long sandy beaches can be visited. The Uzungöl is a picturesque mountain lake with fish restaurants on its banks.

The popularity of individual tourism and sustainable tourism in the mountains has recently increased . This is especially true for the mountain ranges of the Kaçkar Mountains in the Black Sea region.

politics

The Black Sea region is considered a model region of the Kemalist economic model. This is especially true for the manufacture of tea. From 1920 Ataturk motivated farmers to devote themselves to the cultivation of tea. The cultivation of tea represented an important kit between the still young republic and the Black Sea region. As a result, the region was integrated economically, and later also ideologically, into the new political system. In the 1940s, tea cultivation was nationalized and monopolized, which gave the state authorities enormous influence over the region. In principle it was a social contract in the sense of Rousseau between the state and the population and a form of clientelism : the state guaranteed stable and good tea prices and thus the economic upswing of the region and thus bought political loyalty. In 1986 the monopoly was lifted. From then on, two thirds of production was in the hands of the state and one third was private.

The Black Sea region is politically more conservative-traditional with a strong Islamic-religious identity. The ACP President Erdoğan who served this policy, partly maintains clientelist relations with the Black Sea region, as the example of the 2006 founded "Recep Tayyip Erdogan Üniversitesi" (Erdogan University) shows. Many politicians also come from the region. President Erdoğan's parents migrated to Istanbul from the Black Sea region . The newly elected Mayor of Istanbul, Ekrem İmamoğlu, also comes from the region.

Culture

Languages ​​and dialects

There are different dialect forms of Turkish in Turkey. The western part of the administrative unit Black Sea Region can linguistically be counted among the Kastamonu dialects. The eastern part of the region, for example the stretch of coast from Samsun to the Rize region , speaks the north-eastern Black Sea dialect. The dialects of the cities of Trabzon and Rize are particularly distinctive, so that some outsiders will perceive them as a variant of Lasic.

In Turkey and also in the Black Sea region, dialect and folklore are closely related. In the traditional Turkish shadow theater ( Karagöz ) of the Ottoman era, the population is represented by the person Laz. Laz loves music, is a babbler and speaks a Turkish dialect that sounds strange to the common listener. The name of the personality Laz has an ambiguous meaning here in the theater, as Laz is also a name for the Caucasian ethnicity of the Lasen , who are native to the region alongside other ethnic groups. Nowadays this term is used to speak generally about the population of the Black Sea region. This designation is to be understood both as a sign of the devotion of other Turks towards these people and as a mockery. A Black Sea inhabitant who corresponds to the stereotype is called either Dursun or Temel, has a distinctive nose and stands out for its strong Turkish dialect.

Greek heritage in the Black Sea region

Remnants of the Christian and especially the Greek culture in the Black Sea region are the numerous Orthodox monasteries , the remains of which are in various cities along the coast and on mountain slopes. Dealing with this heritage is complicated and socially controversial as well as subject to political change. This can be illustrated well by the example of the Church of St. Sophia in Trabzon . After the resettlement of the Greek population in 1923, the use of the building changed several times. Under Ottoman rule the house of God was used as a mosque and later as a hospital under Russian occupation . From 1964 onwards, a museum was set up in the church building to commemorate the Greek presence in the region and the corresponding heritage. This use lasted until 2012/2013. From this point on, there was resistance against the museum from groups close to the AKP and the Islamist milieu. It was requested that the building be converted back into a place of worship, more precisely a mosque. From 2013 the place was 'Islamized' again and Greek statues were dismantled.

Local identity

Despite the cultural and historical differences to the rest of Turkey, the region is well anchored and integrated in the country. There are no significant movements of separation. There is a distinctive local identity and local patriotism among the residents . However, these are not in conflict with the national identity, but are complementary.

The geographical separation from the rest of Anatolia culturally caused two things that are initially in contrast: On the one hand, the residents are seen as authentic "true Turks" due to the preservation of old traditions and customs, on the other hand they are considered archaic and stupid. The latter reflects the prejudices of the big city Turks about the population of the northeast. There are many stereotypes about people from the Black Sea. They are considered to be less grumpy and cordial as well as more extroverted than people from Central Anatolia . A strong sense of community has developed through the rugged landscape. Above all, the identity and cohesion of individual valleys and village communities come into play. The residents are considered spirited with a lot of pride and honor. Crafts and hunting are her passions. Hospitality is a central virtue.

Many personalities from the Turkish economy have their roots in the region. This is especially true for the construction and real estate industries. The ' Horon ' dance is widespread in the Black Sea region.

literature

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f PEOPLE OF BLACK SEA REGION, TURKEY. May 17, 2008, archived from the original on May 17, 2008 ; accessed on April 30, 2019 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e Black Sea Coast - Turkey Fascinated. Retrieved April 30, 2019 .
  3. ↑ a b c d LIPortal - the country information portal country overview & natural space. Retrieved April 30, 2019 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l History of Trabzon, The Empire of Trebizond. May 11, 2008, archived from the original on May 11, 2008 ; accessed on April 30, 2019 .
  5. ↑ Berna Pekesen: expulsion and emigration of Muslims from the Balkans expulsion of Muslims from the Balkans. Retrieved April 30, 2019 .
  6. ↑ a b c d Leontiades, Leonidas: The Greek-Turkish population exchange . In: Journal for Foreign Public Law and International Law . 1935, p. 547-576 .
  7. ^ Panayotis Gavras: The current state of economic development in the Black Sea region . In: Southeast European and Black Sea Studies . tape 10 , no. 3 , September 2010, ISSN  1468-3857 , p. 263-285 , doi : 10.1080 / 14683857.2010.503639 .
  8. ↑ a b c d e Kutscher, Silvia: The language of the Laz in Turkey: Contact-induced change or gradual language loss? In: Turkic Languages . No. 12 , 2008, p. 82-102 .
  9. ↑ Metzing, Dieter: Languages ​​in Europe: language policy, language contact, language culture, language development, language typology . In: Bielefeld writings on linguistics and literary studies . tape 19 . Aisthesis, Bielefeld 2003, ISBN 3-89528-403-3 .
  10. ↑ a b c d Aysun Çelik: Internal Migration Movements in Turkey: Constructed Regional Relationships in Migration. An anthropological study of the self-organization of internal migrants from Ortaköy / Erzincan in Istanbul and their relationship to their place of origin. Vienna October 2009.
  11. ↑ Aktas, Erkan; Asiye, Aka; Demi, Murat Cem: Kinship (Hemsehri) Associations and Rural Transformation in Turkey . In: MPRA Paper . No. 8646 . Munich 2006.
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