Internal migration

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As internal migration or internal migration refers to the migration within a specified area , such as a state or a political territorial organization. Internal migration differs from transnational migration in that, as a rule, no national borders are crossed. In contexts relating to the EU , however, internal migration is now also used for cross-border migration within the EU. Accordingly, this term is only vaguely defined because both migration within a small region or a member state and migration in a very large state, a supranational organization or a group of states can be described as internal migration.

The internal migration balance , also known as the internal migration balance, is the difference between new arrivals and departures in a certain area within a certain period of time, whereby the migration of foreigners is not taken into account.

history

At the beginning of the 1890s, mainly residents of the northeastern provinces of Prussia ( East Prussia , West Prussia , Posen ) and Mecklenburg emigrated to the Hanseatic cities and Berlin , but for the most part to the Prussian industrial provinces of Rhineland and Westphalia .

In contrast to the rural exodus of the 19th century ( from the country to the city ), after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 there was an internal migration from the east to the industrial west and from the west to the east. The east-west migration exceeded the west-east migration, so that the population of the new federal states has decreased overall.

In the whole of Germany, as in many other industrialized countries, there has long been an urban exodus ( from the city to the countryside ).

EU internal migration

EU internal migration is the term used to describe the immigration and emigration of EU citizens and their family members. The European Union is an area without internal borders (internal market, Art. 14 EU Treaty) with the constitutional and fundamental right of free movement for all Union citizens (Art. 18 EU Treaty, Art. 45 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU 2009 ).

The European Council and the European Commission support efforts to facilitate European internal migration, particularly professional migration . Central issues include legal requirements for improved mobility for those involved in education, research and innovation, the mutual recognition of qualifications, the transferability of pension rights and social protection rights in general, and the introduction of the European health insurance card . Other subject areas are school partnerships and foreign language teaching in schools. The case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has deepened the concept and law of EU internal migration through many judgments.

The Austrian concept of the governing parties SPÖ and ÖVP for an “employment bonus”, which provides for 50 percent of the non-wage costs of a new job to be reimbursed, is controversial under European law , provided that the newly employed person is registered as unemployed with the AMS or has graduated from an Austrian educational institution or is already employed in Austria was or is employed via a red-white-red card . This concept is criticized as indirect discrimination against EU foreigners .

The . Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 provides for non-discriminatory access of EU foreigners to the national social security systems before ( see also: Social Security # coordination of social security benefits within the EU ; to social benefits see Citizenship # social benefits ).

At the end of 2012, a total of 14.1 million EU citizens had lived in a Member State other than their country of origin for a year or more.

In January 2017, the EU Commission presented a service pact which, among other things, a. Should contain regulations on an "electronic service card" (e-card). This should enable companies and freelancers to provide cross-border services with less bureaucratic effort. Critics fear that this threatens a factual introduction of the country of origin principle ; Craftsmen's associations feared that such deregulation would encourage social dumping . The European Parliament's committees rejected the plans for a service card in April 2018.

See also: Directive 2006/123 / EC on services in the internal market for cross-border services and posting within the EU.
See also: Culture of welcome and recognition # Immigrants from states of the European Union as well as educational migration and age migration within the EU for migration within the EU.

If refugees from one EU member state move to another, one speaks of secondary migration (see also: transit migration ).

Germany

Every year there are around 3.5 to 4 million people who move their place of residence within the borders of Germany, but beyond a municipal boundary. Young people predominantly migrate to the cities , young families and the elderly mainly out of the cities to the suburbs or rural areas .

According to evaluations of Die Zeit von Daten by the Federal Statistical Office on all removals between districts and urban districts in Germany, between 1991 and 2017 a total of over 3.6 million people moved from the new federal states to the old federal states , and over 2.4 million people moved in the opposite direction. In addition, around 800,000 people left the East in 1989 and 1990 alone. For the first time in 2017, the number of those who migrated from west to east was greater than in the opposite direction.

In 2008, around 1.1 million people migrated across the borders of the federal states in Germany. Seven federal states - the three city-states , Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Hesse and Schleswig-Holstein - were net immigration states, the other nine federal states were net emigration states. Most of the inhabitants lost with 153,026 NRW, while Saxony-Anhalt had the largest net shrinkage with 17,268. The largest number of new arrivals was recorded in NRW with 141,863, the largest net increase in Bavaria with 26,151 immigrants.

In 2003 eight federal states had a positive balance. Bavaria had the strongest net influx with 34,212 people, while Lower Saxony recorded the greatest net decrease with 50,790 people. In total, around 11,000 more people migrated across the borders of the federal states in 2003.

state Immigration in 2008 Change
compared to 2003 in% 		Departures in 2008 Change
compared to 2003 in% 		2008 surplus 2003 surplus
Baden-Württemberg 128,456 −2.07 115,616 10.90 + 12,840 + 26,926
Bavaria 133,438 0.02 107.287 8.16 + 26,151 + 34,212
Berlin 86.903 15.82 73,945 −9.91 + 12,958 −7.043
Brandenburg 51,882 −10.17 55,984 −3.90 −4,102 −498
Bremen 22,595 1.35 22,373 3.47 + 222 + 673
Hamburg 64,345 11.48 53,147 1.39 + 11,198 + 5,302
Hesse 95,672 6.36 90.905 6.33 + 4,767 + 4,458
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania 24,619 −4.67 35.191 −0.84 −10,572 −9,664
Lower Saxony 117.048 −4.32 122,335 −29.34 −5.287 −50,790
North Rhine-Westphalia 141,863 −8.80 153.026 10.94 −11.163 + 17,628
Rhineland-Palatinate 64.125 −4.33 68.271 16.68 −4,146 + 8,515
Saarland 11,358 3.87 13.096 19.72 −1,738 −4
Saxony 46,672 0.88 57,253 −4.40 −10,581 −13,626
Saxony-Anhalt 27,023 −11.30 44,291 −4.73 −17.268 −16.022
Schleswig-Holstein 61,070 −1.84 52,477 2.02 + 8,593 + 10,780
Thuringia 26,815 −0.28 38,668 2.47 −11,853 −10,844
total 1,103,884 −0.98 1,103,865 −0.99 + 19 + 3

Source: Destatis

Internal migration of young people

In Germany, 20- to 35-year-olds move more often than the average to large cities, which have a share in this age group that is over 20% higher than the national average. With the exception of southern Germany and some rural districts with a high birth rate (e.g. Cloppenburg and Emsland ), almost all rural regions have lost migration rates among young adults.

Proportion of 20 to 35 year olds in the district population, as of December 21, 2011
Index: Germany = 100
  • below 95
  • 95 to under 120
  • 120 and more

    • Possible reasons

    literature

    • Matthias Blazek: "Genealogy of the Blazek family - the way to the Ruhr area was covered in the Wilhelmine era", in: Genealogie - German journal for family history , vol. XXXI / 61. Year, issue 1 / January – March 2012, p. 34 ff.
    • Rudolf Heberle , Fritz W. Meyer : The big cities in the stream of internal migration. Economic and population studies studies on migration and mobility in German cities . Hirzel, Leipzig 1937.

    Web links

    Wiktionary: internal migration  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

    swell

    1. ↑ Berlin Institute for Population and Development: Internal Migration ( on Wayback Machine ( Memento from December 17, 2007 in the Internet Archive ))
    2. ↑ Jan C. Jugl: Internal Migration in the European Union.
    3. ↑ Migration report of the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees on behalf of the Federal Government. Migration report 2014. BMI, BAMF, January 2016, archived from the original on June 19, 2016 ; Retrieved June 19, 2016 . P. 30.
    4. ↑ Employment bonus : Experts fear EU illegality - derstandard.at/2000052920446/Beschaeftigungsbonus-auch-fuerRot-Weiss-Rot-Karte-Holder. derStandard.at, February 21, 2017, accessed on February 28, 2017 .
    5. ↑ European Commission upholds the free movement of persons. In: Memo. European Commission, January 15, 2014, accessed November 5, 2017 .
    6. ↑ EU internal market: DGB fears more bogus self-employment through the EU service card. In: Tagesspiegel. March 20, 2018, accessed May 18, 2018 .
    7. ^ Controversy over the EU service card: craftsmen feared social dumping. In: Tagesspiegel. February 3, 2018, accessed May 18, 2018 .
    8. ↑ Martin Feldmann: EU internal market: New EU passport for cross-border services initially failed. In: mitbestimmen.de. April 26, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2018 .
    9. ↑ Stefan Sommer: 5 terms that everyone uses and nobody understands - simply explained. In: BR. July 18, 2018, accessed March 2, 2019 .
    10. ↑ Internal migration. Federal Institute for Population Research (BIB), 2017, archived from the original on June 23, 2017 ; Retrieved July 17, 2017 .
    11. ↑ The millions that went. In: time online. May 2, 2019, accessed May 8, 2019 .
    12. ↑ a b statistik-portal.de ( Memento from June 24, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Joint data offer of the statistical offices of the federal government and the federal states, accessed on August 19, 2011
    13. ^ Felix Rohrbeck: Housing market: You hate the province. In: Zeit Online. October 9, 2014, accessed May 17, 2016 .