Educational migration

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The term educational migration refers to a form of migration , leaving their homeland in people in order during a stay abroad an education or training to be completed.

When migrating for educational purposes, the transition between short and long-term stays is often fluid. In many cases, educational migration is associated with a subsequent return to the country of origin, but sometimes also with a longer stay or onward journey.

scope

The number of international students is increasing worldwide in the 21st century. International students are being wooed as potential highly qualified workers in politics, business and science, which is also associated with a shortage of skilled workers .

According to an OECD study published in 2015, Germany is the industrialized country with the highest number of people moving abroad to study ; the country with the highest numbers of German students is Austria . After Austria joined the EU in 1995, there was an increased immigration of young Germans to Austria. Due to the numerus clausus valid in Germany for numerous subjects, a large number of young Germans emigrate to other European countries for the purpose of their university education, mostly temporarily. In 2011, both the double Abitur class in some federal states, which came about with the Abitur after the twelfth grade due to the reform of the grammar school , as well as the suspension of the drafting of basic military service resulted in particularly high numbers of study applicants from Germany. In Austria , this educational migration from Germany was thematized under the catchphrase “German glut”. With regard to educational migration, a graded numerus clausus was introduced in Switzerland in 2008, depending on the country of origin, and in 2010 the tuition fees for foreigners were increased significantly. In the Netherlands and Hungary, on the other hand, German students are explicitly advertised.

There are also binational courses. These can be divided into double degree programs and joint degree programs, depending on whether two degrees are awarded or a joint degree (see also: double degree ).

European and national regulations

In the European Union , EU citizens who study or complete an apprenticeship in another EU country are legally equivalent to domestic students as Union citizens due to Directive 2004/38 / EC (Free Movement Directive) .

With the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, the right of free movement for EU citizens (Art. 18 EU Treaty, Art. 45 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU 2009) was introduced in the 1960s initially only for employees, later also for the self-employed and service providers was also extended to students and retirees. Since 2004, EU citizens no longer need a residence permit when emigrating to another EU state on the basis of Directive 2004/38 / EC (Free Movement Directive) , which was previously required for a planned stay of more than three months. All you have to do is register in the population register of your new place of residence, which usually requires proof of health insurance and sufficient means of subsistence.

Several instruments have been developed for European educational cooperation to make qualifications more comparable. The Bologna Process is intended to promote mobility and transparency in higher education, the Copenhagen Process is intended to do this in the field of vocational training. The Bologna process aimed to harmonize professional and academic qualifications across Europe. Regulations such as Directive 2005/36 / EC (Professional Recognition Directive) are intended to enable greater mobility in the education and labor market. The central results of the Copenhagen process include: Europass , the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and a common European reference framework for quality assurance of VET outcomes ( EQAVET ); also were u. a. Defined common goals for the European Credit System for Vocational Education and Training ECVET.

The REST Directive (EU) 2016/801 defines rules for issuing residence permits for study purposes to third country nationals.

In Germany , the residence of students from third countries is regulated by § 16 AufenthG , supplemented by § 16a AufenthG. The Act Implementing stay legal European Union directives on labor migration easier with effect from August 1, 2017, the issuance of residence permits for study and after completion of training. This amending law implemented the REST directive and two other directives.

Funding programs

Study abroad and other stays abroad as part of exchange programs are often funded by scholarships . The world's largest support program for stays abroad at universities is the Erasmus program . The Fulbright program is one of the well-known exchange programs .

Furthermore, national study programs, institutions for the promotion of gifted students and graduate programs play an important role.

With regard to Germany, the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) in particular supports students and academics in Germany and abroad in the context of international exchange. The special program of the federal government, MobiPro-EU , has been supporting young people from Europe to start vocational training in Germany since 2013.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Franziska Barthelt, Diana Meschter, Friederike Meyer to Schwabedissen, Andreas Pott: educational migration. Federal Agency for Political Education, September 15, 2015, accessed on September 11, 2017 .
  2. ↑ Klaus Dienelt : The different types of migration. 2017, accessed September 11, 2017 .
  3. ^ A b Franziska Barthelt, Diana Meschter, Friederike Meyer zu Schwabedissen, Andreas Pott: International students. Federal Agency for Political Education, September 15, 2015, accessed on September 11, 2017 .
  4. ↑ Favorite destination Austria: The exodus of the German students. DiePresse.com, June 2, 2015, accessed on July 13, 2016 .
  5. ^ Karl Gruber: Latin for Beginners. Time online, August 25, 2011, accessed July 10, 2016 .
  6. ↑ Claudia Kaiser: Transnational Age Migration in Europe: Socio-Geographic and Gerontological Perspectives , Springer, 2011, ISBN 978-3-531-93493-8 . Pp. 104-105 .
  7. ↑ The Copenhagen Process in Brief. Federal Office for Professional Education and Technology, accessed on April 26, 2019 .
  8. ↑ Johannes Klenk, Josef Schmid: Copenhagen process: detailed definition. Retrieved April 26, 2019 .