German glut

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Deutschenschwemme is a polemical catchphrase originally coined for the behavior of some holidaymakers from Germany, which was later used in Austria and Switzerland, among other things, for the strong demand from “ Numerus clausus refugees” from Germany in university education . In German-speaking Switzerland , the term is also used in relation to the labor market .

To the conceptual history

The word “German glut” appeared as early as the 1970s, at that time in connection with the German holiday behavior. The Lido di Jesolo , the "Teutonengrill", and the summer vacation traffic jam on the Alpine crossings became symbols of the Germans who appeared excessively in certain places (the latter at the time in Austria connected with the problem of the guest worker route as an externally determined burden).

The resurgence of the term in connection with education can be found in the beginning of the 21st century - primarily in the media in Germany and only from the end of the 2000s in Austria and Switzerland.

Demand for study places

Unlike Austria and Switzerland - where there is only sporadically - sets Germany since the 1970s ( numerus clausus judgment 1972) on access restrictions for new students after the average grade of the university entrance . With Austria joining the EU ( 1995 ) and Switzerland's increasing rapprochement with EU freedom of movement (from 2004) as well as the Europe-wide Erasmus program (from 1987) for cooperation and mobility in higher education, with the Bologna Process (from 1999) In order to standardize the study systems and the resulting European higher education area , there was an increased demand from West German prospective students and migrant workers in the education and labor market of these countries.

In 1996, 26 out of 1000 German students at universities went abroad, in 2006 there were almost twice as many, namely 48. In 2008/2009, Austria had the relatively largest proportion of German students abroad with 19.5%, the Netherlands had 18.5%, the UK 12.5%, Switzerland still 10.7%, followed by the United States, France and Australia.

It is not yet clear which and how strongly these and other neighboring German countries serve as a stepping stone for a career abroad ( educational migration), represent a real emigration or temporary host country for students from Germany (labor migration), and which primarily serve to circumvent the numerus clausus statistically collected.

Since 2009, at least individual figures on the motivation of people from Germany to study in neighboring countries have been available: According to a survey in Austria, the reason is primarily the university situation in their German-speaking homeland, 35% (i.e. 1 ⁄ 3 ) specifically stated none To have been given a place at university (numerus clausus escape at least as one of the reasons). In particular, it was found that German speakers gave an above-average reason not to study in the Federal Republic of Germany (push factor, in 72.8% of those surveyed), a reason for wanting to study in Austria (pull factor, 72.1 %) often below average, compared to all other countries of origin with the greatest deviation (average 62.4% or 78.9%; in all other groups of origin, the reasons for explicitly wanting to come to Austria outweigh the reasons for emigration).

For the neighboring countries, educational migration is a significant burden, which becomes apparent when they actually only use the training, but then return immediately to their country of origin with the qualifications - consistently of good reputation - because the principle of free courses on economic support of the country is based on free access to competence. In 2012, Sebastian Kurz , ÖVP State Secretary for Integration, pointed out the following : “We train young people with tax money in Austria - but they work and pay taxes elsewhere. That is not OK.".

In the academic year 2011/12, the problem intensified significantly: By shortening the secondary level to 8 years ( Abitur after class 12 ) in Bavaria and Lower Saxony, two Abitur classes were now also on the Austrian and Swiss education market in one year. At the same time, the suspension of compulsory military service in Germany meant that it no longer served as a buffer for school leavers. For Bavaria alone, 76,000 new students were expected in a university year.

Since in 2013 other German federal states introduced reduced school time, the forecast for this period was by no means geared towards falling immigration. By 2015, it was assumed that there were around 35,000 to 60,000 additional first-year students across Germany due to the elimination of compulsory military service.

National situation of the target countries

Austria

Increased demand from German Germans for study places in Austria was registered after joining the EU in 1995. Although with this and with the concerns of Bologna and Erasmus in principle every EU citizen of the EU-15 countries was free to study in Austria, naturally only the steadily increasing demand from students from the rest of the German-speaking area was discussed, as it was not expected that way . Lecture halls and the faculty booth were not equipped to cope with the thrust of enrollments .

The more traditional school system in Austria sets the course for higher education relatively early, with the transition from lower to upper school at around 14 years of age - a circumstance that has been viewed critically by progressive education politicians since the 1970s: it distinguishes Austrian education from the model of the Scandinavian models, but then, as there, does not require any hurdles after the Matura .

In addition to the questions raised by German students, Austria recorded an abnormally high degree of academic flight (brain drain) with regard to the other countries of origin . In addition to the emigration of Austrian academics abroad, only around 16% of non-EU students remain in Austria after their university degree (Germany: 25%, Canada 33%). (Criticism of the emigration does not refer to the German South Tyroleans , who are treated in the same way as all other German-speaking people in the EU.)

2001 Austria introduced in response to rising enrollment foreigners - but also because of the tight budget situation in the education sector after the bowl -Sparpaketen and the paradigm of self-financing of universities as Entstaatlichungsmaßnahme - tuition fees one (363.36 euros / semester). Although this contributed to the voting out of the ÖVP-FPÖ / BZÖ government in 2006 (“Bildungsnotstand” debate), it had no effect on the demand for German freshmen.

Measures to dampen demand have proven to be difficult under European law: A numerus clausus according to the country of origin principle, where admission to study in Austria was only granted if this was also granted to the enrolled in his home country in order to at least keep the real numerus clausus refugees away from the Austrian educational system, was rejected in July 2005 by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) as a violation of Union law.

Up until 2006 Austria was third in the EU for German educational migration after the Netherlands and Great Britain (14.4% of German foreign students were enrolled in Austria), in 2007 it moved up to second place (16.4% /14,789 people), in 2008 with 19.5% (20,019 people) in first place.

In 2006 Austria introduced a national quota in human and veterinary medicine (Vetmeduni Vienna) - Numerus clausus also in Switzerland - and later also in psychology and other subjects, which was 75% Austrians and South Tyroleans, 20% other EU citizens and 5% third countries - Foreigners (non-EU citizens) read ( state child regulation ) . This has so far been tolerated by the EU, whereby Austria has to prove that without the domestic quota there is a risk of a national medical shortage because foreigners studying in Austria rarely settle in Austria. In 2012 around 1,000 German doctors worked in Austria, but 2,500 Austrian doctors worked in Germany.

In addition, the Medical Universities of Vienna and Innsbruck have had an aptitude test for medical studies (EMS) jointly with Switzerland since 2006/07 and a knowledge test for the (Austrian) Matura material in Graz - there are now special private-sector preparatory training courses in Germany for both entry hurdles. Psychology became the main problem, in Salzburg about three quarters of all psychology students in 2009 were German, in 2010 Graz suspended the subject for two years. With the 2009 amendment of the Universities Act was § 124b Additional provisions for admission to the areas affected by the German numerus clausus studies introduced which specifically to medicine, refers Psychology, Veterinary Medicine and Dentistry.

Another alleged surge occurred in 2009/10 when the tuition fees in 2008 were abolished again in March 2009 shortly before the elections in September (SPÖ “five-point program” against inflation). The events surrounding the occupation of the Audimax Vienna (“ The university is on fire! ”) In autumn 2009 were not related to this . The protests were directed against the Bologna Process and were in contact with the same protest movements in other EU countries, including Germany . At the same time, the rector spoke about demanding compensation payments from the German government; however, the Austrian Science Minister Johannes Hahn refused.

Several Austrian universities had submitted applications to the Ministry of Science in order to be able to introduce admission restrictions for particularly overcrowded subjects on the basis of the emergency paragraph (§ 124b Z.6 Univ.Gesetz 2002). For autumn 2010, such restrictions were imposed on journalism and communication studies studies.

From 2001 to 2008, the number of Germans more than tripled from 5,000 to over 17,000, but the total number of students had grown by less than a quarter. The proportion of Germans in all students in Austria had risen from 2.6 percent in 2000 to 7.3 percent in 2009, and 9.7 percent in 2013. Compared to 2004, the number of German students increased in 2009 in just five years tripled again, from 7,700 to 24,000. In 2008 alone there was an increase of 35.4 percent (5,200 people) compared to the previous year.

In an international comparison, Austria - behind Australia (21.5%) and the United Kingdom (15.3%) - with 15.1% of foreign students ranks third worldwide. In recent years, the pressure has increasingly shifted from the health professions to economic subjects (especially business administration ), law studies and architecture , but also fashion subjects such as journalism , theater studies - medical students were in Hungary because of the access regulations in Austria and Switzerland "Emigrated" to a country that is pleased with the influx of students with quite high tuition fees.

An additional 10,000 first-time admissions to the usual increase were expected for the 2011/12 semester, after the WU Vienna , for example , recorded a 200% increase in German registrations in July compared to the previous year, almost a third of those registered for the master’s degree courses came from Germany, in Salzburg there were 43 % of the pre-registrations are Germans and 39% Austrians. In fact, the numbers were kept within limits, and around 6,000 new German students enrolled across Austria, increasing the proportion of new students from 11.3% in the previous year to around 12.4%, and of the total number of students from 8.5 to 9.2% (25,773 students). There is a clear west-south divide, in Salzburg the proportion of Germans in engineering and psychology rose to almost 60%, in Innsbruck there are currently 3,600 German students ( 1 ⁄ 5 ) in Innsbruck and 17,500 Austrians and South Tyroleans , in psychology the proportion is 45% . In Graz, however, there was no run (less than 4% German newcomers). Overall, however, domestic and foreign growth remained in line with the trend of recent years.

Austria has so far not found any effective concept to deal with the increased demand from German students of this and the following year, while in Germany the university pact has massively expanded study places - even if not in the courses that are problematic for Austria due to the access restrictions. A pre-registration was introduced in Austria for 2011/12 in order to be able to at least plan in advance the number of students and attendance at the introductory lectures. Science Minister Karlheinz Töchterle called for more competencies for the universities to actually be able to meet their absorption capacity.

The ÖH also emphasized that Austria has too few new students in the OECD - and also in the EU on average - and that it is not access restrictions, but the expansion of the higher education sector that would be the means of choice.

The situation remains challenging: As of the 2011/12 winter semester - with a fifth of foreign students in total (around 81,600 out of 360,500, 22.6%) - the Austrian student population was primarily targeted by Germans, as well as EU members, candidates and -Associated Eastern and Southeastern Europe, as well as Italy, with almost 80% South Tyroleans (approx. 6000; ratio of Austrians / South Tyroleans to other foreigners 21.0%): Germany continues to lead by far (with 38% of foreigners / 8.5% of all Students), Italy (with 10% / 2%, without South Tyroleans 2% / 0.4%), followed by Turkey (5% / 0.9%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (4% / 0.7%), and Countries such as Croatia, Serbia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland (each 2% / around 0.4%). In 2013 the proportion of German students reached the 10% mark. In 2012 Austria was at the top of German first-year students, but on par with Switzerland only in third place among German graduates abroad, behind the Netherlands and Great Britain, each with roughly twice the number. The reason was seen as the fact that particularly many Germans drop out of their studies in Austria. English universities with their good reputation, the Netherlands with the language barrier and Switzerland with the tuition fees are likely to attract more and more students with serious intentions, while Austria “often seems to be just a stopgap”. The studies favored in 2013 were law, economics and social sciences (42.8 percent), followed by language and cultural studies and sports (13.5 percent) and human medicine / health sciences (11.4 percent). By 2013, a quarter of all more than 2,000 professorships were occupied by Germans, in addition to networking, also because of the increasing lack of local talent.

With the 2012/13 winter semester, university-autonomous tuition fees were introduced at several of the major universities, including Uni Vienna, WU Vienna, TU Graz, Uni Graz, Uni Innsbruck Uni Linz - but not Uni Salzburg - (further within the scope of 363.36 euros / Sem.). These fees were lifted as unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court in the summer of 2013 .

Switzerland

The educational system in Switzerland is, despite the cantonal Eigenständigkeiten, very manageable structured and provides for Swiss students from nearly every type of school the change in higher education at. Tuition fees must be paid at all Swiss universities .

Of the 36  Swiss universities and technical colleges , all of which are highly respected and well equipped, only a little more than half are primarily German-speaking and are a destination for German educational migration.

In 1997, only 12,400 international students studied at Swiss universities, in 2003 around 22,000, and in 2009 already around 30,000 (22% of the 130,000 students in total).

For several years, Switzerland has been in fourth place among the target countries for Germans, with a little over 10% share of German foreign students (2007: 10.7% or 11,005 students), but the absolute numbers are increasing, as in all other countries: were in 2008 there are already 12,388 students, an increase of 12.6 percent over the previous year. Favorite subjects were economics (22.3%), mathematics and natural sciences (18.2%) and engineering (13%).

In 2008, therefore, the numerus clausus - prohibited in the EU - was introduced specifically for German students according to their country of origin; the regulation was standardized across Switzerland by the Rectors' Conference of the Swiss Universities CRUS for 2011/12: German students must - in addition to other access restrictions - in principle provide evidence of provide proof of admission to a university in their home country, whereby the University of Zurich and the University of Bern require an average school leaving certificate of 2.0, the other universities in Switzerland 2.5.

The Swiss cantonal partnership-based burden sharing system has proven to be disadvantageous for some cantons. Since the tuition fees by no means cover the costs, the home canton (and, analogously, the associated Liechtenstein) bears the majority of the costs for Swiss students. In the inter-cantonal educational mobility, the home cantons compensate the university sponsors for the educational costs of between 8,000 and 40,000 francs, depending on the location and course of study (principle of migrating money) . This does not apply to foreign students, as a result of which the cantons, which are affected by German educational migration pressure, have increasingly large budget gaps that are only partially covered by the federal government. This applies in particular to Zurich with the University of Zurich and the ETH , but also Sankt Gallen with the University of St. Gallen and the cantons of Aargau, Basel-Stadt, Basellandschaft and Solothurn with the FH Nordwest .

Until 2010, the cantonal tuition fee was between 425 (Neuchâtel) and 1040 (St. Gallen) francs per semester (approx. 400–1000 euros). In order to be able to react to the anticipated mass influx of 2011/12 in Switzerland (the ETH had already described the influx as “no longer taxable” in 2010), the fees for foreigners were increased in some cases drastically (from 653 to 994 euros at the University of Zurich, from 969 to 1770 euros in St. Gallen) - the rates remain the same for Swiss students.

As early as the mid-2000s, there was a socio-political discussion in Switzerland about the increase in German citizens as lecturers and professors in Switzerland, which extended to other management positions as well as to the medical sector.

During this time, German glut and wage dumping (since Germany is also a low-wage country seen from Switzerland) became political slogans.

Nevertheless, the vote on was in February 2009, extension and continuation of the free movement of persons with the EU ( Persons ) surprisingly accepted significantly with 60% in favor of Swiss voters.

Netherlands

In the 2000s, the Netherlands was the preferred destination for educational migration from neighboring Germany. In contrast to Austria and Switzerland, German students are advertised explicitly. There, the tuition fee (as of 2011/12) is 1538 euros per year, but small study groups, a good supervision key and good equipment are offered. In the Netherlands, flight from education is not really a problem either, where half of all German students remain resident even after graduation.

Hungary

In Hungary, too, there is intensive advertising for German students, there are even numerous specialized German-language courses offered, such as international corporate law, electrical engineering, construction and business administration, and numerous medical subjects - the latter make up a significant proportion of German students in Hungary. This has a pre-reunification tradition there, and was introduced in 1983 for the purpose of obtaining foreign currency, medical training in Hungary can now cost up to 80,000 euros. The Semmelweis University Budapest even opened a branch in Hamburg in 2008, which - immediately the numerus clausus - offers study places in Germany.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Both word quotations in: Tourism - Often just dummies . In: Der Spiegel . No. 42 , 1974 ( online - An unpublished study by the Neckermann Reise Group assesses former favorite destinations of German mass tourism: the grades are miserable.).
  2. ↑ The term can be found in the description of the phenomenon in education in the reputable press and media in: Die Zeit online December 13, 2006, April 17, 2009; Der Spiegel online December 21, 2009; Focus Online August 4, 2010; NZZ online March 8, 2011; ORF ZIB 24 , July 29, 2011; the disparaging Piefkeschwemme can be found as a self-designation: Der Spiegel online October 18, 2007; Süddeutsche online July 8, 2010 (random selection google.at/Wikipedia);
    Journalistic contributions on the topic of linguistic usage can be found in:
    Brunhilde Bergmann: The climate has become harsher - Sulgen. "Invasion of the Germans?" was the title of the group's most recent panel discussion new / old. As expected, the topic met with great interest . In: Neuer Anzeiger . The newspaper for the AachThurLand and the Bürgeln region. No. 17 . Sulgen February 29, 2008 ( web archive , neueanzeiger.ch). see. also     Magnus Klaue: Educational refugees: Please don't get upset! Austria and Switzerland only want good German students - and show applicants the door with a vocabulary familiar from the in-house immigration debates. In: Friday. September 3, 2011, accessed October 3, 2011 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e cpa / AP / AFP: Study abroad. Growing wanderlust. In: Spiegel Online unispiegel. September 17, 2008, accessed July 30, 2010 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e Federal Statistical Office, Wiesbaden. Quoted in: Where do German students migrate. In: TagesAnzeiger. November 17, 2010, accessed August 2, 2011 .
  5. ↑ Walter Matznetter, Institute for Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna referred to the topic on the occasion of the workshop International Student Mobility and Migration in Europe 4. – 5. June 2009 the topic as "so far a stepchild of migration research". Quoted in Foreign Students: Stay or Go? DiePresse.com, June 3, 2009.
  6. ↑ Martin Unger, Sarah Zaussinger, Johanna Brandl, Lukas Dünser, Angelika Grabher: International students. Supplementary report of the student social survey 2009 , study commissioned by the Federal Ministry of Science and Research (BMWF), Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), Vienna, June 2010, Section 4.1 Reasons for studying in Austria , p. 35., Sozialerammlung.at ( Memento of the original from February 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ; PDF) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , entire survey: ww2.sozialerammlung.at ; Status 11/2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ww2.sozialerammlung.at
  7. ↑ a b Unger et al., Supplementary Report Student Social Survey 2009 , Table 19: Reasons for studying in Austria by region of origin , p. 36; Explanation of the factors footnotes 7,8 p. 35.
  8. ↑ a b Austria: Every seventh student comes from abroad. In: DiePresse.com. October 3, 2011, accessed November 30, 2012 .
  9. ↑ Opinion to the Austria Press Agency (APA), quoted from Migranten: Rot-Weiß-Rot-Card also for Bachelor's . In: Die Presse online, August 19, 2012.
  10. ↑ a b c d Julia Neuhauser: University access: Controversy about the "German flood". In: DiePresse.com. December 26, 2010, accessed August 3, 2010 .
  11. ^ A b c Susanne Dreisbach: Study reform. Equality looks different. In: FOCUS-Online. August 4, 2010, accessed August 4, 2011 .
  12. ^ A b c d Benedikt Mandl: German NC refugees. Austria can step on the Piefke brake. In: Spiegel Online unispiegel. October 18, 2009, accessed August 8, 2010 .
  13. ↑ Migrants: Red-White-Red Card also for Bachelor's degrees . In: Die Presse online, August 19, 2012.
  14. ↑ a b c after a lawsuit in Belgium, which had introduced a similar rule against the French rush in Wallonia. The tolerance regulation in the case of national deficiency was described as contradicting the Bologna sense: “Strictly speaking, the judgment counteracts the efforts of the 27 Bologna Education Ministers, which have been ongoing for two years, to include the 'fundamental freedom of knowledge' in the EU treaties and thus to eliminate cross-border mobility of researchers, students and university professors'. "Quote from Susanne Dreisbach. Study reform. FOCUS-Online, August 4, 2010
  15. ↑ a b data according to Erasmus. Specified in: Study abroad. Spiegel online September 17th, 2008.
  16. ↑ a b Statistics Austria. Given in: Susanne Dreisbach. Study reform. FOCUS-Online, August 4, 2010
  17. ^ A b Benedikt Mandl: Numerus Clausus refugees. How Austria annoys German university candidates. In: Spiegel Online unispiegel. July 9, 2009, accessed July 30, 2010 .
  18. ^ A b c Michael Frank: German students in Austria. The Piefkeschwemme. In: sueddeutsche.de. July 8, 2010, accessed August 8, 2010 .
  19. ^ Martin Novak: Doctors shortage economy - Doctors are imported and exported. The lack of doctors too. In: Doctors Steiermark 10/2013 ( online , aekstmk.or.at).
  20. ↑ New German wave. In March, tuition fees in Austria were abolished. Now the fear of a new German glut is rampant there . In: The time . No.  23 , 2009, Austria ( zeit.de ).
  21. ^ A b c d Susanne Dreisbach: Study reform. Austria and the Piefkes. In: FOCUS-Online. August 4, 2010, p. 2 , accessed August 4, 2011 .
  22. ↑ cht / AP / dpa: Austria tilts tuition fees. Strange coalition gives presents to students. In: Spiegel Online unispiegel. September 26, 2008, accessed July 30, 2010 .
  23. ↑ spiegel.de
  24. ↑ a b cht / dpa: Christmas protest break. Audimax of the University of Vienna cleared. In: Spiegel Online unispiegel. December 21, 2009, accessed July 30, 2010 .
  25. ↑ otr / cht / jol / dpa: Alpine alarm. Austrians feel overrun by German students. In: Spiegel Online unispiegel. October 13, 2009, accessed July 30, 2010 .
  26. ↑ a b Every fourth student at our universities is not an Austrian . Alfons Krieglsteiner in: Oberösterreichische Nachrichten online, October 24, 2014 - Data from Statistics Austria for the Austrian Integration Fund (ÖIF).
  27. ↑ a b c d The Germans are coming (02:40). In: ZIB 24 , July 29, 2011.
  28. ^ Estimate by the Center for University Development Gütersloh, quoted in Philipp Hacker: Onslaught of students from Germany. The abolition of compulsory military service and a double Matura year in Bavaria have triggered a further increase in pre-registrations. In: KURIER online. July 29, 2011, accessed July 30, 2011 .
  29. ^ Michaela Seiser: Free university entrance. German students are rushing to Austria. Free access to higher education without tuition fees: Since 2000, the number of German students in Austria has quadrupled. The Austrian universities are therefore getting nervous - space is slowly becoming scarce. In: FAZ.NET. August 1, 2011, accessed August 4, 2011 .
  30. ^ University of Salzburg: More Germans registered than Austrians. In: DiePresse.com. August 4, 2011, accessed March 23, 2012 .
  31. ↑ a b c Fewer German first-year students than expected. In: DiePresse.com. November 17, 2011, accessed March 23, 2012 .
  32. ↑ a b Unis: The rush of German students did not materialize. In: DiePresse.com. November 17, 2011, accessed March 23, 2012 .
  33. ↑ Universities: The flood of Germans is just a trickle. In: Small newspaper online. November 30, 2011, accessed March 23, 2012 .
  34. ↑ Angelika Brunner, Vice Head of the ÖH. Study talk with Angelika Brunner (03:23). In: ZIB 24 , July 29, 2011.
  35. ↑ Information from Statistics Austria, BMWF, medienservicestelle, quoted after over 81,500 foreign students in Austria . Media Service Point New Austrians, September 13, 2012.
  36. ↑ Pia Volk: German students in Austria: “Oh God, where did I end up here?” Spiegel Online - unispiegel, March 6, 2013.
  37. ↑ a b Communication from the German Federal Statistical Office / APA, December 5, 2014; According to:
    German students continue to prefer to go to Austrian universities . In: der Standard online, December 5, 2014;
    Nicole Schnell: Why Germans prefer to study in Austria . In: Salzburger Nachrichten . December 14, 2014 ( article archive ).
  38. ↑ a b Favorite destination Austria: The exodus of the German student study. In no other OECD country do so many students go abroad as in Germany. The favorite destination is Austria. But relatively few complete their studies here. In: Die Presse online, June 2, 2015.
  39. ↑ Otmar Lahodynsky: Displacement Complaints . In: profil online, March 29, 2013.
  40. ↑ Which universities want to collect tuition fees from autumn . derstandard.at, June 5, 2012 (complete list of all universities).
  41. ↑ Newsletter career information. (PDF) I - matriculation and enrollment. In: www.berufsinfo.at. Austrian Chamber of Commerce , 2012, accessed on May 21, 2016 .
  42. ↑ a b Oliver + Katrin Iost: Study abroad. Study in Switzerland. In: Studis Online. Retrieved on August 3, 2011 (with an introduction to Swiss higher education from a German perspective).
  43. ^ A b Per Hinrichs: Studies in Switzerland. The mountain calls. In: Spiegel Online unispiegel. September 28, 2007, accessed March 7, 2018 .
  44. ^ A b c d e Johannes Schneider: Universities: Switzerland wants to curb the influx of German students. For foreigners studying in Switzerland is becoming more expensive - also a reaction to many Germans at the universities. In: Zeit Online . July 13, 2011, accessed August 3, 2011 .
  45. ↑ Admission based on German secondary school leaving certificates: What has really changed since the summer 2010 registration date? In: crus.ch → news. Rectors' Conference of the Swiss Universities, August 26, 2011, accessed on August 30, 2011 . ; see also approval regulations for the individual countries: Germany
  46. ↑ University admission: Switzerland wants to slow down German applicants with numerus clausus. In: Zeit Online . August 22, 2011, accessed October 3, 2011 .
  47. ^ Felicitas Witte: German physicians in Switzerland. Where are the faux pas lurking? In: viamedici online. Thieme, April 27, 2007, accessed August 1, 2011 .
  48. ^ Christian Raaflaub: Swiss press welcomes yes unanimously. In: swissinfo. February 9, 2009, accessed August 1, 2011 .
  49. ↑ Ethics over economy in everyday hospital life. Why the German doctor Katharina Schiessl came to Zurich. In: NZZ Online. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, March 28, 2011, accessed on August 1, 2011 (article no longer online).
  50. ↑ Andreas Keizer: Surprisingly clear vote in favor of the bilateral path. In: swissinfo. February 8, 2009, accessed August 1, 2011 .
  51. ^ A b Susanne Dreisbach: Study reform. "Duitse" popular in the Netherlands. In: FOCUS-Online. August 4, 2010, p. 3 , accessed August 4, 2011 .
  52. ↑ Julia Neuhauser: German students: Hard-working numerus clausus refugees. In: DiePresse.com. September 3, 2011, accessed October 4, 2011 .
  53. ^ A b Christoph Titz: Hungarian University in Hamburg. How Numerus Clausus refugees buy university places in Germany. In: Spiegel Online unispiegel. September 9, 2008, accessed July 30, 2010 .