Baden-Wuerttemberg

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
State of Baden-Wuerttemberg
Flag of Baden-Württemberg
Country flag
Berlin Bremen Bremen Hamburg Niedersachsen Bayern Saarland Schleswig-Holstein Brandenburg Sachsen Thüringen Sachsen-Anhalt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Baden-Württemberg Hessen Nordrhein-Westfalen Rheinland-Pfalz Schweiz Bodensee Österreich Luxemburg Frankreich Belgien Tschechien Polen Niederlande Dänemark Bornholm (zu Dänemark) Stettiner Haff Helgoland (zu Schleswig Holstein) Nordsee Ostseemap
About this picture
Coat of arms of Baden-Württemberg
Large state coat of arms
Basic data
Language : German
State capital : Stuttgart
Form of government : parliamentary republic , partially sovereign member state of a federal state
Area : 35,751.46 km²
Foundation : April 25, 1952
ISO 3166-2 : DE-BW
Website: www.baden-wuerttemberg.de
population
Population : 11,103,043 (December 31, 2020)
Population density : 311 inhabitants per km²
business
Gross domestic product (nominal): EUR 493.27 billion  ( 3rd ) (2017)
Debt : Land: EUR 45.0 billion (Dec. 31, 2019)

Municipalities: EUR 13.0 billion (December 31, 2018)

Unemployment rate : 3.4% (November 2021)
politics
Head of Government : Prime Minister
Winfried Kretschmann  ( Greens )
President of the State Parliament : President of the State Parliament
Muhterem Aras  ( Greens )
Ruling parties: Greens and CDU
Allocation of seats in the 17th state parliament :
     
Distribution of seats in the state parliament : Of 154 seats, there are:

Government (100)

  • Green 58
  • CDU 42
  • Opposition (54)
  • SPD 19th
  • FDP 18
  • AfD 17
  • Last choice: March 14, 2021
    Next choice : probably 2026
    Votes in the Federal Council : 6th
    Map of Baden-Wuerttemberg physisch.png

    Baden-Württemberg  [ ˌbaːdn̩ˈvʏrtəmbɛrk ] ( abbreviation BW ; officially Land Baden-Württemberg ) is a parliamentary republic and a partially sovereign member state ( Land ) in the southwest of the Federal Republic of Germany . It was founded in 1952 through the merger of the short-lived post-war states of Württemberg-Baden , (Southern) Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern and is thus in the tradition of the old states of Baden and Württemberg . In terms of both population and area, Baden-Württemberg ranks third among the German states. The most populous city in Baden-Württemberg is the state capital Stuttgart , followed by Mannheim and Karlsruhe . Other major cities are Freiburg im Breisgau , Heidelberg , Heilbronn , Pforzheim , Reutlingen and Ulm . Please click to listen!Play

    Baden-Württemberg is the German state with the highest exports (2019), the second lowest unemployment rate (May 2021), the fourth highest gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (2020) as well as the most registered patents per capita (2020) and the highest in absolute and relative terms Research and Development Expenditures (2017). The average life expectancy in the period from 2017/19 at 79.8 years for men and 84.2 years for women, which both among the German federal states, each of the first rank prove.

    geography

    View from the northern Black Forest along the Upper Rhine Plain to the north to the Odenwald
    The small meadow valley in the Black Forest from the Ballon seen
    Limestone rocks at Hohenstaufen , Swabian Alb
    Pre-alpine landscape on Lake Constance

    In the south Baden-Württemberg borders with the Klettgau and the Hotzenwald on the Upper Rhine , in the Hegau and Linzgau on Lake Constance and in the west with the Breisgau and the Markgräflerland on the Upper Rhine . In the north, the state border stretches over the Odenwald and Tauberland , in the east over Frankenhöhe and Ries , along the Danube and Iller and through the western Allgäu .

    Neighboring German states are in the east and north-east Bavaria , in the north Hesse and in the north-west Rhineland-Palatinate . In the west, Baden-Württemberg borders the French region of Grand Est . The Swiss border in the south is formed by the cantons of Basel-Stadt , Basel-Landschaft , Aargau , Zurich , Schaffhausen and Thurgau . The canton of St. Gallen is only connected via Lake Constance. Baden-Württemberg is also connected to the Austrian state of Vorarlberg via Lake Constance . With this it shares - because the Alemannic dialect is also spoken there - the sometimes colloquial nickname "Ländle" or Alemannic "Ländli".

    The geographic center of Baden-Württemberg at 48 ° 32 '15.9 "  N , 9 ° 2' 28.21"  O is from a monument in a grove on the district of Tübingen marked. This is the focus of the land area. In contrast, the center of Baden-Württemberg was determined from the extreme values ​​(northernmost, southernmost, easternmost and westernmost land point). The average of the latitude of northern and southern point and the average of the longitude of the eastern and western point in the WGS84 reference system is calculated to be 48 ° 39 '43 "  N , 9 ° 0' 14"  O . These four extreme coordinates of Baden-Württemberg are: the north 49 ° 47 '28.67 "  N , 9 ° 38' 55.59"  O in the city Wertheim , south 47 ° 31 '57 "  N , 7 ° 41' 32"  E in the municipality of Grenzach-Wyhlen , in the west 47 ° 41 ′ 52 ″  N , 7 ° 30 ′ 42 ″  E in the municipality of Efringen-Kirchen and in the east 48 ° 41 ′ 18 ″  N , 10 ° 29 ′ 45 ″  E in of the community of Dischingen . The center of Baden-Württemberg is located 14.3 km north of the Tübingen focus in Böblingen in a small forest, the Hörnleswald, on the Tübinger Straße from Böblingen to Holzgerlingen and is marked with a stone pillar.

    The highest point in the country is the Feldberg in the Black Forest at 1,493  m above sea level. NHN . The lowest point is in Mannheim's Ballauf-Wilhelmswörth nature reserve on the banks of the Rhine and on the border with Hesse at 87  m above sea level. NN .

    Natural structure and geology

    Within Baden-Württemberg, five large areas are distinguished according to geological and geomorphological criteria:

    climate

    Baden-Württemberg lies in a transition area between the maritime climate in the west and the continental climate in the east. This means that oceanic and continental climatic influences become effective alternately . Due to the prevailing westerly winds, the oceanic climatic influences predominate, whereby these decrease in the eastern parts of the country. The diversity of the surface forms, i.e. the juxtaposition of high mountainous areas and shielded pool areas, leads to clear climatic differences even at short distances.

    Temperatures

    Due to its southern location, Baden-Württemberg is favored compared to other countries in terms of temperatures . The Upper Rhine lowlands have mean annual temperatures of 10 ° C, making them one of the warmest areas in Germany. The Kraichgau, the Neckar Valley north of Stuttgart, the Lake Constance area, the Upper Rhine area and the Taubertal are also climatically favored. The average temperature drops with the altitude, and the southern Black Forest is one of the coldest areas in Germany with an average of 4 ° C. An exception to this rule is the inversion weather situation that occurs in winter , in which higher elevations are warmer than lower ones, because in windless high-pressure weather the cold air flowing from the heights collects in the pool areas. Extreme cold values ​​can therefore be observed on the Baar . Temperatures of below −30 ° C can occur here in winter.

    Precipitation

    The air masses transported by the westerly wind accumulate mainly in the Black Forest and Odenwald , as well as in the Swabian Alb, the higher elevations of the Keuperwald Mountains and the foothills of the Alps. This is why there is plenty of precipitation on the windward side (over 1000 mm per year, in the southern Black Forest in places over 2000 mm). Significantly less precipitation falls on the leeward side in the rain shadow. There are pronounced arid areas here: in the northern Upper Rhine lowlands, the Freiburg Bay (lee side of the Vosges ) and the Taubergrund, around 600 mm fall, in the central Neckar region and the Danube lowlands near Ulm around 700 mm per year.

    Consequences of global warming

    On behalf of the Baden-Württemberg state government, several studies on the regional consequences of global warming have been carried out since the late 1990s . According to a summary of these results from 2012, the annual average temperature in Baden-Württemberg rose by 1.0 ° C in the period 1906–2005 (0.7 ° C worldwide), from an average of 8 ° C to 9 ° C. The largest increase occurred in the last 30 years. The number of maximum precipitation in winter and the number of flood events increased by 35% during this period, the number of days with snow cover in lower regions decreased by 30–40%. From 1953 to 2009 the number of ice days (maximum temperature below 0 ° C) in Stuttgart decreased from 25 to 15, while the number of summer days (maximum temperature at least 25 ° C) increased from 25 to 45 (see also heat wave 2003 ). The probability of a distinctly dry growing season in summer has increased six-fold since 1985. Climate models predict a continuation of these trends. In July 2013, a climate protection law for Baden-Württemberg was passed.

    Waters

    Map of the landscapes of Baden-Württemberg with rivers.
    Neckar lock near Gundelsheim

    Due to the mountainous topography, the rivers and their valleys have played and continue to play a significant role in the country's settlement, transportation, and history. The European main watershed between the Rhine and the Danube has its westernmost bulge in the Black Forest and runs over the Baar in the north along the Swabian Alb, in the south through the Alpine foothills. The catchment area of ​​the Rhine tributary Neckar takes up almost two fifths of the country's area with around 14,000 km².

    The Rhine is the most water-rich river in the country. With it, Baden-Württemberg is connected to one of the most important waterways in the world. Its catchment area (excluding the Neckar) in the country is around 11,000 km². In the 19th century, the Upper Rhine was straightened based on the plans of the Baden engineer Tulla . With a few exceptions, it forms the western border with France and Rhineland-Palatinate . The Upper Rhine , Seerhein and Lake Constance form most of the southern border with Switzerland.

    The Neckar rises on the eastern edge of the Black Forest near Villingen-Schwenningen and flows through the center of the country until it flows into the Rhine in the northwest in Mannheim. It is regulated by numerous locks and serves as a traffic route for the industrial center of the country.

    The Danube arises near Donaueschingen from the Brigach and Breg source rivers coming from the Black Forest and flows roughly east-northeast, delimiting the Swabian Alb to the south and Upper Swabia to the north and flowing behind Ulm to Bavaria. It drains around 9400 km² and thus more than a quarter of the country.

    While the Rhine crosses the land near Mannheim at an altitude of about 90  m above sea level. Leaves NN , the Danube on the Bavarian border near Ulm is still over 460  m above sea level. NN high. The rivers draining to the Rhine therefore have greater erosion power and enlarge their catchment area in the long term at the expense of the Danube.

    Among the other rivers, the longest are the twin rivers Kocher and Jagst , which flow through the northeast of the country and flow into the Neckar. The Tauber flows in the far northeast . Here the state borders on the Main .

    With Lake Constance , the country has a share in the second largest lake on the edge of the Alps . Several million residents, especially in the central Neckar region, receive their drinking water from the Lake Constance water supply.

    Protected areas

    The Black Forest National Park, founded in 2014, is the first national park in Baden-Württemberg. The largest of the more than 1000 nature reserves in the country are the areas of Feldberg and Gletscherkessel Präg in the Black Forest, which are dominated by the Ice Age , the high moorland Wurzacher Ried in the likewise glacial Alpine foothills and the floodplain area Taubergießen on the Upper Rhine. About 22.8 percent of the land area is designated as landscape protection areas. Seven nature parks together take up a third of the area of ​​Baden-Württemberg. The Swabian Alb and Black Forest biosphere areas are recognized as UNESCO biosphere reserves .

    Division of space

    According to data from the State Statistical Office , as of 2017.

    Congestion areas

    Population density by municipalities (2007). The Black Forest , Swabian Alb and Hohenlohe Plain are particularly sparsely populated.

    Baden-Württemberg lies within the European agglomeration band known as the Blue Banana , which runs from London to Northern Italy . The current state development plan from 2002 differentiates between the spatial categories "agglomeration", "edge zones of agglomeration" and " rural area ", the latter containing its own agglomeration areas. In addition to the largest and central area of ​​Stuttgart, the seven agglomerations are located in cross-border regions along the periphery of the state. Most are designated as part of European Metropolitan Regions:

    The Upper Rhine area from Karlsruhe via Offenburg and Freiburg to Lörrach / Weil am Rhein is part of the tri-national Upper Rhine metropolitan region formed in 2010 with the neighboring South Palatinate, French and Swiss regions .

    The five agglomeration areas in rural areas are:

    Big cities

    Nine cities in the country have more than 100,000 inhabitants.

    city resident Compression space Brief description image
    Stuttgart 630.305 Stuttgart State capital, former capital of the Kingdom of Württemberg, sixth largest city in Germany, on the middle Neckar in a basin and half-height position with vineyards and mineral springs, center of the automotive industry (Daimler, Porsche, Bosch), two universities and other colleges. Stuttgart
    Karlsruhe 308.436 Karlsruhe / Pforzheim Former state capital of Baden, planned baroque city ("fan-shaped city") in the Upper Rhine plain, seat of the Federal Constitutional Court and Federal Supreme Court, nine universities, important location for information and communication technology, UNESCO City of Media Arts. Karlsruhe
    Mannheim 309.721 Rhine-Neckar Industrial and commercial city at the confluence of the Neckar and Rhine rivers in the Upper Rhine Plain, former royal seat of the Electoral Palatinate, baroque planned city ("square city"), universities, UNESCO City of Music. Mannheim
    Freiburg in Breisgau 230.940 Freiburg University town on the western edge of the southern Black Forest, former capital of Upper Austria , seat of a Catholic archbishopric, southernmost city in Germany. Freiburg
    Heidelberg 158,741 Rhine-Neckar University town at the outlet of the Neckar from the Odenwald into the Upper Rhine Plain, until 1720 the seat of the Electoral Palatinate, international tourist destination with old town and castle ruins, UNESCO City of Literature. Heidelberg
    Ulm 126,405 Ulm / Neu-Ulm On the Danube and the border with Bavaria, university, former free imperial city and federal fortress. Ulm
    Heilbronn 126,458 Stuttgart Industrial city on the Neckar, "Käthchenstadt", former imperial city. Heilbronn
    Pforzheim 126.016 Karlsruhe / Pforzheim Located on the northern edge of the Black Forest and the confluence of the Enz and Nagold rivers, known for the jewelry and watch industry. Pforzheim
    Reutlingen 116.031 Stuttgart Located on the western edge of the Swabian Alb, former Free Imperial City. Reutlingen

    story

    prehistory

    The area of ​​today's Baden-Württemberg was demonstrably settled by representatives of the genus Homo at least half a million years ago . The in wall found the lower jaw of the wall and in Steinheim an der Murr discovered Homo steinheimensis , both for today Hominini - kind Homo heidelbergensis are classified, are at an age of about 500,000 or 250,000 years ago to the oldest finds of the genus Homo in Europe at all .

    Significant Paleolithic evidence of cultural life in Baden-Württemberg goes back around 35,000 to 40,000 years. That is how old are the finds of the oldest known musical instruments of mankind (an ivory flute, excavated in 1979 in the Geißenklösterle ) and works of art ( lion man ) that were discovered in caves in the Swabian Alb, especially in those of the Lone Valley . The most important of these caves are the so-called caves of the oldest ice age art .

    Above all from the Neolithic there are numerous evidence of settlements and burials from the earliest times, which go back to the most varied of cultural complexes starting with the ceramic band and represent an uninterrupted line up to the beginning of the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. In Kleinkems in South Baden, the oldest German is Jasper mine from the Neolithic period.

    During the Hallstatt period, the Celts settled large parts of the country. This is evidenced by the numerous barrows , the most famous of which is the grave of the Celtic prince of Hochdorf , and by Hallstatt-era settlements such as the Heuneburg or the Münsterhügel von Breisach .

    Antiquity

    Roman expansion in southwest Germany

    Since Caesar's Gallic War in 55 BC In the north, the Rhine formed the eastern border of the Roman Empire . Around 15 BC The Romans crossed the Alps under Tiberius . The newly founded province of Raetia extended to the Danube and thus also included today's Upper Swabia .

    The overland route between Mainz and Augsburg was strategically very important. To shorten this, the Romans built a road through the Kinzig valley in the central Black Forest around 73/74 AD ; to protect this street they founded Rottweil . Other foundations of this time are Ladenburg , Bad Wimpfen , Rottenburg am Neckar , Heidelberg and Baden-Baden ; however, settlement continuity is only likely for Baden-Baden, Ladenburg and Rottweil. The road that was built later via Bad Cannstatt shortened the route between Mainz and Augsburg even further. The Romans secured the conquest of south-west Germany through campaigns in what is now Hesse. Around 85 AD, Emperor Domitian founded the province of Germania superior (Upper Germany).

    The border of the Roman Empire ran from about AD 98–159 along the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes , later along the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes . The part of the area enclosed by the Limes to the right of the Rhine and to the left of the Danube was called the Decumatland by the Romans . The northeastern part of today's Baden-Württemberg was never part of the Roman Empire.

    . By 233 BC sacked n. Alamannen the Dekumatland; In the time of the imperial crisis of the 3rd century , the Romans abandoned the previous border after renewed raids around AD 260 and withdrew behind the Rhine, Danube and Iller, the Danube-Iller-Rhein-Limes . They held the Rhine border until the Rhine crossing from 406 .

    middle age

    In the 5th century the area of ​​the Duchy of Alemannia came to the Franconian Empire . The northern border of Alemannia was moved to the south and roughly coincided with the course of today's Alemannic-Franconian dialect border. The northern third of Baden-Württemberg was thus in the direct Franconian sphere of influence (dioceses of Mainz, Speyer, Worms, Würzburg), the southern two-thirds remained in the Alemannic sphere of influence (dioceses of Constance, Augsburg, Strasbourg). In the 8th century counties ( Gaue ) were installed as administrative units. With the formation of the new tribal duchies , the southern areas of today's federal state belonged to the Duchy of Swabia until the end of the High Middle Ages , the northern areas were part of the Duchy of Franconia .

    In the High Middle Ages, the area was one of the central landscapes of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. It is home to numerous up-and-coming aristocratic dynasties and was at the intersection of some important long-distance trade routes. The high nobility and the monasteries directed an intensive development of the country, in the course of which the low mountain ranges were opened up and numerous cities were founded, thus expanding their power base. In addition to the ducal houses, the most important families were the Franconian Salians and the Swabian Staufers , who fought for the imperial throne in their day. Other important noble houses were the Guelphs , originally from Upper Swabia , the Zähringer and the Habsburgs and also the Lower Swabian Hohenzollerns .

    After the end of the Hohenstaufen dynasty in the 13th century, the empire was permanently decentralized . The already traditionally weak central power of emperors and kings increasingly lost rights and powers to emerging regional powers. This long-term trend was also and especially noticeable in southwest Germany. There was territorial fragmentation into hundreds of small counties, imperial cities, spiritual areas or even individual knightly villages.

    Territorial fragmentation around 1771

    The territories that developed in the area of ​​the old tribal duchies of Franconia and Swabia in the High and Late Middle Ages mostly proved to be stable and dominated until the years of upheaval 1803/1806. The most important of them include:

    For horizontal diversification, the vertical division of rights in one place into different rights holders occurred . Thus the numerous financial, economic, military and jurisdictional rights within a village could lie in the hands of several states, lords or families.

    Early modern age

    The early modern period was shaped by the Reformation and the expansion efforts of the emerging territorial states of Austria , Prussia , France and Sweden . This resulted in conflicts such as the Peasants 'War , the Thirty Years' War and the War of the Palatinate Succession . In today's Baden-Württemberg, which remained extremely fragmented in terms of territory, one of the focal points of the fighting was with corresponding consequences for the population and the economy.

    Reformation and Peasants' War

    The later Baden was the scene of the Bundschuh conspiracies . Joß Fritz , who came from Untergrombach , led a total of three conspiracies from 1501 to 1517 in the Speyer Monastery and in Upper Austria .

    As early as 1518, young Southwest German scholars got to know Martin Luther and his teachings at the Heidelberg disputation . The Bretten Philipp Melanchthon followed Luther to Wittenberg and became one of the leaders of the Lutheran Reformation. Johannes Brenz went from Heidelberg to Schwäbisch Hall, introduced the Reformation there and later supported Duke Christoph von Württemberg in building up the Protestant regional church.

    The German Peasants' War had one of its focal points in the German south-west. As early as 1524, several thousand farmers gathered in Stühlingen , Furtwangen and Biberach .

    On Easter Sunday 1525 and occupied Swabian peasants stormed the castle vineyard and killed the Count Ludwig von Helfenstein , of a son of Emperor Maximilian I was. This bloody act from Weinsberg cost the farmers a lot of sympathy. As a result, they moved into Stuttgart, among other places, and destroyed numerous castles and monasteries, including Hohenstaufen Castle , Lorch Monastery and Murrhardt Monastery . On April 24, 1525, the rebels transferred the military leadership to Captain Götz von Berlichingen . On May 23, 1525, farmers in southern Baden took Freiburg .

    The peasant uprising was brutally suppressed in the summer of 1525 by a mercenary army that fought on behalf of the Swabian Confederation under the leadership of Georg Truchsess von Waldburg-Zeil . It is estimated that around 100,000 insurgents were killed.

    The Reformation spread quickly, especially in the south-west German imperial cities. In 1529, five imperial cities from what is now Baden-Württemberg belonged to the Speyer Protestation . When Margrave Philipp von Baden died childless in 1533, the margraviate became under his brothers Ernst and Bernhard III. divided into Protestant Baden-Durlach and Catholic Baden-Baden . Duke Ulrich von Württemberg introduced the Reformation when he returned to the throne in Stuttgart in 1534 following the victorious battle of Lauffen after fifteen years of forced administration by the Habsburgs.

    In 1557 , Elector Ottheinrich introduced the Lutheran Reformation to the Electoral Palatinate . Under his successor Friedrich III. , who had the Heidelberg Catechism worked out in 1563 , the Electoral Palatinate became Calvinist .

    Thirty Years' War

    The main scenes of the Thirty Years' War in the south-west of Germany were the Electoral Palatinate and Front Austria , but the other areas were also badly hit by looting and robbery of the armies passing through and encamping.

    After the Battle of the White Mountain , the Bohemian-Palatinate War shifted to the Electoral Palatinate. The united armies of Counts Peter von Mansfeld and Georg Friedrich von Baden-Durlach defeated Tilly in 1622 near Mingolsheim . A little later, the Margrave of Baden Tilly, who had separated from Mansfeld, was defeated in the Battle of Wimpfen .

    While the war events then shifted to the north, the Electoral Palatinate remained occupied by the Spaniards on the left of the Rhine and the Bavarians on the right of the Rhine. In 1632 both were expelled by the Swedes under King Gustav Adolf . In 1634 the Swedes captured the Philippsburg fortress and moved to the Upper Rhine in the same year. After the battle of Nördlingen , Duke Eberhard III fled . into exile in Strasbourg. The victorious imperial and Spanish troops occupied the territory of Württemberg and there were devastating attacks, looting and pillage in these evangelical areas. In 1635 Johann von Werth recaptured Philippsburg and Heidelberg, Bavaria reoccupied the Electoral Palatinate.

    In 1638 the Protestant-Swedish associations under Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar celebrated successes in Front Austria at the battle of Rheinfelden , in Breisach and in Freiburg . In 1643/44 the fortunes of battle turned into battles near Tuttlingen and Freiburg in favor of the imperial-catholic troops. The fighting in the southwest continued until the end of the war.

    In 1647 Bavaria, Sweden and France signed an armistice agreement in Ulm, as a result of which the Swedish and French troops that had invaded Bavaria withdrew to Upper Swabia and Württemberg. In the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Karl I Ludwig received the Palatinate and the electoral dignity lost in the Regensburg Reichstag in 1623 back and Breisach became French.

    As a result of the Thirty Years' War, the population had declined by more than half, regionally by two thirds, the livestock was almost completely destroyed, and a third of the farmland was fallow. It took the region a long time to recover.

    Age of Absolutism

    → Main article for the period 1693–1733 in Württemberg: Eberhard Ludwig

    Inner courtyard of the Ludwigsburg residential palace

    After the end of the Dutch War in 1679, France annexed Freiburg im Breisgau . The Austrian government moved its seat to Waldshut during the French rule over Freiburg .

    In the Palatinate War of Succession , French troops led by General Ezéchiel de Mélac devastated the northwestern part of what is now Baden-Württemberg. Above all in 1689 and 1693, Mélac systematically had defenses blown up and villages and towns set on fire throughout the retreat, including the residential cities of Heidelberg including the castle , Durlach and Baden , but also Mannheim , Bretten , Pforzheim and Marbach . After the end of the war, France had to return Freiburg and Breisach am Rhein to Austria.

    As a result, several of the sovereigns and church princes moved out of the old residential cities and built new baroque residences based on the model of Versailles . Thus arose Baroque planned cities with large locks in Karlsruhe , Ludwigsburg and Rastatt , the Palatine residence Mannheim Palace and summer residence of Schwetzingen and Bruchsal Castle as the seat of the Bishopric of Speyer.

    From 1703 to 1713, the Upper Rhine Plain between Freiburg and Heidelberg was the staging area of ​​the imperial troops during the War of the Spanish Succession and the scene of battles between them and those of France on several occasions.

    In the War of the Austrian Succession , French troops under the personal command of Louis XV were besieged and conquered . 1744 Freiburg.

    In 1782, in the areas of Upper Austria, d. H. in large parts of today's southern part of the country, serfdom abolished in the course of the reforms of Emperor Joseph II .

    1806 to 1918

    Suppression of the Hecker uprising in 1848 (lithograph, around 1850)

    At the beginning of the 19th century around 300 states still held territorial rights in what is now Baden-Württemberg, but their number was reduced to four after the dissolution of the Old Kingdom. Above all, the Kingdom of Württemberg and the Grand Duchy of Baden were among the winners of the coalition wars . The two principalities of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Hohenzollern-Hechingen survived the mediation due to special relationships with Napoleon . In addition, the city of Wimpfen was a Hessian exclave .

    In 1849 the Baden Revolution was suppressed by Prussian intervention troops, the Baden Army was disbanded and rebuilt under Prussian leadership. In 1850 the two Hohenzollern states became the Prussian province of Hohenzollernsche Land . In the German War of 1866, Baden and Württemberg sided with Austria and after the end of the war had to pay compensation to the victorious Prussia and conclude secret military treaties with the North German Confederation . This led to the entry of these states into the Franco-German War in 1870 . As a result of the war, Baden and Württemberg joined the newly founded German Empire led by Prussia .

    1918 to 1933

    In 1919 the Republic of Baden and the People's State of Württemberg adopted democratic constitutions.

    time of the nationalsocialism

    Seizure of power and terror

    In 1933, the independent state governments were ousted by means of harmonization laws in favor of National Socialist Gauleiter and Reich governor . The seizure of power was accompanied and supported by terror against the political opponents.

    In Baden, Gauleiter Robert Wagner appointed himself President of the State on March 11, 1933. This self-appointment was legalized by President Hindenburg on May 5, 1933, with Wagner's appointment as Reich Governor. Walter Köhler took over the office of Prime Minister of Baden . On March 15, 1933, the Württemberg state parliament elected Wilhelm Murr as president with the votes of the NSDAP, DNVP and the farmers' union. On May 6, 1933 he was appointed Reich Governor, while the office of Prime Minister was transferred to Christian Mergenthaler . This duality in the exercise of power remained until the end of the war.

    The opponents of the regime, mainly communists and social democrats, were taken into " protective custody " in a wave of arrests by the Gestapo from March 1933 and interned in the camps Kislau (near Bad Schönborn), Ankenbuck (near Villingen) and Heuberg (near Stetten am kalten Markt). Women who were critical of the regime were held in the Gotteszell women's prison . The Baden SPD leadership was abducted from Karlsruhe to Kislau on May 16, 1933, and the evacuation was publicly staged.

    After the reorganization of the state parliaments in accordance with the result of the Reichstag election of March 5, 1933, the state parliaments passed state authorizing laws on June 8, 1933 in Württemberg and on June 9, 1933 in Baden. The MPs of the now banned KPD were no longer allowed to take part in the votes. The SPD MPs abstained from voting in Württemberg, while the five remaining in Baden openly voted “No”. All other MPs - in Württemberg this were the center, DNVP, Bauernbund, CSVD and NSDAP - agreed to the self-disempowerment.

    The Heuberg camp was closed at the end of 1933 due to overcrowding. The inmates were transferred to Fort Oberer Kuhberg in Ulm. Members of the Gestapo, SS and SA murdered the leading Baden Social Democrat Ludwig Marum on March 29, 1934 in Kislau. In 1936 the Gestapo reported that they had smashed the “illegal” structures of the SPD and KPD.

    Persecution of the Jews and other minorities

    The mass murder of the German civilian population by the National Socialists in Baden and Württemberg killed around 12,000 Jews, a large number of members of the Roma minority, 10,000 sick people and an unknown number of opponents of the regime.

    Grafeneck memorial and name book

    By 1939 two thirds of the approximately 35,000 Jews who had lived in Baden and Württemberg in 1933 had emigrated. On October 22, 1940, the Baden Gauleiter Robert Wagner and Josef Bürckel , Gauleiter of Westmark , led the " Wagner-Bürckel Campaign ", during which around 6000 Jews from Baden were deported to the Gurs camp before the actual Holocaust . From there, most of them were taken to German extermination camps in Eastern Europe and murdered there. The Württemberg Jews were in November 1941 in several through trains, each with about 1,000 people after Riga , Izbica , Auschwitz and Theresienstadt deported where they were killed.

    In the Grafeneck killing center near Gomadingen , those in power murdered more than 10,000 patients from psychiatric clinics in a gas chamber as part of the T4 campaign . Roma, and among them many Sinti , were z. Some were interned in local "gypsy camps", for example in the gypsy forced camp in Ravensburg , and deported to Poland in 1940 and to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp in 1943 . Numerous inmates of Baden-Württemberg concentration camps died in forced labor. For example, in the Bisingen concentration camp near Hechingen, the attempt to extract shale oil cost 1,000 people their lives. Other prisoners perished on the so-called death marches , with which the rulers wanted to evacuate the concentration camps shortly before the end of the war in view of the advancing American troops.

    resistance

    Special postage stamp with Georg Elser , 2003

    With Count von Stauffenberg , who grew up in Stuttgart , the Scholl siblings , who spent their childhood in Forchtenberg , Ludwigsburg and Ulm , and the Hitler assassin Georg Elser , who lived on the Ostalb and in Konstanz, four of the most famous German resistance fighters have their roots in the southwest.

    Further examples are Gertrud Luckner from Freiburg , who helped Jews emigrate, was arrested in 1943 and survived the Ravensbrück concentration camp , Georg Lechleiter from Mannheim , who led an underground organization of the KPD and was executed in Stuttgart in 1942, and Reinhold Frank from Karlsruhe and Fritz from Stuttgart Elsas and Eugen Bolz , who were executed as members of the July 20, 1944 conspiracy in 1945.

    The economists of the Freiburg circle around Walter Eucken , the Rottenburg bishop Joannes Sproll , who was expelled from his diocese in 1938 after he had not participated in the referendum on the "Anschluss" of Austria , and Robert Bosch , the Jews and, are also included in the resistance accommodated other persecuted people in his company.

    End of the war and its consequences

    Heilbronn destroyed by air raids , 1945

    In October 1944, the government of the Vichy regime under Marshal Pétain was relocated from Vichy to Sigmaringen on Hitler's orders . The Castle Sigmaringen remained of the view of the Nazis until the war ended headquarters official French government.

    The Allied air raids in World War II did not all hit the cities in southwest Germany to the same extent. In the air raid on Pforzheim on February 23, 1945 , 17,600 people died within a few minutes. Stuttgart, Mannheim, Heilbronn , Friedrichshafen , Freiburg and Ulm were also hit very hard . Karlsruhe, Reutlingen , Böblingen , Sindelfingen , Offenburg and Göppingen suffered severe damage . Other cities, e.g. B. Rottweil, Heidelberg, Baden-Baden, Esslingen , Ludwigsburg , Tübingen, Villingen , Konstanz, Aalen or Schwäbisch Gmünd remained almost intact and therefore still have intact old towns today.

    In the spring of 1945, American and French ground troops defeated those of the Wehrmacht in the area of ​​Baden-Württemberg. The Americans occupied Mannheim on March 29, 1945. Stuttgart was conquered by the French troops on April 22, 1945. Partly heavy fighting meant that Crailsheim , Waldenburg , Bruchsal and Freudenstadt were destroyed in the last weeks of the war .

    The way to the southwest state

    Situation until 1945
    Situation 1945–1952

    After the Second World War, the northern parts of Baden and Wuerttemberg came to the US occupation zone, the southern parts and Hohenzollern to the French . The division took place along the district boundaries, with the US zone deliberately drawing all the circles through which the Karlsruhe-Munich motorway (today's A 8 ) ran. The military governments of the zones of occupation founded the states of Württemberg-Baden in the American zone and Württemberg-Hohenzollern and Baden in the French zone in 1945/46 . These countries became part of the Federal Republic of Germany on May 23, 1949 .

    The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany contained in Art. 29 regulations for a reorganization of the federal territory with the help of referendums. However, this article initially did not come into force due to reservations by the occupying powers. Notwithstanding this, Article 118 urged the three countries in the south-west to regulate a new structure by mutual agreement. This article was based on the decision of August 31, 1948 at the conference of prime ministers at the Niederwald hunting lodge to create a south-west state, which was taken before the start of the deliberations on the Basic Law . In the event that such a regulation did not come about, a regulation was stipulated by a federal law. The alternatives were either a union into a south-western state or the separate restoration of Baden and Württemberg (including Hohenzollern), with the governments of Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern advocating the former and Baden advocating the latter. An agreement of the governments on a referendum failed because of the question of the voting mode. The federal law passed on May 4, 1951 provided for a division of the voting area into four zones (North Württemberg, North Baden, South Württemberg-Hohenzollern, South Baden). The union of the countries should be considered accepted if there was a majority in the entire voting area as well as in three of the four zones. Since a majority in the two Wuerttemberg zones as well as in North Baden was already foreseeable (trial votes were carried out for this purpose), this regulation was favored by the unification proponents. The (southern) Baden government initiated a constitutional complaint against the law, but this was unsuccessful.

    Before the referendum, which took place on December 9, 1951, supporters and opponents of the planned south-west state fought each other . The leading representatives of the pro side were the Prime Minister of Württemberg-Baden Reinhold Maier and the President of Württemberg-Hohenzollern Gebhard Müller , the leader of the south-western state opponents was the State President of Baden Leo Wohleb . In the vote, voters in both parts of Württemberg voted with 93% for the merger, in northern Baden with 57%, while in southern Baden only 38% were in favor. In three out of four voting districts there was a majority in favor of the formation of the south-west state, so that the formation of a south-west state was decided. If the result had counted in total Baden, then a majority of 52% would have been in favor of restoring the (separate) state of Baden.

    Establishment of the country

    50 years of Baden-Württemberg , German postage stamp 2002

    On March 9, 1952, the state constituent assembly was elected. The first Prime Minister was elected at a meeting on April 25, 1952. The state of Baden-Württemberg was thus founded.

    “My honorable Members. Pursuant to Section 14, Paragraph 4, Clause 2, the date of formation of the provisional government is hereby established for the present moment, namely Friday, April 25, 1952, 12:30 p.m. With this declaration, the states of Baden, Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern are combined into one federal state in accordance with Section 11 of the second restructuring law. (...) "

    - Reinhold Maier : lpb-bw.de, foundation of the state of Baden-Württemberg on April 25, 1952

    Reinhold Maier (FDP / DVP) was the first Prime Minister to form a coalition of the SPD, FDP / DVP and BHE . After the constitution came into force, the state constituent assembly acted as the first state parliament of Baden-Württemberg until 1956.

    The name of the country was the subject of a lengthy dispute. The name Baden-Württemberg , mentioned in the transition law of May 15, 1952, was initially only intended for a transitional period, but ultimately prevailed because no other name was accepted by all sides. The state constitution , which came into force on November 19, 1953 , was only passed by the state constituent assembly, but not subsequently confirmed by a referendum.

    With his quick government formation in 1952, Reinhold Maier excluded the CDU as the strongest parliamentary group. The resentment generated, both in the two southern regions South Baden and South Württemberg-Hohenzollern, who felt little or no presence is insufficient in the new government, as well as Gebhard Müller , the new CDU parliamentary group chairman, the non-participation of the CDU as a personal affront felt . In the federal election of September 6, 1953 , which Reinhold Maier had also declared a plebiscite on his politics, the CDU in Baden-Württemberg won an absolute majority of the votes. Reinhold Maier drew the consequences and resigned as Prime Minister. His successor was Gebhard Müller , who formed a coalition of CDU, SPD, FDP / DVP and BHE. The same constellation also governed after the 1956 election (the KPD had not made it into the state parliament, so the coalition became an all-party government ) and lasted until 1960. In 1958, Müller was succeeded by Kurt Georg Kiesinger as the country's third Prime Minister.

    Another vote in Baden

    Results of the referendum in Baden 1970 by district (percent of votes for the new establishment of the state of Baden)

    The Baden unification opponents did not give up the fight against the south-western state even after 1952. In Heimatbund Badnerland organized, they continue striving for the restoration of Baden. Article 29 (2) of the Basic Law provided that a referendum on the reorganization was possible in areas whose nationality had been changed after the end of the Second World War without a referendum. After this passage came into force as a result of the Germany Treaty in 1955, the Heimatbund submitted a petition for a referendum to restore the state of Baden within the borders of 1945. The Federal Ministry of the Interior rejected this request on the grounds that the new federal state had already passed a referendum come about. In the subsequent lawsuit before the Federal Constitutional Court , the Heimatbund was right in 1956. The court argued that the vote of 1951 was not a vote within the meaning of Article 29 of the Basic Law, since the numerically larger population of Württemberg and Hohenzollern could outvote the numerically weaker population of Baden. The will of the Baden population had been overshadowed by the peculiarity of the political and historical development, which is why a referendum is permissible under Article 29 of the Basic Law.

    In its judgment, the Federal Constitutional Court did not set a deadline for the vote, which is why it was repeatedly delayed. A further decision by the Federal Constitutional Court was required in 1969, in which it ordered a vote by June 30, 1970 at the latest. This was carried out on June 7, 1970 and, with 81.9%, gave a high level of approval for Baden to remain in the common state of Baden-Württemberg. The turnout was 62.5%.

    The rejection of the referendum paved the way for an administrative reorganization of the country. In 1971 a reform of the counties and administrative districts was initiated, which came into force in 1973. Since then, the former national borders can hardly be seen on the map.

    Population development

    Population development in Baden-Württemberg from 1871 to 2018 according to the table below
    Population pyramid for Baden-Württemberg (data source: 2011 census)
    year resident
    1871 3,349,409
    1900 4,107,325
    1933 5,185,618
    1950 6,430,225
    1960 7,726,859
    1970 8,895,048
    1980 9,258,947
    1990 9,822,027
    year resident
    2000 10,524,415
    2005 10,735,701
    2006 10,738,753
    2007 10,749,755
    2008 10,749,506
    2009 10,744,921
    2010 10,753,880
    2011 10,786,227
    year resident
    2012 10,569,111
    2013 10,631,278
    2014 10,716,644
    2015 10,879,618
    2016 10,951,893
    2017 11,023,424
    2018 11,069,533
    2019 11.100.394

    The population development in Baden-Württemberg was generally characterized by a steady increase between 1950 and 2008. In the 1950s, the population of Baden-Württemberg rose by almost 1.3 million people. In the 1960s, too, the population rose again by just under 1.2 million people. In 1971 the population exceeded the nine million mark for the first time. The 1970s, on the other hand, were largely characterized by stagnation in terms of population.

    In the ten years from 1977 to 1987 in particular, the population trend largely stood still. A decline in the early 1980s was compensated for, but in the ten years after 1977 the population only increased by around 165,000 people to just under 9.3 million. However, with the end of the Cold War and the influx of people from Central and Eastern Europe, this changed very significantly.

    The twenty years from 1988 to 2008 were marked by a continuous increase in population. The population increased by almost 1.5 million people during this time. In 1990 and 1991 the population grew by almost 200,000 people.

    Overall, in the 50 years between 1952 and 2002, the population of Baden-Württemberg grew by almost four million from 6.7 to 10.7 million people, an increase of almost 60 percent. In 2008 and 2009 there was a small population decline in Baden-Württemberg, which is otherwise characterized by growth. So far, too, the population has always shrunk for a maximum of three years in a row, only to grow again and again. Nevertheless, in 2010 the State Statistical Office forecast a decline in the population by 3.5 percent to around 10.3 million people by 2030.

    The study “Wegweiser Kommune” by the Bertelsmann Foundation assumes a population decline of 0.4 percent for Baden-Württemberg by 2030 (compared to 2009) in a forecast from 2011, making Baden-Württemberg the area with the most stable population after Bavaria is.

    Adjacent forecast in comparison. real development from 1990 to 2018
    Population forecast 2011
    date resident
    December 31, 2015 10,794,570
    December 31, 2020 10,793,360
    December 31, 2025 10,753,570
    December 31, 2030 10,670,320

    Sovereignty symbols

    The coat of arms shows three striding lions on a golden background. This is the coat of arms of the Hohenstaufen and dukes of Swabia . Above the large state coat of arms are the six coats of arms of the historical landscapes from which or parts of which Baden-Württemberg was formed. These are: Vorderösterreich (red-white-red divided shield), Kurpfalz (rising lion), Württemberg (three stag sticks), Baden (red sloping bar), Hohenzollern (white-black square) and Franconia (three silver tips on a red background). The coats of arms of Baden and Württemberg are shown somewhat larger. Shield holders are the Baden griffin and the Württemberg deer . Instead, a leaf crown rests on the small state coat of arms .

    The use of the state coat of arms is subject to approval and generally only permitted by the authorities.

    Since the last change to the State Emblem Act on November 4, 2020 (valid since November 14, 2020), the state's service flag with a large coat of arms has been used with the large state coat of arms including the shield holder, which was previously waived.

    The national flag is black and gold; the state service flag also bears the small state coat of arms.

    Administrative division

    Since January 1, 1973, Baden-Württemberg has been divided into four administrative districts , twelve regions (each with a regional association ) as well as 35 rural districts and nine urban districts.

    Administrative districts and regions

    The Donau-Iller region also includes neighboring areas in Bavaria. The Rhine-Neckar region also includes neighboring areas in Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate.

    City and rural districts

    Frankreich Schweiz Österreich Bodensee Rheinland-Pfalz Hessen Freistaat Bayern Alb-Donau-Kreis Baden-Baden Landkreis Biberach Landkreis Böblingen Bodenseekreis Landkreis Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald Landkreis Calw Landkreis Emmendingen Enzkreis Landkreis Esslingen Freiburg im Breisgau Landkreis Freudenstadt Landkreis Göppingen Heidelberg Landkreis Heidenheim Landkreis Heilbronn Heilbronn Hohenlohekreis Landkreis Karlsruhe Karlsruhe Landkreis Konstanz Landkreis Lörrach Landkreis Ludwigsburg Main-Tauber-Kreis Mannheim Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis Ortenaukreis Ostalbkreis Pforzheim Landkreis Rastatt Landkreis Ravensburg Rems-Murr-Kreis Landkreis Reutlingen Rhein-Neckar-Kreis Landkreis Rottweil Landkreis Schwäbisch Hall Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis Landkreis Sigmaringen Stuttgart Landkreis Tübingen Landkreis Tuttlingen Ulm Landkreis Waldshut ZollernalbkreisCity and rural districts in Baden-Württemberg
    About this picture

    The country has the following nine urban districts (the respective license plates in brackets):

    The 35 counties are:

    The district of Konstanz includes the Büsingen exclave on the Upper Rhine , which is located near Schaffhausen and is completely enclosed by Swiss territory.

    The districts came together in 1956 for the Baden-Württemberg District Assembly .

    Municipalities

    Municipalities in Baden-Württemberg by class: urban districts (red), large district towns (orange), cities (yellow)

    See also: List of cities and municipalities in Baden-Württemberg , List of the largest cities in Baden-Württemberg (all municipalities with more than 20,000 inhabitants) and municipal codes in Germany

    Since the completion of the administrative reorganization and the merger of other municipalities divided the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg in a total of 1,101 municipalities (89 of which are large district towns, 311 communities as city designated) and the two uninhabited unincorporated areas Gutsbezirk Münsingen and community Freehold Rheinau .

    The rights and obligations of the municipalities are primarily laid down in the Baden-Württemberg state constitution (§§ 69–76) and in the Baden-Württemberg municipal code (GemO). In § 1 GemO the municipalities are described as the "basis and member of the democratic state", and the "participation in the [...] administration of the municipality" as the "right and duty" of the municipality residents.

    Section 7 GemO defines the totality of the land belonging to the municipality as a municipality area . This property unit is documented as a district in the land register . Furthermore, it is stipulated that all properties in Baden-Württemberg should belong to one municipality - but “special reasons” justify the fact that properties remain outside of a communal marking association. Such "community-free properties" exist in Baden-Württemberg in two uninhabited, community-free areas - Guts Bezirk Münsingen and community-free property in Rheinau .

    Behind the nine major cities in the country are the largest medium- sized cities Ludwigsburg , Esslingen , Tübingen , Villingen-Schwenningen and Konstanz .

    In § 3 GemO, urban districts (outside of Baden-Württemberg called a district-free city ) and large district towns are mentioned as special types of communities . They differ from the remaining municipalities in that they take on all or part of district tasks . In Baden-Württemberg, nine municipalities have been declared urban districts and 91 municipalities have been declared major district towns.

    Of the municipal area changes mentioned in § 8 GemO, integration ( incorporation ) and new formation ( municipality merger / amalgamation) result in the end of the political independence of a municipality. Extensive such area changes were ordered under the heading of territorial reform in the 1970s. The incorporation of Tennenbronn into Schramberg on May 1, 2006 was the first task of a municipality to become independent since 1977.

    The local elections, which take place every five years, were last held on May 26, 2019 . In the 2009 elections, 18,233 local councils and 1,960 district councils were to be elected.

    politics

    Prime Minister Kretschmann speaks in the state parliament (2013)

    The Prime Minister is the chairman of the state government of Baden-Württemberg , which consists of ministers , state secretaries and honorary state councilors . The Prime Ministers since 1952:

    Prime Minister of the State of Baden-Württemberg
    No. Surname Life dates Political party Beginning of
    the term of office
    Term
    expires
    1 Reinhold Maier 1889-1971 FDP / DVP 1952 1953
    2 Gebhard Müller 1900-1990 CDU 1953 1958
    3 Kurt Georg Kiesinger 1904-1988 CDU 1958 1966
    4th Hans Filbinger 1913-2007 CDU 1966 1978
    5 Lothar Späth 1937-2016 CDU 1978 1991
    6th Erwin the devil * 1939 CDU 1991 2005
    7th Günther Oettinger * 1953 CDU 2005 2010
    8th Stefan Mappus * 1966 CDU 2010 2011
    9 Winfried Kretschmann * 1948 Green 2011 officiating

    Baden-Württemberg is politically bourgeois-conservative, the CDU and the FDP / DVP are relatively strong in Baden-Württemberg and have provided most of the state's governments. For this reason, the SPD always had a difficult time there; So far, their results have always been below the national average. Until 2011, the CDU emerged as the strongest party in every election, while the state is the only one for the FDP so far where it has never failed to pass the five percent hurdle in state elections . Since the 1980s, Baden-Württemberg has also been a stronghold of the Greens founded in Karlsruhe , whose election results in the state have always been above the national average; their first entry into the state parliament in 1980 was also the first in a large state; since the success in the state elections in 2011, the Greens have appointed their first prime minister here. While the Prime Minister was always provided by the CDU from 1953 to 2011, the FDP / DVP and the SPD (Grand Coalition) were partly involved in the government. During the 1990s, the Republicans were represented in the state parliament (10.9% in 1992 and 9.1% in 1996 ), and they were most popular in this state. Before that, between 1968 and 1972, the NPD also sat in the state parliament with 9.8% of the vote. In 2016, the AfD moved into the state parliament with 15.1%. In no other of the old (West German) states did parties to the right of the CDU and CSU achieve such high election results.

    The CDU achieved an absolute majority in the state parliament in all elections between 1972 and 1988. Due to Ulrich Maurer's resignation from the SPD on June 27, 2005 and his entry into the WASG on July 1, the SPD was represented in the state parliament. Stefan Mappus was elected Prime Minister on February 10, 2010, but lost his black and yellow government majority after the state elections in 2011 . The CDU itself achieved the second-worst election result in the history of the state party with 39.0%, while the FDP barely made it into the state parliament (5.3%). The Greens, on the other hand, achieved the party's best result at the state level at the time with 24.2%. With 23.1%, the SPD achieved its worst election result in Baden-Württemberg to date and joined a green-red coalition under Prime Minister Winfried Kretschmann as a junior partner . The trend continued in the state elections in 2016 : Both the CDU and the SPD deteriorated again to their previously worst results in the country, while the Greens continued to gain. The newly formed AfD was able to achieve 15.1% of the vote. As a result, the Greens and the CDU formed a coalition under Prime Minister Kretschmann ( Kretschmann II cabinet ). In the state elections in 2021 , the Greens were again able to gain shares of the vote if the CDU lost. The FDP was able to improve its result, while the SPD and AfD suffered losses. The formation of a government again resulted in the formation of a green-black government ( Kretschmann III cabinet ).

    Representation of the state of Baden-Württemberg at the federal government in Berlin-Tiergarten

    The state has two state representations outside of Baden-Württemberg. Since 1954 there has been a representation of the state of Baden-Württemberg at the federal government , which had its seat in the federal city of Bonn until the move of the federal government and is now located in the federal capital of Berlin . In 1987 the representation of the state of Baden-Württemberg at the European Union was added, which acts as a link between the state of Baden-Württemberg and the European Union . In addition, the BW-UK Office , the foreign representation of Baden-Württemberg in the United Kingdom , has existed since November 2021 .

    Baden-Württemberg and the Japanese prefecture of Kanagawa have maintained a bilateral partnership since 1989. Within Europe, Baden-Württemberg, together with the regions of Catalonia , Lombardy and Rhône-Alpes, forms the multilateral working group Four Motors for Europe .

    With service-bw , citizens have an e-government platform at their disposal. Current measurement results on air quality, Lake Constance, storm warnings, geographic information and an information system for water, immission control, soil, waste and occupational safety can be called up in the state-owned environmental information system in Baden-Württemberg .

    business

    Stuttgart-Untertürkheim with Daimler plants

    Baden-Württemberg is one of the economically strongest and most competitive regions in Europe . Baden-Württemberg is considered to be the most innovative region in the European Union, particularly in the field of industrial high technology and research and development . The research strength is reflected in the expenditures for research and development, which in 2005 amounted to 4.2% of the gross domestic product , the highest value among the EU regions (NUTS 1) .

    Measured in terms of gross domestic product, which amounted to around 476.76 billion euros in 2016, Baden-Württemberg is one of the wealthier regions of the EU with an index of 144 (EU-28: 100, Germany: 126) (2014). After Hamburg and Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg ranks third in the purchasing power comparison in 2016 with 23,368 euros per inhabitant. The unemployment rate was 3.4% (November 2021) . It is traditionally lower in the more rural regions than in the cities. In July 2020 the rate in the Biberach district was only 3.0%, in the Lake Constance district 3.2% and in the Alb-Danube district 3.4%, while in the urban districts of Heilbronn it was 6.6%, Mannheim with 7, 4% and in particular Pforzheim with 7.8% was significantly higher. Around 50,000 people from Baden-Württemberg work as cross-border commuters in Switzerland.

    Family businesses are characteristic of the country's economy . 190 of the 1000 largest family businesses in Germany are located in Baden-Württemberg, which is 3rd place in a comparison of the federal states. In relation to the number of inhabitants, the country can boast the third most family businesses in Germany. The family business with the highest turnover in Baden-Württemberg is the retail multinational Schwarz Group , followed by Robert Bosch GmbH and the Merckle group of companies .

    Sticker of an advertising campaign by the state of Baden-Württemberg

    From 1999 the state government began advertising with the motto “ We can do everything. Except standard German. “For Baden-Württemberg as a business location and living environment. The aim of the campaign, which the state government considered extremely successful, was to make the economic performance of the country better known and to associate it with its cultural, scenic and gastronomic advantages. The motto was invented by the advertising agency Scholz & Friends and initially offered to the Free State of Saxony , which, however, refused to use it. The state government has been advertising with the name The Länd since 2021 . This campaign was developed by Jung von Matt together with the agency Milla und Partner.

    Most important locations of employment subject to social insurance
    workplace social insurance
    Employees
    June 30, 2019
    Change
    in percent
    since 30 June 2015
    Commuter balance
    June 30, 2019
    Job density 1 2
    Stuttgart 426.014 +9.36 +160,614 970
    Mannheim 191,615 +6.31 +62,408 898
    Karlsruhe 178,857 +4.70 +54,542 826
    Freiburg in Breisgau 129,151 +10.41 +44.256 799
    Ulm 95,855 +7.26 +42,012 1,114
    Heidelberg 91,782 +5.48 +37,462 799
    Heilbronn 71,840 +6.93 +17,292 860
    Sindelfingen 64,946 +8.71 +37,795 1,545
    Pforzheim 59.006 +5.18 +7,504 723
    Reutlingen 56,529 +5.08 +9,083 746
    Ludwigsburg 54,770 +8.52 +14,760 880
    Esslingen 48,853 +4.97 +9,254 783
    Tubingen 48,170 +11.48 +15,165 728
    Offenburg 42,313 +8.76 +17,169 1,089
    Villingen-Schwenningen 42,299 +8.5 +6,776 773
    Friedrichshafen 37,355 +6.63 +10,312 950
    Bask 34,877 +3.70 +7,015 779
    Boeblingen 32,929 +5.75 +10,399 1,026
    1Jobs subject to social security contributions per 1000 people of working age from 15 to under 65 years of age; Figures as of December 31, 2019 based on the update of the population according to the Population Statistics Act based on the 2011 census.
    2 Own calculation
    Development of the unemployment rate
    year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
    Unemployment rate in% 5.4 4.9 5.4 6.2 6.2 7.0 6.3 4.9 4.1 5.1 4.9 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.2 3.2 4.1

    Agriculture

    Viticulture on the edge of the Black Forest

    The country has very different natural conditions for agriculture (see section Geography ). In the balance sheet, the lower valley and basin areas of the state such as the Upper Rhine lowlands and Neckar valley or the Lake Constance area are particularly favorable areas for agriculture. In addition to arable farming, there are also intensive crops such as B. Fruit growing and viticulture with the wine-growing regions of Baden and Württemberg . Most of the country has medium altitudes, which are favorable for grain cultivation, which occurs in various combinations with grassland farming and forage cultivation . Unfavorable growth climates can be found in the high altitude areas of the Black Forest and the Swabian Alb as well as in the Baar, where fodder farming and livestock farming predominate on grassland or forestry . The organic farming has increased in 2018 (14% of agricultural land) in 9290 enterprises (11% of holdings) and 197,751 hectares of organically farmed land.

    The general structural change in agriculture, its operational concentration and the intensification of production, is taking place in Baden-Württemberg with some delay and ultimately at the same speed due to its smaller-scale agriculture. Indicators are e.g. B.

    • the decline in the number of farms: in 1971 there were still 215,430 farms, in 2007 there were only 57,049;
    • the growth of the average farm size: in 1949 it was 4.9 hectares, in 2005 it was 23.9 hectares (the lowest number in the federal average among the large states);
    • the reversal of the ratio of full-time to part-time businesses: in 1949 there were 251,000 full-time and 141,000 part-time businesses, in 2005 there were 19,900 full-time businesses and 35,400 part-time businesses;
    • The decline in the number of people employed in agriculture: their absolute number increased in Baden-Württemberg until 1925 and then fell slowly at first, then rapidly from the 1950s onwards; in 2005 there were around 100,000 people in employment, which corresponds to two percent of all those in employment.

    Manufacturing

    Industry and commerce employed a good 1.2 million people in 8,600 companies in 2005, which is 38.3% of the employees subject to social security contributions. This makes Baden-Württemberg the German state with the highest share of industrial employees and the highest industrial share in the gross domestic product. The high level of international competitiveness of the country's industrial sectors is significantly boosted by the high level of research performed by companies (economic share of research and development: 3.4% of gross domestic product).

    The three most important industries according to the number of employees are

    In the Black Forest precision engineering in particular, the watch industry and, later, the consumer electronics (used to be very significant, Junghans , Kienzle , SABA , dual ).

    In the Swabian Alb , the textile industry (with Hugo Boss , Trigema and Steiff ) was and is mainly of importance.

    The Upper Rhine mineral oil refinery in Karlsruhe is the second largest mineral oil refinery in Germany.

    The largest European software company SAP is based in Walldorf . The well-known programs VirtualBox , TeamSpeak and TeamViewer come from Baden-Württemberg . With Lexware another software developer in Baden-Wuerttemberg is home and known primarily for commercial software solutions.

    energy

    In Baden-Württemberg there is still one nuclear power plant , the Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant , in which a unit with a total gross output of 1400 MW is in operation. The Obrigheim nuclear power plant was shut down in 2005, the Philippsburg nuclear power plant in 2019. In 2011, the oldest units in each of the Neckarwestheim and Philippsburg nuclear power plants were shut down.

    The country's rivers have numerous run-of-river power plants . The Iffezheim Rhine power station was built in the mid-1970s . It was expanded in 2013 and has since been the largest of its kind in Germany with 148 MW.

    As of the end of 2015, 515 wind turbines with a total output of 880 MW were installed in Baden-Württemberg , of which 186 MW were installed in the first half of 2016. The number of systems increased to 720 by 2018, the output to 1534 MW. However, Baden-Württemberg continues to have the lowest installed wind energy capacity of all German territorial states with the exception of Saarland. As of August 2020, the Harthäuser Wald wind farm with 18 turbines and 54.9 MW is the largest and most powerful wind farm in the country .

    media

    In Baden-Württemberg almost 50 newspaper publishers produce more than 220 different daily newspapers with a circulation of more than two million copies. In the newspaper area there are 17 regional newspapers. The highest circulation (at least 80,000 copies) are the Südwest Presse , the Stuttgarter Nachrichten , the Schwäbische Zeitung , the Mannheimer Morgen , the Badische Zeitung , the Badische Neuesten Nachrichten , the Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung , the Heilbronner Voice and the Stuttgarter Zeitung . Most local newspapers get the cover from a regional newspaper .

    Over 500 publishers in Baden-Württemberg produce over 10,000 new publications annually. Many traditional companies such as Ernst Klett Verlag , the Georg von Holtzbrinck publishing group or the Hüthig Jehle Rehm publishing group have their headquarters in the country. Furthermore, the headquarters of Hubert Burda Media , one of the largest publishing and media groups in Germany, which is also important on the international market, is located in Offenburg .

    The most important academic libraries in Baden-Württemberg are the Württemberg State Library and the Baden State Library . Around 16 million items of media are kept available in the state's 800 public libraries, which are run by local authorities. In addition, there are several hundred church-sponsored libraries.

    Public broadcasting is operated by Südwestrundfunk , which also maintains ensembles that are among the leading in Europe: the SWR Symphony Orchestra , the SWR Vokalensemble Stuttgart and the SWR Big Band Stuttgart.

    In private radio there are 13 local broadcasters, three regional broadcasters ( Radio Regenbogen , Antenne 1 , Radio 7 ) and one national broadcaster primarily for young people ( bigFM ). Twelve non-commercial private radio broadcasters, such as Bermuda radio , transverse radio or radioactive , and five learning radios complete the offer.

    The broadcasters BWeins, HD Campus TV and Baden TV offer a private national TV program. In addition, there are 14 regional TV stations, such as Rhein-Neckar Fernsehen , Regio TV Schwaben or RTF.1 Neckar-Alb. Eight private nationwide organizers broadcast from Baden-Württemberg.

    tourism

    Farm in the southern Black Forest

    Every year around 49 million overnight stays are counted in the Baden-Württemberg tourism industry. The medium-sized tourism industry contributes around five percent to the gross domestic product. Tourism offers around 200,000 jobs and 8,000 training positions. Since the workplaces are tied to a specific location, they are considered to be relatively safe.

    The Black Forest is the most important recreational region in Baden-Württemberg and the most popular holiday destination among the German low mountain ranges. It is particularly known for its romantic valleys, gorges, mills and typical farms, as well as being the place of origin of the cuckoo clock . It is also a popular hiking area because of its good network of long-distance hiking trails such as the Westweg . Winter sports have a long tradition around the Feldberg (1493 m), the highest mountain in the Black Forest, as well as in many other places in the Black Forest .

    The Lake Constance with the Alps in the background is also a lively destination and recreation destination for city dwellers; Here you can find evidence of different eras in the Unteruhldingen pile dwellings and the Reichenau monastery island, which is a UNESCO World Heritage site . At the lake, the flower island of Mainau and the old towns of Konstanz and Meersburg have the highest numbers of visitors. Not far from the region around Lake Constance are the Danube Valley and Upper Swabia with the old small towns of Biberach an der Riss and Ravensburg, which were dominated by imperial cities . The Upper Swabian Baroque Route leads through this Baroque center north of the Alps.

    The Württemberg Allgäu attracts with its landscape and many hiking opportunities, as well as the Swabian-Franconian Forest Nature Park further north . The Swabian Alb is known for its small romantic cities (z. B. Bad Urach ) that heathlands, the vast forests, caves, castles and palaces known ( Hohenzollern Castle , Lichtenstein Castle , Sigmaringen Castle ). Baden-Württemberg has around 60 spas and health resorts , especially in the Black Forest and Upper Swabia.

    The spa town of Baden-Baden with its famous casino, the old university towns of Heidelberg ( Heidelberg Castle and Old Town), Freiburg im Breisgau ( Münster and " Bächle " in the old town) and Tübingen (on the edge of the idyllic Schönbuch forest , also known for its punt on the Neckar ), the old imperial cities of Esslingen am Neckar , Reutlingen and Ulm and the centrally located state capital Stuttgart with the zoological-botanical garden Wilhelma , the state gallery and the automobile museums ( Mercedes-Benz , Porsche ). In addition to the Wilhelma, there are other botanical gardens in Freiburg , Heidelberg , Hohenheim , Karlsruhe , Konstanz, Tübingen , and in Ulm , the city with the highest church tower in the world.

    The Europa-Park in the southern Baden Rust is Germany's largest theme park with over five million visitors a year. The Tripsdrill adventure park near Cleebronn , the first amusement park in Germany, is also very well known.

    The Baden and Swabian gastronomy as well as the Baden and Württemberg wines are also popular . In the Black Forest town of Baiersbronn there are two restaurants, the Schwarzwaldstube and the Restaurant Bareiss , which have been awarded three stars by the Michelin Guide . There are a total of 74 starred restaurants in Baden-Württemberg.

    traffic

    The Kochertalbrücke in Hohenlohe is Germany's highest valley bridge.
    Project Stuttgart 21
    Map of the airports and landing fields in Baden-Württemberg

    Road traffic

    The most important motorways in the south-north direction are the A 5 (from Basel via Karlsruhe to Weinheim and on towards Frankfurt am Main ) and the A 81 (from Singen am Hohentwiel via Stuttgart to Würzburg). Further to the east, the A 7 , which only runs through Baden-Württemberg over a short section between Ulm and Ellwangen, represents another south-north connection.

    In the west-east direction, the A 6 (coming from Saarbrücken via Mannheim and Heilbronn to Crailsheim and further towards Nuremberg) and the A 8 (from Karlsruhe via Stuttgart to Ulm and further towards Munich) are the most important. A particular road construction challenge was and is the Alb ascent , which overcomes an altitude difference of around 380 m over a length of 16 km from the Alb foreland to the Alb plateau.

    Both west-east motorways are largely located in the northern half of the country, while the mountainous south half lacks a continuous west-east motorway. The traffic in these directions is taken up here by federal highways, such as. B. through the B 31 , which runs through the southern Black Forest and along the northern shore of Lake Constance and connects the motorways 5 , 81 and 96 with each other. The latter opens up the extreme southeast of the country. Only on the edge of the High Rhine is currently a new motorway, the A 98 , which is already being built in some sections.

    The motorways around the major cities of Baden-Württemberg in particular are subject to very heavy traffic, especially during rush hour. Traffic jams of over 25 kilometers in length are not uncommon, even outside of vacation times.

    The most frequented intersection in Baden-Württemberg is the Stuttgart-Degerloch junction, known as the Echterdinger Ei , which forms the intersection of the A 8 with the B 27 , which is similar to the motorway . It is located a few kilometers east of the Stuttgart motorway junction and is used by 170,000 to 180,000 vehicles every day.

    The length of the motorways in the country is 1039 km, the length of the federal highways 4410 kilometers. The state roads are 9893 kilometers long, the district roads 12,074 kilometers. (As of 2007)

    Rail transport

    The rail network of DB Netz AG in the country covers 3400 kilometers of track , on which 6400 kilometers of tracks are laid and 9500 points are installed. There are around 1400 level crossings . 6500 train journeys take place on this network every day, covering 310,000 kilometers.

    Other routes are operated by other railway infrastructure companies; the most important are the Württembergische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft , the Hohenzollerische Landesbahn , the Südwestdeutsche Landesverkehrs-AG (SWEG) and the Karlsruhe Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft . The Baden-Württemberg local transport company orders local rail passenger transport in Baden-Württemberg on behalf of the state . The Karlsruhe model as an innovation technologically combines the railway and tram systems and is being imitated in many places around the world.

    The state of Baden-Württemberg is funding the implementation of railway projects, which would actually be a federal responsibility , over several years with a total of around 2.4 billion euros, more than all the states combined (as of 2017). The funded projects include Stuttgart 21 , the new Wendlingen – Ulm line , the upgraded and new Karlsruhe – Basel line and the southern line .

    shipping

    The Rhine has the status of federal waterways as far as Basel and the Neckar as far as Plochingen . At the confluence in Mannheim lies the port of Mannheim , one of the most important inland ports in Europe. Other large ports are the Rhine ports of Karlsruhe with the largest inland oil port in Europe, the port of Heilbronn and the port in Kehl . Passenger ships are also used for excursions and leisure trips on the rivers. The car ferries, passenger ships and excursion boats of the White Fleet operate on Lake Constance .

    air traffic

    Baden-Württemberg has four commercial airports. Stuttgart International Airport is the sixth largest in Germany. The airport Karlsruhe / Baden-Baden in Rastatt experienced an upswing by the offers of low cost airlines and is the second largest in the state. Another regional airport is located in Friedrichshafen . The regions of Upper Rhine and Upper Rhine-Lake Constance also benefit from the border Airports Basel-Mulhouse , Strasbourg Airport and Zurich Airport . The Black Forest Airport near Lahr is a cargo airport; in passenger air transport, he also has the license as a feeder airport for the Europapark Rust . With the Mannheim has airport Mannheim City a major commercial airport .

    Culture

    World cultural heritage Maulbronn Monastery

    With the monastery island Reichenau in Lake Constance, the Cistercian abbey Maulbronn monastery and the caves of the oldest Ice Age art , three sites of the UNESCO World Heritage are located entirely in Baden-Württemberg. The country also has a share in the prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps and in the Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes , which are also part of the world cultural heritage. Two houses in the Weißenhofsiedlung in Stuttgart were added to the World Heritage List in 2016 as part of the architectural work of Le Corbusier .

    Edition C of the Nibelungenlied is kept in the Badische Landesbibliothek in Karlsruhe . The three complete manuscripts from the 13th century were jointly named UNESCO World Document Heritage in July 2009 .

    The Barbarastollen is a disused supply tunnel near Oberried near Freiburg im Breisgau. As the only object in Germany, the Barbarastollen is subject to special protection according to the rules of the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict . Since 1975 it has served as the central recovery location of the Federal Republic of Germany for the storage of photographically archived documents of great national or cultural historical importance. In Europe it is the largest archive for long-term archiving . Since 1978, the recovery site has also been entered in the International Register of Objects under Special Protection at UNESCO in Paris .

    The city of Mannheim has been a UNESCO City of Music since 2014 .

    In the south and along the Rhine is the Swabian-Alemannic carnival celebrated. The Cannstatter Volksfest is called the second largest festival in the world after the Munich Oktoberfest. The Baden-Württemberg Home Days have been held in the state since 1978 .

    Religions and worldviews

    The Ulm Minster with the highest church tower in the world

    In the Electoral Palatinate , the population belonging to a religious community is predominantly Protestant . Most of the other areas, especially southern and northern Baden and Upper Swabia, are predominantly Roman Catholic .

    Denomination statistics

    While in 2001 74% belonged to one of the two major denominations , in 2019 it was only 60%. As everywhere in Germany, there is a growing number of people who do not feel they belong to any or any other religion (e.g. Islam).

    The following membership figures of the religious communities were published for Baden-Württemberg:

    Distribution of denominations / religions in the state of Baden-Württemberg
    Denomination / religion year proportion of number
    Roman Catholic 2019 32.2 3,571,708
    evangelical 2019 27.7 3,073,167
    Muslim 2018 07.4 000.819,000
    Christian Orthodox 2011 02.0 0.222,890
    New Apostolic 2017 00.8 0.083,000
    methodist 2019 00.3 0.031,000
    Jehovah's Witnesses 2017 00.3 0.029,433
    Buddhist 2012 00.2 0.025,000
    Hindu 2012 00.1 0.015,000
    Baptist 2019 00.1 0.009,941
    Jewish 2019 00.1 0.007,918
    Non-denominational and other denominations 2019 28.9 3,212,000[00]

    Irrespective of the church tax, Baden-Württemberg pays over 130 million euros annually in state benefits to the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches.

    See also: Archdiocese of Freiburg , Diocese of Mainz and Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart , Evangelical Church in Baden and Württemberg , New Apostolic Church in Southern Germany , Old Catholic Church in Germany #Distribution by federal states

    Languages ​​and dialects

    Official and common language is German . Numerous other languages and dialects are spoken by those who come from other language or dialect regions or have a corresponding migration background .

    The traditional distribution area of ​​West Upper German (= Alemannic) dialect features in the 19th and 20th centuries, in which Baden-Württemberg has a significant share

    Linguists group the traditional dialects into Upper and Central German dialects:

    Between the dialect rooms there are transition areas that cannot be clearly assigned to any of the rooms. There are mainly southern Franconian-Swabian (including around Calw , around Pforzheim , Strohgäu , Zabergäu ), southern Franconian-Lower Alemannic (around Baden-Baden and Rastatt ) and Swabian-Lower Alemannic ( Upper Swabia ) transition areas. The blurring of the Germanic dialect structure is particularly evident in these areas . More recent developments are the penetration of Swabian dialect features into Heilbronn and Schwäbisch Hall .

    The country is also associated with (mainly Swabian) dialect speakers outside of the national border. The state government under Erwin Teufel took up this in 1999 by using the advertising slogan “ We can do everything. Except standard German. “Coined. Well-known dialect artists are z. B. the poets and writers Thaddäus Troll and Harald Hurst , the folk actor and comedian Willy Reichert , the actor Walter Schultheiß and the cabaret artist Christoph Sonntag . There are television programs in dialect such as B. Hannes and the mayor . The movie and the television series The Church Remains in the Village were also filmed in dialect. Writing the dialect into writing, as in Luxembourg, is out of the question.

    Sports

    The umbrella organizations for sport in Baden-Württemberg are the three state sports federations Württembergischer Landessportbund (WLSB), Badischer Sportbund Freiburg (BSB) and Badischer Sportbund Nord (BSB Nord). The superordinate association is the State Sports Association of Baden-Württemberg (LSV), which is also a member of the German Olympic Sports Confederation .

    Football

    The Mercedes-Benz Arena in Stuttgart

    Stuttgart was the venue for the soccer world championships in 1974 and 2006 . In the football league play with the five-time German champion and three-times Cup winners VfB Stuttgart , the SC Freiburg and TSG 1899 Hoffenheim three clubs from Baden-Wuerttemberg. 1. FC Heidenheim , Karlsruher SC and SV Sandhausen play in the 2nd Bundesliga . In the 3rd League is SV Waldhof Mannheim and the second team of SC Freiburg active. The former Bundesliga club SSV Ulm 1846 and Stuttgarter Kickers are currently playing in the Regionalliga Südwest and Oberliga Baden-Württemberg . The former German champions Freiburg FC (1907), FC Phönix Karlsruhe (1909), Karlsruher FV (1910) and VfR Mannheim (1949) also come from what is now Baden-Württemberg . SC Freiburg, SC Sand and TSG 1899 Hoffenheim play in the women's Bundesliga . Former Bundesliga clubs are: VfL Sindelfingen , TSV Crailsheim , SC Klinge Seckach , TSV Ludwigsburg , TuS Binzen and VfL Ulm / Neu-Ulm .

    Baden-Württemberg football is organized by three regional state associations: Badischer Fußballverband (BFV), Südbadischer Fußball-Verband (SBFV) and Württembergischer Fußball-Verband (WFV).

    Handball

    Frisch Auf Göppingen won the European Champion Clubs' Cup in 1960 and 1962 , the German championship nine times between 1954 and 1972 and the EHF Cup four times in the 2010s . The Rhein-Neckar Löwen became German champions in 2016 and 2017 and cup winners in 2018 . In the German Handball League Men also play the TVB 1898 Stuttgart and HBW Balingen-Weilstetten . In the women's Bundesliga are with the SG BBM Bietigheim (German champion in 2017 and 2019 , runner-up in 2018 and 2020 ), the TuS Metzingen (runner-up in 2016 ) and the Sports Union Neckarsulm represent three teams.

    basketball

    The Basketball Bundesliga is home to the MHP Riesen Ludwigsburg , Ratiopharm Ulm , Crailsheim Merlins and MLP Academics Heidelberg . In the ProA (second basketball league) the Kirchheim Knights , the PS Karlsruhe Lions , the Wiha Panthers Schwenningen and the Ehingen Urspring team play .

    volleyball

    The VfB Friedrichshafen in 2007 won the CEV Champions League and was 13 times German champion and 16-time cup winner . The Allianz MTV Stuttgart team was German champion in 2019 and runner-up from 2015 to 2018 and 2021. They also won the DVV Cup in 2011 , 2015 and 2017 . CJD Feuerbach won the German women's championship from 1989 to 1991 and was cup winner four times.

    ice Hockey

    The eight-time German champions Adler Mannheim , Schwenninger Wild Wings and Bietigheim Steelers play in the German Ice Hockey League . The Ravensburg Towerstars , the Heilbronner Falken and the EHC Freiburg are represented in the DEL2 .

    Winter sports

    Ski jumping world cup on the Hochfirstschanze in Titisee-Neustadt

    International ski jumping competitions are held on the Hochfirstschanze in Titisee-Neustadt and in the Adler ski stadium in Hinterzarten . A traditional Nordic combined event is the Black Forest Cup in Schonach . Olympic and world champions in Nordic disciplines such as Georg Thoma , Dieter Thoma and Martin Schmitt come from the Black Forest . Alpine ski competitions take place in the Feldberg area near Todtnau -Fahl, in the home of the oldest German ski club, the Skiclub Todtnau 1891 e. V.

    tennis

    Two internationally important tennis tournaments are taking place in Stuttgart: The men's MercedesCup on the TC Weissenhof facility is part of the ATP Tour 250 . The women's Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in the Porsche Arena is part of the WTA Tour .

    The men's team of TK Grün-Weiss Mannheim plays in the 1st Bundesliga. The women's team of the TEC Waldau Stuttgart won the Bundesliga in 2005 , that of the TC Weissenhof won the German team four times between 1975 and 1989. The TC Rüppurr from Karlsruhe belonged to the 1st men's and currently the 1st women's Bundesliga for a long time.

    The former world number one Steffi Graf and Boris Becker come from the northern part of Baden .

    athletics

    Stuttgart was the venue for the European Athletics Championships in 1986 and World Championships in 1993 . The World Athletics Finals took place here from 2006 to 2008 . Then the Mercedes-Benz Arena was converted into a pure football stadium. The International High Jump Meeting Eberstadt was held annually from 1979 to 2018.

    Motorsport

    Motor racing at the Hockenheimring

    The Hockenheimring is one of the most important motorsport racetracks in Germany. Until 2019 it was one of the venues for the German Grand Prix in Formula 1 and is the venue for the opening race and the DTM final .

    Motocross World Championship races took place in Holzgerlingen , Gaildorf and Reutlingen . World Cup races with sidecars are held in Rudersberg . In Berghaupten and Hertingen there were runs for the long-track world and European championships.

    Other sports

    The most successful hockey club is the HTC Stuttgarter Kickers , which won the German championship in 2005 and the European Cup in 2006. The Mannheimer HC currently plays for both women and men in the field hockey Bundesliga, and TSV Mannheim also plays for women. In the German Water Polo League of are SSV Esslingen and the SV Ludwigsburg 08 represented; the Cannstatt in 2006 German champions. The women of TSG Backnang 1920 heavy athletics became German judo team champions in 1917 and 1918 . In the men's category, KSV Esslingen has come second six times since 2011.

    The German record champions Mannheim Tornados , the four-time German champions Heidenheim Heideköpfe , the Stuttgart Reds and the Ulm Falcons play in the baseball Bundesliga Süd . In American football , the Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns won the German Bowl in 2011, 2012, 2017 and 2018 . The Stuttgart Scorpions also play in the German Football League . Along with Hanover, Heidelberg is the center of rugby in Germany. The local clubs Heidelberger RK , RG Heidelberg and SC Neuenheim won a total of 18 German championships in the Bundesliga . In chess, OSG Baden-Baden won the German championship twelve times from 2006 to 2015 as well as in 2017 and 2018. In the Bundesliga , Baden-Württemberg is also represented by SV 1930 Hockenheim , SF Deizisau and SK Schwäbisch Hall . Horse races have been held on the Iffezheim racing course near Baden-Baden since 1858 .

    education

    schools

    In Baden, the forerunner of the modern school system was developed with the Mannheim school system . Today in Baden-Württemberg, after the four-year elementary school, there is a multi-part school system with secondary school and technical secondary school , secondary school , grammar school and community school . Pupils with and without disabilities are brought up and taught together ( including pedagogy ). Special educational advice, support and education takes place in general schools, provided that pupils who are entitled to a corresponding educational offer do not attend a special education and advice center. In the whole of Baden-Württemberg there are only three integrated comprehensive schools in Freiburg, Heidelberg and Mannheim, which, as schools of a special kind , have received a special permit in the Baden-Württemberg School Act . Furthermore, Baden-Württemberg is the only federal state to have the special form of the “six-year commercial high school”, which is the only vocational high school in Germany that begins with the grammar school intermediate level. The visit lasts from grade 8 and ends in grade 13 with the general university entrance qualification. After the change of government in 2011, the state government introduced the community school as a new type of school in Baden-Württemberg , which mostly consisted of former Hauptschulen (or Werkrealschulen), but occasionally also from Realschulen. In the 2013/14 school year there were 129 community schools in the state, and a further 81 will follow in 2014.

    Universities

    Baden-Württemberg pursues a decentralized education, university and research infrastructure. The universities are spread all over the country. Overall, over a quarter of all university locations are in rural areas.

    In Baden-Wuerttemberg there are nine state universities, six teaching colleges (equivalent universities) as well as the private Zeppelin University and 73 state and private universities.

    The universities in Baden-Württemberg are among the most renowned in Germany. In a university ranking by Focus magazine (2005), six universities in Baden-Württemberg were ranked among the top ten. The oldest university in Germany is located in Heidelberg ; there are also universities in Freiburg , Konstanz , Mannheim , Stuttgart , Tübingen , Stuttgart-Hohenheim , Ulm , the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in succession to the University of Karlsruhe and the private Zeppelin University in Friedrichshafen. In 2006, the former University of Karlsruhe was selected as one of three universities with "future concepts" to be funded nationwide in the Excellence Initiative of the federal and state governments. In the second round of the Excellence Initiative, the universities of Heidelberg, Konstanz and Freiburg followed as universities to be funded, so that at times four out of a total of nine of the German universities funded by the Excellence Initiative in all three funding lines were located in Baden-Württemberg. In the course of the third round of the Excellence Initiative in 2012, the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and the University of Freiburg lost this status, while the University of Tübingen received this award for the first time. In 2019, four universities in Baden-Württemberg were able to achieve the title of " University of Excellence" (which was awarded a total of eleven times) as part of the excellence strategy of the federal and state governments, which is significantly more than in any other federal state. The universities that have been awarded are the University of Heidelberg, the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, the University of Konstanz and the University of Tübingen. Two more - the universities in Freiburg and Stuttgart - also reached the finals of the Excellence Strategy.

    The state universities of applied sciences in Baden-Württemberg have had the title of university since 2006 . In addition to a large number of other universities, such as colleges of art and music or universities of teacher education , the tertiary education sector is supplemented by the Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University . The Popakademie Baden-Württemberg is unique in Germany . The renowned Baden-Württemberg Film Academy is located in Ludwigsburg .

    See also

    Portal: Baden-Württemberg  - Overview of Wikipedia content on the topic of Baden-Württemberg

    literature

    • The state of Baden-Württemberg. Official description by districts and municipalities. Edited by the Baden-Württemberg State Archives Directorate. 8 volumes. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1974–1983
    • Christoph Borcherdt (Ed.): Geographical regional studies of Baden-Württemberg. (= Writings on political regional studies of Baden-Württemberg . Volume 8). 3. Edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-17-008150-0 .
    • Otto Borst : History of Baden-Württemberg. A reading book. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1730-0 .
    • Hans Gebhardt (Ed.): Geography of Baden-Württemberg. Space, development, regions. (= Writings on political regional studies of Baden-Württemberg . Volume 36). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-17-019427-4 .
    • Erwin Keefer / Württemberg State Museum Stuttgart: Stone Age. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8062-1106-X .
    • Siegfried Kullen: Baden-Württemberg. 3. Edition. Klett, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-12-928805-8 .
    • Reinhold Weber, Iris Houses: Baden-Württemberg. A small political study of the country. 6th edition. State Center for Political Education Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2008
    • Reinhold Weber, Hans-Georg Wehling : History of Baden-Württemberg. (= Beck series . 2601). Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-55874-0 .
    • Reinhold Weber, Hans-Georg Wehling (Ed.): Baden-Württemberg. Society, history, politics. (= Writings on political regional studies of Baden-Württemberg . Volume 34). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-17-018837-2 .
    • Literature about Baden-Württemberg in the catalog of the German National Library
    • State Bibliography Baden-Württemberg (from 1983)
    • Hermann Bausinger: The country's bitter charm. Thoughts on Baden-Württemberg. 4th edition. Klöpfer & Meyer, Tübingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-940086-98-3 .

    Web links

    Further content in the
    sister projects of Wikipedia:

    Commons-logo.svg Commons - Media content (category)
    Wiktfavicon en.svg Wiktionary - Dictionary entries
    Wikinews-logo.svg Wikinews - News
    Wikisource-logo.svg Wikisource - Sources and full texts
    Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Wikivoyage - Travel Guide
    Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata - knowledge database

    Individual evidence

    1. Baden-Württemberg State Statistical Office - Population by nationality and gender on December 31, 2020 (CSV file) ( help on this ).
    2. Statistics informs ... No. 58/2018. (PDF) Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, March 28, 2018, accessed on June 19, 2018 .
    3. Source: Ministry of Finance Baden-Württemberg
    4. Source: Baden-Württemberg State Statistical Office. Number including debts of municipal owned enterprises.
    5. Unemployment rates in November 2021 - countries and districts. In: statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. Statistics from the Federal Employment Agency, accessed on November 30, 2021 .
    6. Export quota in Germany by federal state. Retrieved October 28, 2019 .
    7. Unemployment rate in Germany by federal state (as of May 2021). In: statista. Statista Research Department, September 1, 2020, accessed September 19, 2020 .
    8. Gross domestic product per inhabitant by federal state 2020. Accessed on October 28, 2019 .
    9. Number of patent applications per 100,000 inhabitants in Germany by federal state in 2020. Accessed on October 29, 2019 .
    10. R&D expenditure in a national comparison. Retrieved October 29, 2019 .
    11. Life expectancy in Germany by federal state and gender in 2017/2019. Retrieved June 25, 2020 .
    12. City of Mannheim: Protected area descriptions (PDF; 4.0 MB), accessed on May 8, 2016.
    13. ^ Siegfried Kullen: Baden-Württemberg. 3. Edition. Klett-Verlag, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-12-928805-8 .
    14. For this paragraph: Borcherdt 1993, Kullen 1989.
    15. C. Schölzel, A. Hense: Probabilistic assessment of regional climate change in Southwest Germany by ensemble dressing. In: Climate Dynamics . Volume 36, No. 9, 2011, pp. 2003-2014, doi: 10.1007 / s00382-010-0815-1
    16. Data archive of the German Weather Service. Online at Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development, German Weather Service
    17. State Institute for the Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg : Publications: Climate . Retrieved January 2, 2013.
    18. ^ Ministry for the Environment, Climate and Energy Baden-Württemberg , State Institute for Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg: Climate Change in Baden-Württemberg - Facts, Consequences, Perspectives . 2nd updated edition, March 2012, ISBN 978-3-88251-368-4 . Retrieved January 1, 2014.
    19. a b c Hans Gebhardt (Ed.): Geographie Baden-Württemberg (2008), p. 58.
    20. Hans Gebhardt (Ed.): Geography of Baden-Württemberg (2008), p. 61.
    21. Hans Gebhardt (Ed.): Geographie Baden-Württemberg (2008), p. 123.
    22. Detailed land use since 2013 according to the type of use key. Baden-Württemberg State Statistical Office, accessed on June 3, 2019.
    23. State Development Plan 2002 Baden-Württemberg (PDF; 8.1 MB), accessed on April 21, 2016.
    24. Map according to spatial categories in the State Development Plan 2002 Baden-Württemberg , accessed on April 21, 2016.
    25. conurbations. ( Memento from April 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) In: State Center for Civic Education Baden-Württemberg: Landeskunde Baden Württemberg. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
    26. State Development Plan 2002 Baden-Württemberg , pp. A9 f. (PDF; 8.1 MB), accessed on April 21, 2016.
    27. ↑ For a complete overview of the Stone Age in Baden-Württemberg, see Keefer.
    28. Basic Law in the version of May 23, 1949
    29. ^ Judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court of October 23, 1951
    30. lpb-bw.de> Political Topics> History Dossiers State Center for Political Education
    31. Judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court of May 30, 1956
    32. Formation of the Southwest State
    33. 2011 census database, Baden-Württemberg, age + gender
    34. Baden-Württemberg State Statistical Office, population development in Baden-Württemberg since 1950 ( Memento from May 21, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
    35. State Statistical Office of Baden-Württemberg, press release from February 22, 2010 ( Memento from July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
    36. Internet presence of the study "Guide to Commune"
    37. Source: Bertelsmann Foundation
    38. Peter Koblank: Staufer coat of arms. The coat of arms of Baden-Württemberg with the three lions goes back to the Hohenstaufen. on stauferstelen.net. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
    39. ^ Baden-Württemberg.de: State coat of arms
    40. ^ Ministry of State, Oberamtsratsin Ulrike Wocher: Law Gazette for Baden-Württemberg . Issued in Stuttgart, Friday, November 13th, 2020. Ed .: State Ministry of Baden-Württemberg. No. 40 , November 13, 2020, ISSN  0174-478X , p. 971–973 ( landtag-bw.de [PDF; accessed on November 27, 2020]).
    41. ^ BW local elections: cities and municipalities . Online at www.kommunalwahl-bw.de. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
    42. State Statistical Office of Baden-Württemberg: Final result of the state elections on March 13, 2016, State of Baden-Württemberg
    43. ^ Coalition agreement between Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen Baden-Württemberg and the CDU Baden-Württemberg , accessed on February 9, 2017.
    44. Governor of the Japanese province of Kanagawa visits Baden-Württemberg on the occasion of 20 years of partnership ( Memento from July 31, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
    45. Baden-Württemberg is the region in the EU with the highest innovation index , last accessed in December 2012, (PDF; 291 kB)
    46. Research and development in Baden-Württemberg: a success story , last accessed on December 8, 2007, (PDF; 82 kB)
    47. a b c Statistical Yearbook 2007 for the Federal Republic of Germany , last accessed on December 8, 2007, (PDF)
    48. Gross domestic product of Baden-Württemberg since 1970 statista.com, accessed on January 9, 2018.
    49. Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices according to NUTS 3 regions. Eurostat , February 26, 2016, accessed on December 2, 2016 .
    50. Purchasing power of Germans increases by 2 percent in 2016. GfK , December 15, 2015, accessed on December 2, 2016 .
    51. Unemployment rates in November 2021 - countries and districts. In: statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. Statistics from the Federal Employment Agency, accessed on November 30, 2021 .
    52. ↑ Single issue search - statistics of the Federal Employment Agency. Labor market report - countries, districts, regional directorates and employment agencies (monthly figures). Federal Employment Agency Statistics, October 2020, accessed on November 27, 2020 .
    53. "For our cross-border commuters we need a regulation that is as open as possible" Baden-Württemberg.de, July 2, 2014, accessed on April 16, 2016.
    54. ^ Federal states according to the number of top 1,000 family businesses in the DDW ranking. The German economy, accessed on October 7, 2018.
    55. die-deutsche-wirtschaft.de
    56. The top 30 large family businesses in Baden-Württemberg. The German economy, accessed on October 7, 2018.
    57. Germany map : Germany, your slogans. In: zeit.de. November 27, 2008, accessed December 11, 2014 .
    58. Baden-Württemberg now wants to be "The Länd". In: sueddeutsche.de. October 29, 2021, accessed October 29, 2021 .
    59. Baden-Württemberg shows a new face. In: stuttgarter-zeitung.de , October 29, 2021.
    60. ↑ Single issue search - statistics of the Federal Employment Agency. Municipal data for employees subject to social security contributions by place of residence and work - Germany, states, districts and municipalities (annual figures). January 15, 2020, accessed November 10, 2020 .
    61. Population pyramids . Population by age and gender (absolute) 2019. State Statistical Office Baden-Württemberg , December 31, 2019, accessed on November 28, 2020 .
    62. Census database - results dynamic and individual. People by age (5 year groups) for Stuttgart, state capital (city district), Böblingen, city (district Böblingen) and other places. 2011 Census - Federal and State Statistical Offices, May 9, 2011, accessed on November 10, 2020 .
    63. Unemployed people, unemployment rate, registered jobs: federal states, years. Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) , GENESIS-Online , accessed on November 10, 2020 .
    64. Josef Koch: Organic farming grew the most in 2018 in Baden-Württemberg. In: agrarheute.com . April 12, 2019. Retrieved April 12, 2019 .
    65. Figures from Kullen 1989 and State Statistical Office
    66. Agriculture and forestry operations in the urban and rural districts of Baden-Württemberg in 2007 according to size classes of the agriculturally used area and the forest area . ( Memento of May 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 268 kB). In: Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg: Statistical reports Baden-Württemberg from December 20, 2007 - accessed on March 31, 2009.
    67. a b Julia Arndt: Structures of Baden-Württemberg Agriculture 2005 ( Memento from June 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 237 kB). In: Statistical monthly magazine Baden-Württemberg 3/2006. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
    68. ↑ In terms of both the number of employees and companies in the automotive industry, Baden-Württemberg ranks first in Germany: https://www.wiwo.de/technologie/blick-hinter-die-zahlen/blick-hinter-die-zahlen- 5-autoindustrie-und-jobs-where-in-germany-most-jobs-an-der-autobranche-haengen / 25533060.html
    69. Status of onshore wind energy expansion in Germany, as of June 30, 2016 ( memento of July 30, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). Website of the Deutsche Windguard. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
    70. Wind energy in Baden-Württemberg. In: energieatlas-bw.de , accessed on August 23, 2020.
    71. Expansion record: already 16 percent wind power . In: Renewable Energies. The magazine . July 30, 2016. Accessed July 31, 2016.
    72. Largest wind farm in Baden-Württemberg goes online . In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . November 1, 2015. Accessed July 31, 2016.
    73. ^ A b Mediendaten Südwest (Ed.): Basisdaten Medien Baden-Württemberg 2010. Stuttgart 2010, p. 5.
    74. On Libraries Day: Over 60 million borrowed media units in the country. Press release from the State Statistical Office of Baden-Württemberg from October 21, 2015.
    75. 591 church-sponsored libraries in 1996. State Statistical Office Baden-Württemberg (Hrsg.): Baden-Württemberg 2000. The new atlas for the entire state. Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-923292-96-1 , p. 194.
    76. »www.lfk.de« (PDF; 1.7 MB), radio list of the State Office for Communication Baden-Württemberg (as of August 17, 2010)
    77. »www.lfk.de« (PDF; 1.1 MB), TV list of the State Office for Communication Baden-Württemberg (as of June 28, 2010)
    78. More tourists than ever in the southwest , Badische Zeitung, February 12, 2015, accessed on February 12, 2015.
    79. ^ Hans Gebhardt: Tourist areas. In: Baden-Württemberg regional studies. State Center for Political Education, accessed on April 9, 2016.
    80. List of Michelin star restaurants 2009 ( Memento from March 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
    81. Michelin restaurants in Baden-Württemberg , Guide Michelin, accessed on November 13, 2015.
    82. Roland Muschel: Hermann is annoyed with Dobrindt . In: Swabian Post . January 23, 2017, p. 5 ( online ).
    83. Church membership figures as of December 31, 2019. Accessed June 29, 2020 .
    84. Church members in the federal states, 2001–2018. In: fowid.de , January 13, 2020.
    85. a b c d Population according to religious affiliation and church conditions. Statistical State Office of Baden-Württemberg , 2020, accessed on April 16, 2021 .
    86. How many Muslims live in Baden-Württemberg? In: Statistical Monthly Bulletin Baden-Württemberg 4/2020, accessed on April 14, 2021.
    87. Islam in Baden-Württemberg: The number of Muslims in the southwest has risen sharply. In: StN.de. September 24, 2018, accessed April 16, 2021 .
    88. ^ New Apostolic Church in Southern Germany. Retrieved April 16, 2021 .
    89. Methodist Church in Baden & Württemberg. ACK in Baden-Württemberg, 2019, accessed on April 16, 2021 .
    90. Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany. Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany, accessed April 16, 2021 .
    91. a b Number of followers of the religions and denominations in Baden-Württemberg. (PDF) State Parliament of Baden-Württemberg , December 14, 2012, accessed on April 16, 2021 .
    92. Summary of the regional associations: Baden-Württemberg. (PDF) Federation of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany, 2019, accessed on April 16, 2021 .
    93. ^ Matthias Bertsch, Christoph Fleischmann: State services to the churches - Difficult replacement. In: DLF culture. Deutschlandradio, May 3, 2020, accessed on May 3, 2020 .
    94. »www.mannheim.de«
    95. ^ State law BW SchG. Retrieved on December 26, 2016 : "School Act for Baden-Württemberg"
    96. § 3 Abs. 3 Schg
    97. § 15 Schg
    98. § 107 SchG
    99. Gemeinschaftsschule-bw.de
    100. State Statistical Office B.-W., Stuttgart 2010.
    101. Focus Uni Ranking 2005 ( Memento from July 15, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
    102. ^ Universities , Baden-Württemberg.de, accessed on April 16, 2016.
    103. Decisions in the Excellence Strategy: The Excellence Commission selects ten Excellence Universities and one Excellence Network. Retrieved August 28, 2019 .
    104. The excellent eleven. Retrieved August 28, 2019 .

    Coordinates: 48 ° 32 '  N , 9 ° 3'  E