Black Forest house

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The Vogtsbauernhof in the open-air museum of the same name
House of a small farmer in the Black Forest, 1898

The Black Forest House is a stable house that is found mainly in the central and southern Black Forest . Outwardly, it is characterized by the hipped or half- hipped roof , which is drawn far down on the sides and supported by the ridge column . The type of building is adapted to the special features of the Black Forest: hillside location, long paths, large amounts of snow and strong wind loads. Individual farms, such as the Hierahof near Lenzkirch-Saig , which are still managed today, are over 400 years old.

House types

Depending on the location of the individual courtyards, different house types have emerged that are adapted to different climatic conditions. Hermann Schilli , the initiator of the Black Forest Open Air Museum Vogtsbauernhof , distinguishes seven types of Black Forest house:

  1. The Heidenhaus , also called Höhenhaus , is probably the oldest form of the Black Forest farmhouse, which can be found mainly in the Upper Black Forest . In its older form, the living rooms face the slope. His name is explained as follows: “The farmers of the Upper Black Forest have kept their knowledge of individual medieval construction elements of the single-roof house alive to this day. It may be that for this reason they believe their house shape was invented by “pagans” and therefore refer to it as “pagan house”. Undoubtedly, the term should symbolize the archaic appearance of this type of house and its supposedly old age ... "
  2. The Heidenhaus in its newer form differs from the older form in that the floor plan has been rotated by 180 degrees, so that the living rooms are now facing the valley. The roof of both house forms is usually a complete hipped roof that is pulled down far, so not a hipped roof.
  3. The Zartener Haus is more likely to be found on flat valley floors. Its name is derived from the villages of Zarten and Kirchzarten in the Dreisamtal , southern Black Forest .
  4. The Schauinslandhaus , named after Freiburg's local mountain Schauinsland , can be found in the high regions of the southern Black Forest near the peaks. In contrast to the types mentioned so far, it stands broadside to the slope, from where the hay store is approached.
  5. The Hotzenhaus has to meet similar climatic conditions, as it is common in the climatically rough Hotzenwald . Here, too, the house is mostly broadside to the slope and has a roof that is pulled far down on all sides.
  6. The Gutacher Haus can be found on the eastern edge of the Black Forest. It is perhaps the most typical house shape associated with the Black Forest.
  7. The Kinzigtäler Haus is mainly located in the catchment area of ​​the rivers Acher , Rench , Kinzig and Schutter , i.e. in the central Black Forest. It is similar in its external form to the Gutacher Haus, but differs from it in its construction and in the floor plans.

construction

Schematic section through a Black Forest farm
Black Forest room with tiled stove, painting by Georg Saal , 1861
Watchmaker's workshop in a Black Forest house, after a watercolor by L. Sigwarth

The house combines living and working rooms as well as stables. The other floors made of wood sit on a basement, usually made of natural stone.

top, roof

The roof, which protrudes far and is drawn down low on the sides, shades the walls of the house in summer, but these can be warmed up by the sun, which is lower in winter. The roof rests on the first column and was depending on the situation with wooden shingles or straw covered, nowadays usually takes place a tile roof . In the high areas of the Black Forest, livestock and timber are predominant, which is why shingles are predominantly used there, while in the valley areas you will mainly find straw covering . The sloping roof surfaces of the half-hipped roof reduce the surface area for wind loads and improve their removal.

The attic, also known as the threshing floor , serves as a hay store and can be accessed via a ramp or a footbridge from the slope behind the house (high entrance). The often dormer-like entrance is called "Ifahrhüsli" in Alemannic. The hay can easily be thrown into the stables below through the so-called hay hole.

Living area

A centrally located tiled stove forms the center of the living area . It is also referred to as "Kunscht" in Alemannic. Heated from the kitchen, it also warms the living room and the bedrooms above. The supply of warm air to the areas above can be regulated via wooden sliding flaps. Often there is no chimney, but the smoke is drawn off via a chimney through a smokehouse , is used to smoke the meat supplies and then moves through the roof. This neutralizes the moisture in the stable and preserves the wood.

Economic area

The stables are located in the back of the house, and the animals help keep the house warm in winter. Sometimes the rooms for servants and maids were located above the stables .

basement, cellar

The cellar made of natural stone protects the building from ground moisture. It serves as a cool storage room for perishable food in winter as in summer.

Outbuildings

Depending on the local conditions and the size of the farm, there are some outbuildings in the vicinity of the actual farm building, such as the "Libding" ( Leibgedinge ), a small house for the old farmers who lived in after the farm was handed over. There is often a chapel next to the courtyard . Sometimes there is also a small bakery, also a shed for equipment, carriages, sledges and, if there is a watercourse, a small grain mill for personal use. In addition to many farms, there is also a fire fighting pond . Larger courtyards had a granary . In the surrounding highlands, some farms had an alpine dairy .

Scientific inventory

In 1934, the architect Wilhelm Lochstampfer set one of the foundations for research into building, construction and use through the building surveys he had commissioned.

The Black Forest house today

Many Black Forest farms still have the typical shape of the Black Forest house today. However, they have mostly been rebuilt on the inside to meet today's needs (living comfort, use of machines). In some cases, new stables were built next to the farm building in order to adapt dairy farming to today's needs. Nowadays, silos for silage feed are often raised next to the farms . Farmers often turned vacant rooms, including the libding , into guest rooms or holiday apartments in order to create additional income opportunities .

A number of historical farms from different parts of the Black Forest have been faithfully rebuilt in the Vogtsbauernhof open-air museum .

In the television series Schwarzwaldhaus 1902 , Südwestrundfunk let a modern family relive the time a hundred years ago in a Black Forest farm in the municipality of Münstertal in the southern Black Forest.

Well-known Black Forest houses

literature

proof

  1. ^ Hermann Schilli: Rural house and farm forms in the Alemannic area of ​​Baden . Badische Heimat 31 (1951) p. 178 ( online ( Memento from September 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ))
  2. ↑ Ulrich Schnitzer: Yesterday's Black Forest Houses for Tomorrow's Agriculture . With contributions by Franz Meckes u. a., Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 1989, ISBN 3-8062-0567-1 , p. 33 ff.

Web links

Commons : Schwarzwaldhaus  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Schwarzwaldhaus  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations