Hotzenhaus
The Hotzenhaus (or Hotzenhof ) is one of the typical Black Forest houses , as they were used in the past centuries, especially in the Hotzenwald in the southern Black Forest . The Hotzenhaus is a single-roof house, which means that the whole house and the utility building - the stables and the barn - are all united under a single roof. People, animals, the harvested goods, the tools as well as the rest of the residents' belongings are hidden under the mighty roof structure. Hotzen houses that have been preserved are the Klausenhof in Herrischried and the Zechenwihler Hotzenhaus in Murg-Niederhof .
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construction
The ridge column and the walk around the house, the so-called shield, are characteristic of the Hotzenhaus .
top, roof
The traditional hipped roof is pulled down to the ground as protection from the weather. In contrast to the Black Forest Vogtsbauernhof , the Hotzenhaus is mostly parallel to the slope. The house originally didn't have a chimney either , the smoke from the originally still open fireplace passed the smoke chamber, incidentally smoking the meat, ham, sausages and bacon that were hung there and climbing through the ceiling to the attic, where it also dried the stored hay And last but not least, it also kept the wood of the roof structure preserved from wood fungi and other pests for centuries. The cooled smoke escaped extensively to the outside through the straw of the roof.
However, that changed significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries, when kitchen stoves and tiled stoves were slowly but surely installed in most houses and the smoke was channeled through the chimney . In addition, some hipped roofs were fitted with gables in order to gain additional living space on the upper floor. Thatched roofing was replaced by shingle roofs or later by much heavier bricks. For this reason, the beam construction usually had to be subsequently reinforced, because the wind pressure can be very high on the Black Forest heights. The older hipped roof shape probably offered the least area of attack for the wind if the narrow side of the house was also facing the weather side and trees close to the house also helped as wind breakers.
In order to make the farmer's daily work a little easier, most Black Forest houses can bring the harvest on a ramp to the top floor, the haystack; the hillside location often makes such a construction much easier. The animal feed and litter could be thrown directly into the stable from above, the dung heap (dung stick) was directly in front of the house.
Heating
Only the smoke kitchen was used for cooking and heating, from here the tiled stove in the living room - the dining and living room, but in winter mainly the important study as well ( home work had to feed the farming families) - was heated from here. The sleeping chambers on the upper floor received their share of the warmth through the thin wooden ceiling with numerous joints, and it was not uncommon for the rising warmth from the animals in the stable to be used accordingly. The so-called shield , a corridor between the outer wall and living area, served as additional insulation and weather protection.
Because of their stable and practical simplicity and robustness, the characteristic Hotzenhöfe were often built outside of the Hotzenwald, despite all the modesty, they were still not seats for small houses, but rather proud courtyards (Hotzenhof). The barren mountain agriculture only brought modest prosperity when it was supplemented by home work and handicrafts (woodworking, textiles), the inheritance law (only the youngest son inherited the farm) prevented the ongoing division of the goods. These farmhouses stood proud and lonely in the middle of the landscape and the nearest neighbor was often further than you could see. The older siblings either emigrated or stayed at the farm as servants and maidservants .
Peasant life
Compared to the high alpine mountain farmers in Switzerland , Vorarlberg and Tyrol , the Black Forest mountain farmers lived in relative prosperity , so that they could still afford the mountain farmers' children as cheap laborers during the summer ( Swabian children ).
The emerging tourism and advancing industrialization in the 19th century also increasingly changed the lifestyle in the Black Forest and with it the architecture of the houses in the Black Forest. The Hotzenhaus, which once represented a certain economic strength and thus also a modest relative prosperity in its surroundings, was either adapted and rebuilt or, over time, turned into a run-down poor house. The few authentic Hotzenhöfe that have remained to this day are either local museums or are in danger of decaying.
Definition of terms
The widespread family name Hotz (or Hotze) used to be given to the residents of the court, whose houses (or courtyards) were then renamed as Hotzenhäuser (or Hotzenhöfe) elsewhere, without having to be exactly like the original Black Forest houses the Hotzenwald were.
See also
literature
- Werner Fasolin, Florian Rauch: Wood construction wrapped in stone. At the Hotzenhaus in Zechenwihl, the development of this type of house can be seen as an example. In: Preservation of monuments in Baden-Württemberg , year 39, 2010, issue 1, pp. 38–43 ( PDF )
- Lohrum, Burghard: ridge stand and shield. Two age-old features of the southern Black Forest house. In: Monument Preservation in Baden-Württemberg , 43rd year 2014, issue 2, pp. 132-136. ( PDF )
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Gustav Oberholzer: The last traditional Hotzenhaus
- ↑ Construction of the Zechenwihler Hotzenhaus. Retrieved October 10, 2010 .
- ↑ Hotzenwaldhaus from 1756 / Rundgang / Images - Freilichtmuseum Vogtsba… January 27, 2013, accessed on May 11, 2020 .
- ↑ - City of Illnau-Effretikon. January 15, 2013, accessed May 11, 2020 .