Bundschuh movement
Bundschuh movement was the name given to the rebellious peasants in southwest Germany from 1493 to 1517 . They were one of the roots of the German Peasant War from 1524 to 1526. The Bundschuh movement was not a movement in the true sense of the word, rather it was a number of revolts against oppression and serfdom in Schlettstadt , Untergrombach , Lehen im Breisgau and on the Upper Rhine . Everyone was struck down. The uprisings in Untergrombach, Lehen and on the Upper Rhine were led by Joß Fritz .
Bundschuh
As a standard, the farmers used the Bundschuh , an already antiquated cross-country shoe for lacing. As a metaphor, the Bundschuh symbolized at the beginning of the 16th century for turmoil and a world that was upside down. The interpretation as a contrast to the spurred knight boots is not proven at the time.
Historical summary
Niklashausen in the Taubertal
In the run-up to the Bundschuh movement, Hans Böhm in Niklashausen succeeded in rallying more than 40,000 farmers with the demands made in his sermons in the spring of 1476 . He was captured on July 13, 1476 in Niklashausen, brought to Würzburg and burned there on July 19, 1476 for heresy at the stake .
Schlettstadt
With this in mind, 110 conspirators chose the Bundschuh as their symbol in 1493 when they planned to protest against the unjust and opaque legal system , high taxes and the resulting debt in Schlettstadt in Alsace . Targets the looting and expulsion of were Jews , introduction of a Jubilee Year should expire with all debts, termination of duty , Ungelds and other loads, the abolition of the ecclesiastical and Rottweil (imperial) court, right to approve taxes, limiting the vicar on each one benefice of 50–60 guilders, abolition of ear confession and own, self-chosen dishes for each community. The plan of the conspirators was, as soon as one was strong enough to take the firm Schlettstadt by surprise, to confiscate the cloister and city coffers and from here to carry the uprising on to the whole of Alsace.
The uprising was led by Johann Ullmann , a former mayor of Schlettstadt, by Jakob Hanser , the mayor of Blienschweiler , and by Nicolaus Ziegler . The uprising was quickly put down. Forty of the conspirators were severely punished, including the leaders. Johann Ullmann was quartered in Basel and Nicolaus Ziegler was executed in Schlettstadt.
Untergrombach
After the famine and plague year of 1501, a Bundschuh conspiracy came about in Bruchsal and Untergrombach in the diocese of Speyer in 1502 under the leadership of Joß Fritz . They demanded the abolition of serfdom , the distribution of church property to the people and no master except the emperor and the pope . After half a year of advertising, 7,000 men and 400 women were in the Bundschuh . Before the Bundschuh conspiracy could take action, it was betrayed to the Bishop of Speyer. Joß Fritz escaped, 110 members were caught, and many were severely punished here too. As a deterrent , ten peasants were beheaded , quartered and hung on the country roads .
Fief / Breisgau
After his escape, Joß Fritz had settled in Lehen (Freiburg im Breisgau) as a guardian . At the time of the Junkers ruled Balthasar of Blumeneck in Weiherschlößchen . After three years of bad harvests and inflation, he initiated another conspiracy in 1513, this time with further demands:
- No lord as emperor, god and pope
- no court should count as that at the place of residence
- spiritual courts are limited to spiritual matters
- as soon as the interest reaches the amount of the loaned capital, the debtor is free
- Fishing, bird trapping, wood, forest and pasture should be free
- every minister should only sinecures have
- Distribution of superfluous church property to the poor; a part in the war chest
- unreasonable taxes and duties do not apply
- eternal peace in Christendom; the belligerents are sent against the heathen
- Members of the Bundschuh should be secure and valued, opponents punished
A related relationship to the 12 articles from Memmingen 1525 can be clearly seen. The second head of the conspiracy worked here alongside Fritz Stoffel von Freiburg .
This conspiracy, too, was betrayed and on October 6th, 1513, the lords of Freiburg suppressed it in fiefdom. Joss Fritz managed to escape again. The city of Freiburg im Breisgau hunted the Bundschuher for years, one of the consequences of the attempted uprising was that no fiefdom with weapons was allowed to go to Freiburg.
Upper Rhine
In fiefdom it was not possible to completely crush the conspiracy, and Joß Fritz also managed to escape. In 1517 he reappeared in his homeland and planned a new conspiracy. This time a confessor broke the confessional secret , and this time too, Joß Fritz failed.
reception
- 1902, Ludwig Ganghofer : Roman Bauerntrutz ; first published under the title Das neue Wesen .
- 1933: The symbol of the Bundschuh was also used by the National Socialist farmers' organization Palatinate Bundschuh , which was founded at the end of January and was incorporated into the Bavarian peasantry and the Reichsnährstand on January 1, 1934 .
- 1936, Gustav Regulator : novel Die Saat - a novel from the German Peasant Wars ( fiction ).
- 1973, Franz Josef Degenhardt : Song Ballade by Joß Fritz (LP: Comes to the table under plum trees , Polydor).
- The "Jos Fritz" bookstore has existed in Freiburg since 1975, and from 1976 there was a "Bundschuh printing".
- 1979: Following the resistance tradition of the Bundschuh farmers, a citizens' initiative against a test track run by the Daimler-Benz group in Boxberg (Baden) was also called Bundschuh; Dora Flinner , who was elected deputy chairwoman of the Bundschuh cooperative , was the first female farmer to enter the German Bundestag for Die Grünen in 1987 . The test track was ultimately not built because the Federal Constitutional Court in Karlsruhe in 1987 declared the expropriations necessary for it to be inadmissible.
literature
- Thomas Adam: Joß Fritz - the hidden fire of the revolution. Bundschuh movement and the Peasants' War on the Upper Rhine in the early 16th century . Regional culture publisher, Ubstadt-Weiher 2002, ISBN 3-89735-192-7 ( publications of the historical commission of the city of Bruchsal . Volume 20). 3rd, comprehensively revised and updated edition published in March 2013, ISBN 978-3-89735-777-8 .
- Friedrich Engels: The German Peasants' War . 15th edition. Dietz, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-320-00291-0 .
- Albert Rosenkranz : The Bundschuh. The surveys of the southwest German peasant class in the years 1493–1517 . Winter, Heidelberg 1927 ( publications of the scientific institute of the Alsace-Lorraine in the Reich )
- Wilhelm Zimmermann : General history of the great peasant war . 3 volumes, Stuttgart 1841–1843; 2nd Edition. in 2 volumes under the title History of the Great Peasants' War , Stuttgart 1856; many more issues
- General history of the great peasant war, part one, by Wilhelm Zimmermann, Stuttgart, Franz Heinrich Köhler, 1841 digitized in the Google book search
- General history of the great peasant war, part two, by Wilhelm Zimmermann, Stuttgart, Franz Heinrich Köhler, 1842 digitized in the Google book search,
- History of the Great Peasants' War Volume 1: Based on the documents and eyewitnesses by Wilhelm Zimmermann, published by Rieger'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (A. Benedict), 1856 digitized in the Google book search
- History of the Great Peasants' War Volume 2: Based on the documents and eyewitnesses by Wilhelm Zimmermann, published by Rieger'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (A. Benedict), 1856 digitized in the Google book search
Individual evidence
- ↑ Frieder Leipold, The coat of arms of the revolution. The Bundschuh as a symbol, p. 9 at Academia
- ↑ Bundschuh rebellion fails , in 'Die Chronik der Deutschen'
- ↑ Ludwig Ganghofer - The New Being ( Memento from December 20, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Still in 2015. badische-zeitung.de , April 23, 2015, accessed on August 5, 2019 .
Web links
- Friedrich Engels: The German Peasants' War . III .: forerunner of the great peasants' war between 1476 and 1517
- Jonathan Osmond: Palatinate Bundschuh . In: Historical Lexicon of Bavaria (August 22, 2006)
- Literature on the Bundschuh in the catalog of the German National Library