Diorama
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As a diorama (plural: dioramas , to ancient Greek διοράειν dioráein , German , see through, to shine through, see through ' , so translucent screen ) is defined as showcases, in which scenes with model figures and landscapes semicircular front of an often painted background are presented. They are the successors of Christmas cribs . Popular representations are, for example, historical scenes, social milieus (at times a popular motif were so-called wedding cribs ), professions or animals in their natural environment.
Forms of dioramas
Originally, a diorama was a darkened stage, invented by Louis Daguerre in the 19th century, with a semi-transparent prospect that was painted differently on both sides . By changing the lighting on the front and back, for example, movements and times of day can be effectively simulated. This technique, which is related to the panorama , is still used today on theater stages .
Dioramas are often found in natural history and technical museums and can be very artistic. By correctly changing the scale from the foreground to the background, the seemingly seamless transition from three-dimensional landscape elements to the painted background and skillful lighting, an almost perfect illusion of spatial depth and closeness to reality can be achieved - a kind of three-dimensional trompe-l'oeil painting , which makes the viewer look like a giant at the world. In natural history museums, there are life-size dioramas, where or reconstructed animals groomed in their habitat modeled scenes are presented. The world's largest diorama is located in Disneyland in Anaheim , California ; it represents the Grand Canyon .
The use of the word diorama in model railway construction is part of this tradition . Not an entire layout is designed, but only individual parts that are also intended to create a scenic illusion outside the track area and depict scenes rich in detail. Through modular Modellbahnbau caused so much detailed equipment.
In other areas of model making , dioramas are often created, for example in military model making such as the important diorama museum “Kursk Battle. Belgorod region ” . However, these are not real dioramas, since only a manageable section of the landscape or a scene from the real world is reproduced as accurately as possible on a base plate. A background that wants to create an optical illusion of the room and is an essential characteristic of the diorama is missing. The tin figure cave in the Schwabentor to Freiburg im Breisgau shows u. a. Dioramas of historical battles.
Waterline models of ships were and are often presented in a flat peep box in the manner of a three-dimensional picture. The production of (sailing) ship dioramas is, in addition to building a ship in a bottle, a characteristic handicraft of sailors in the 19th and 20th centuries. As a motif, the model makers mostly chose what they had in mind every day: the sailing ship fighting the sea, entering the port in front of a picturesque backdrop or taking over the pilot. There was also a practical reason for building dioramas instead of other models: the model remained protected in its wooden box between work sessions and could easily be stowed under the bunk or behind the sea chest.
Further panoramas are georama , neorama , myriorama , cosmorama , pleorama , cyclorama and peep box .
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Large stratigraphic diorama
The Stratorama, a large-scale stratigraphic diorama of the Brandenburg State Archaeological Museum in the Paulikloster, focuses on the archaeological excavation section with its various layers of earth in order to make clear to the viewer the connections between the layers of deposits and the archaeological finds and their chronological order. The model leads the viewer from the present in the form of the house backdrop down through the various epochs up to the Ice Age.
literature
- Heinz Buddemeier: panorama, diorama, photography. Origin and impact of new media in the 19th century. Wilhelm Fink, Berlin 1970.
- Eberhard Burkhard: Diorama construction (biological preparation technology; Vol. 19). Museum of Natural History at the Humboldt University, Berlin 1991.
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Louis Daguerre : Historique et description des procédés du daguerréotype et du diorama . Paris, 1839, pdf . Reprint: La Rochelle: Éditions Rumeur des âges, 1982, ISBN 2-903974-00-4 .
- The daguerreotype and the diorama or an exact and authentic description of my method and my apparatus for fixing the images of the camera obscura and the type and manner of painting and lighting used by me in the diorama . Stuttgart: Metzler, 1839, online . Reprint: Hannover: Schäfer, 1988, ISBN 3-88746-211-4 .
- Alexander Gall, Helmuth Trischler (Ed.): Scenarios and Illusion. History, variants and potentials of museum dioramas. (= Deutsches Museum. Treatises and reports. New series, vol. 32). Wallstein, Göttingen 2016, ISBN 978-3-8353-1798-7 .
- Jürgen Hevers: Brunswick dioramas. Animals in their natural environment . State Natural History Museum, Braunschweig 2003, ISBN 3-925538-10-0 .
- Wolfgang Mothes: About bears and rabbits. Dioramas in German natural history museums . Edition Panorama, Mannheim 2013, ISBN 978-3-89823-462-7 .
- Arne Schulze, Jörn Köhler, Gabriele Gruber (eds.): Natural history dioramas. Darmstadt contributions to natural history. Kaupia 19, Darmstadt 2014
- Stephen C. Quinn: Windows on Nature. The Great Habitat Dioramas of the American Museum of Natural History . Abrams Books, New York 2006, ISBN 0-8109-5940-2 .
- Dorothy B. Richardson: Moving diorama in play. William Dunlap 's "A trip to Niagara" . Teneo Press, Youngtown, NY 2010, ISBN 978-1-934844-16-8 (also dissertation, FU Berlin 2009).
Web links
- Large dioramas on ship operations in the 19th century, Deutsches Museum Munich
- Special museum with more than 450 sailing ship dioramas and captain pictures
- Daguerre and his Diorama in Paris in the 1830s
- Antique sailing ship dioramas - website of the world's largest collection
- Diversity of scientific dioramas
- Habitat diorama
- Creation of a diorama (scale 1:87) in the detailed picture report
- Picture collection of approx. 50 model dioramas on various topics
Individual evidence
- ↑ Natural history dioramas . In: Arne Schulze, Jörn Köhler, Gabriele Gruber (eds.): Kaupia . tape 19 . Hessisches Landesmuseum, Darmstadt 2014, p. 1-135 .