Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant

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Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant
Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant: Unit I and exhaust chimney (left), Unit II (center), cell cooler and hybrid cooling tower (right)
Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant: Unit I and exhaust chimney (left), Unit II (center), cell cooler and hybrid cooling tower (right)
location
Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant (Baden-Württemberg)
Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant
Coordinates 49 ° 2 '28 "  N , 9 ° 10' 30"  E Coordinates: 49 ° 2 '28 "  N , 9 ° 10' 30"  E
height 172.5  m
Country: Germany
Data
Owner: EnBW Kernkraft GmbH
Operator: EnBW Kernkraft GmbH
Project start: 1971
Commercial operation: Dec. 1, 1976
Shutdown: 2011 (GKN I)
2022 Template: future / in 2 years(GKN II)

Active reactors (gross):

1 (1400 MW)

Decommissioned reactors (gross):

1 (840 MW)
Energy fed in in 2012: 10,426.52 GWh
Energy fed in since commissioning: 433,048.12 GWh
Website: The nuclear power plant on the side of the operator
Was standing: December 31, 2012
The data source of the respective entries can be found in the documentation .
The Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant before the construction of Unit II from the air from the north (1979)
Block I with machine house (left) and exhaust chimney

The nuclear power plant Neckarwestheim (Community nuclear power plant Neckar, GKN) in Neckarwestheim in Baden-Wuerttemberg , Germany with two pressurized water reactors is from EnBW owned subsidiary EnBW Kernkraft GmbH with headquarters in Obrigheim operated.

Location

Both plants were built around 1 km southwest of Neckarwestheim on the site of a former quarry, 15 km south of Heilbronn . A small part of the power plant is also located in the district of the neighboring municipality of Gemmrigheim .

Geological situation

The complex stands on broken, karstified shell limestone , beneath which lie thick layers of gypsum and anhydrite . Anhydrite swells when it comes into contact with water and increases in volume by up to 60%, which can lead to severe damage to buildings, as happened, for example, with the uplift cracks in Staufen im Breisgau . Parts of these layers were washed out by seepage water , creating cavities meters deep, the horizontal extent of which is unknown. This resulted in subsidence of the soil surface , which was up to 14 cm on the cooling tower. Since the power plant is in a former quarry, 6 - 8 m below the Neckar level, 120 to 170 liters of groundwater have to be pumped out every second, which flushes out another 700 - 1000 cubic meters of gypsum every year.

history

The plans for Block I go back to 1970. After the originally planned construction of a nuclear power plant in the neighboring town of Lauffen am Neckar did not materialize, the Neckarwerke and TWS agreed in January 1971 on the construction of a nuclear power plant in the Neckarwestheim quarry of the Lauffen-based company Portland-Cement-Werk (later ZEAG ), which later also acquired a share in the operating company.

Initially, the power plant was designed for an output of 600 megawatts. There was a design with a boiling water reactor and one with a pressurized water reactor . The latter was chosen because this type of reactor was already in operation in Obrigheim and experience from its operation could be used.

In 1971 the plans were changed and the output increased to 840 MW. The reason for this was that the then Deutsche Bundesbahn only had a single small traction power plant , which would not be sufficient for the planned electrification of the route network. The Deutsche Bahn AG became one of the shareholders of the GKN.

Construction began in January 1972; During the construction phase (1973/74) the plans were changed again. Instead of a 160 meter high natural draft wet cooling tower, the decision was made to use cell coolers . These were more cost-effective and also had less of a negative impact on the landscape . The reactor became critical on May 26, 1976 , and it was handed over to the operator on December 1, 1976.

Block II was applied for by the operating company in June 1975. Originally, GKN II was supposed to be a “twin brother” of GKN I, ie a block with the same drawing, also with 840 megawatts of electrical power and cell coolers. Around the turn of 1979/80, probably in view of the second oil price crisis , plans were changed and a reactor with 1,300 megawatts of electrical output and a 160 meter high natural draft wet cooling tower were designed.

The height and design of the cooling tower were changed several times - also for reasons of the landscape - first to 100, then to 80 and finally to 56 meters and designed as a hybrid cooling tower . This version from 1981 was finally realized. In 1982 construction began for Block II, on December 29, 1988 the first criticality was reached and on April 13, 1989 the power plant was handed over to the operating company. GKN II is thus the penultimate German nuclear power plant that went online; only block 5 of the Greifswald nuclear power plant went online later.

Shutdown dates

The operating company EnBW Kernkraft planned to transfer a residual amount of electricity of 46.9 TWh from the younger Block II to the older Block I in the course of the nuclear phase-out that was initiated in 2000 . Because of the lower output of Block I, its term would have been extended to 2017, while at the same time the term for GKN II would have been shortened from 2021 to 2017, so that both blocks would have been taken offline at the same time.

In 2006, the Federal Environment Ministry (Environment Minister: Sigmar Gabriel ) rejected an application by EnBW for the transfer of residual electricity from Block II to Block I in June 2008. The most important criterion for this was the lower structural protection against aircraft crashes of GKN I compared to GKN II. EnBW sued the decision and operated Block I with reduced output, so that the reactor (without longer downtimes and without power transmission) is expected to be in late 2009 to At the beginning of 2010 it would have generated its residual electricity volume of 10.25 TWh (as of January 1, 2008), so that it would have had to be taken off the grid. According to Greenpeace , the operation with reduced output was said to have served to avoid having to shut down the reactor before the federal election on September 27, 2009 .

During the 2009 election campaign, the CDU / CSU and FDP announced that German nuclear power plants would run longer, which they implemented in autumn 2010 and revised after the Fukushima nuclear disaster (March 2011).

Before the nuclear phase-out, EnBW operated four of the 17 German reactors with a net output of 4,372 MW; Neckarwestheim I with 785 MW.

On January 21, 2010, talks between the federal government and the four NPP operators (EnBW, EON, RWE, Vattenfall) took place for the first time after the change of government in 2009 . GKN I should also remain on the grid until a final decision has been reached on extending the service life of German nuclear power plants . This was achieved through a derating. GKN I ran in May 2010 with an average output of 19 percent of its capacity (150 MW from 785 MW).

On October 28, 2010, the Bundestag passed an energy concept that also allowed the service life of all 17 German reactors to be extended. Older reactors were allowed to stay on the grid for 8 years longer, newer reactors for 14 years. Block I would have been able to produce electricity by 2019, and Block II by 2036. The law came into force on December 13, 2010.

In November 2010, EnBW announced plans to take Block I off the grid earlier. It remained unclear whether EnBW actually intended this or whether it was intended to criticize the fuel element tax passed on January 1, 2011 .

After an “atomic summit” under the impression of the earthquake in Japan on March 11, 2011 and its consequences, Chancellor Angela Merkel announced a three-month nuclear moratorium on March 14, 2011 . “The operators are supposed to shut down the nuclear power plants that went online before 1980 for the safety checks. All the rest are checked during ongoing operations - open-ended, as the Chancellor, Federal Environment Minister and Federal Minister of Economics Rainer Brüderle emphasized. "

On March 15, 2011, twelve days before the state elections in Baden-Württemberg , the then Prime Minister of Baden-Württemberg Stefan Mappus (CDU) announced the permanent shutdown of the block. EnBW announced the voluntary intention to shut down Neckarwestheim I, and Hans-Peter Villis , CEO of EnBW, announced that "the long-term economic operation of GKN 1 and thus restarting the nuclear power plant will probably no longer be feasible." On March 16, 2011, GKN I was driven off in the evening according to orders from the responsible nuclear supervisory authority (Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Transport Baden-Württemberg) and went offline at night, together with Block I of the Philippsburg nuclear power plant (KKP 1). “The reason for the step is that, according to the Atomic Energy Act (Section 19, Paragraph 3), there is a suspicion of danger that justifies a temporary cessation of operations. According to the current legal situation, such a suspicion already exists if, due to justified uncertainties in the context of risk prevention, the possibility of damage cannot be completely ruled out. "

The dismantling has a mass of 331,000 tons. The dismantling work on Block 1 actually began in March 2017, a symbolic beginning took place on April 10, 2017.

Security and reportable events (selection)

  • In 1977, when starting Block I, there was an accident , a steam generator in the secondary circuit evaporated, and hot, non- radioactive steam was released into the open.
  • July 27, 2004: With two mega becquerel contaminated water is led from block II unnoticed into the Neckar. For the first time in Germany , the incident resulted in the operating company of a nuclear power plant having to pay a fine (25,000 euros). A manager is fired.
  • February 19, 2005: Moisture in a switch cabinet of the protective device of a transformer causes the transformer protective device to be tripped incorrectly, which separates the system from the 110 kV external network. Since the system was switched off at this time due to the replacement of a main coolant pump motor and the 220 kV main network, via which the system is supplied with power when switched off, was not available due to maintenance work, the emergency power supply of the system was started automatically ( Emergency power case ). Reporting category INES  0.
  • On June 14, 2005, the traction machine switched off due to high condensate pressure.
  • On November 16, 2005, there was an emergency turbine shutdown (TUSA) after a protective trip in the Neckarwestheim switchgear.
  • 2008: In an examination in October 2007, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certifies Block I “one of the best results in an international comparison” in the areas of operational management and safety management. The Bund der Bürgerinitiativen Mitteler Neckar considers this test certificate to be worthless, as only the proper functioning of the system was checked. The initiatives also raised doubts about the independence of the IAEA.
  • 2009: The Heilbronner Voice reported on November 20 that, following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 , according to an expert report by the International Commission on Nuclear Technology , it had been known since 2002 that the reactor buildings of older nuclear power plants such as GKN I had been hit would not be able to withstand larger airliners and that in such a case “severe to catastrophic releases of radioactive substances can be expected”. A targeted approach to the reactor building at Neckarwestheim I by terrorists is possible; this also applies to all other nuclear power plants. The Society for Reactor Safety (GRS) also confirms that older reactors are at risk from crashes. The state government replied that it was relying on fogging systems that had yet to be installed to protect against such aircraft attacks, which should prevent pilots from seeing. While the flash nebulization system originally planned for 2006 in Philippsburg went into operation in 2011, the application submitted to the state in 2006 for the installation of a corresponding system in Neckarwestheim was rejected. The application documents should have been revised due to the shutdown of Unit 1. As a result, no flash fogging system had been installed by October 2013, the effect of which is also controversial. The detailed examination of the individual reactors for their safety, which was already required in the GRS report, was still pending in December 2016.
  • In 2018 it was discovered at GKN II that the wall thickness of 101 pipes in the steam generator was reduced by up to 91%.

investment

Data of the reactor blocks

The Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant has a total of two blocks :

Reactor block Reactor type Construction line electrical
power 		thermal
reactor power 		start of building Network
synchronization 		Commercialization
of essential operation 		Shutdown
net Gross
Neckarwestheim-1 Pressurized water reactor KWU 3-Loop ("Biblis type") 785 MW 840 MW 2,497 MW February 1, 1972 3rd June 1976 1st December 1976 March 16, 2011
Neckarwestheim-2 Pressurized water reactor KWU construction line '80 ( convoy ) 1,310 MW 1,400 MW 3,850 MW November 9, 1982 January 3, 1989 April 15, 1989 (December 31, 2022)
Block I and the hybrid cooling tower of Block II

GKN I

The nominal electrical output of Unit I, which went into operation in 1976, is 840  megawatts . After deducting internal requirements, around 630 megawatts are used for delivery to the 220 kV network and 150 megawatts for the Deutsche Bahn network. The traction current generator used is the world's largest generator for single-phase alternating current . After the block was shut down, the EB5 machine in the large Mannheim power plant is the largest single-phase turbo generator currently in operation with 120 MW. The reactor built by Kraftwerk Union belongs to the second generation of pressurized water reactors built in Germany and one of the few systems with only three instead of the four main coolant loops that are common in most reactors .

The three-phase generator of Block I supplies a current of 27,000 amps at 50 Hertz at a voltage of 21,000 volts and the traction current generator at a voltage of 14,500 volts a current of 12,000 amperes with the 16.7 Hertz used in Germany for traction current . The electricity generated by the generators is stepped up to 220 kV (three-phase alternating current) or 110 kV (single-phase traction current) by the machine transformers. Unit I is the only nuclear power plant that generates traction current.

In a report from 2010 it is stated that GKN 1 belongs "according to the investigations of the Society for Reactor Safety to the least protected against a terrorist aircraft attack in Germany."

At the end of May 2011, the state and federal environment ministers decided to shut down Block I permanently. From May to September 2012, as the first visible stage of the demolition, the cell coolers were dismantled.

On February 3, 2017, the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of the Environment issued the 1st decommissioning and dismantling permit for Unit 1.

GKN II

Block II, exhaust chimney and traction current converter plant
Block II
Working on the reactor dome of GKN II
Cell cooler of the first block
Same perspective after the cell cooler was torn down. Block 1 can now be seen

The nominal electrical output of Unit II, which went into operation in 1989, is 1,400 megawatts. It is generated by the generator as a three-phase current with a voltage of 27,000 volts and a current of 35,000 amperes. In contrast to Block I, no traction current is generated, but part of the three-phase current generated can be converted into traction current in the traction current converter plant located directly next to the switchgear in Unit II. The coupling takes place via the 380 kV machine transformer of block II and the 380 kV machine transformer of the three-phase machines of the converter set. This reactor block is a nuclear power plant of the Konvoi series. The reactor pressure vessel is a cylindrical steel vessel with a height of 12 meters and an inner diameter of 5 meters. Its wall thickness is 25 cm and its empty weight is approx. 520 tons.

Buildings

Exhaust chimney

The exhaust chimney is 150 meters high and is shared by both blocks. During normal operation, nuclear power plants discharge small amounts of radioactive substances (emissions) via exhaust air and wastewater. Among other things, the Radiation Protection Ordinance obliges the supervisory authorities to monitor operations with regard to the permitted limit values.

Railway power converter plant

Traction current converter plant under construction (March 2011)

The GKN also included a traction current converter plant (UBX according to the power plant identification system ), which was built using reinforced concrete . In the meantime, it has been replaced by static converters , which were newly built near the power plant site (see picture). The Neckarwestheim traction current converter plant, which was located directly next to the machine house of Block II, had two identical machine sets, consisting of a twelve-pole three - phase asynchronous motor and a four-pole single-phase synchronous generator . The rated voltage of the three-phase asynchronous machine and the traction machine was 12.5 kV. The machine set had a length of 17.5 meters and a maximum width of seven meters. The nominal transmission power for each machine set was 70 megawatts, which was the highest transmission power of all machine sets used in traction current converter plants.

The plant fed the generated traction current into the 110 kV traction current network via corresponding transformers and was connected to the three-phase network via a 380 kV transformer, with each traction current and three-phase machine having its own transformer. Coupling with the generator in Block II was also only possible via the 380 kV network.

Technical data traction power converter
height 26.80 meters
Overall width 40.4 meters
Wide cultivation 12 meters
Height cultivation 19.25 meters
Length of the machine hall 42.40 meters
overall length 52.40 meters

Cooling towers

the former cell cooler from Block I
Hybrid cooling tower from GKN II

In order to avoid overheating of the Neckar water , both Block I and Block II have cooling towers . However, these are of different construction and not designed in the usual way.

Cell cooler GKN I

Block I used two rows of cell cooling towers. Each row had a length of 186.8 meters, a height of 18 meters and a width of 16.9 m at the bottom and 23.5 m at the top.

The warm cooling water coming from the condenser was cooled in the cell cooling towers before it is fed back into the circuit. Alternatively, the cooled water could also be returned directly to the Neckar and replaced with fresh, cold water.

When the Neckar's water temperature was sufficiently low, Block I worked with reduced power, bypassing the cell cooler. For cooling purposes, up to 44 m³ / s of fresh water was taken from the Neckar and released again immediately after the heating. The limit value to be observed was, regardless of the operating status, a maximum heating of the cooling water introduced into the Neckar by 10 ° C.

Abortion of the cell cooler

After Unit 1 was shut down in spring 2011, demolition work for the cell cooler began in June 2012.

Hybrid cooling tower GKN II

Block II uses a hybrid cooling tower with a height of 51.22 meters. During the construction of the power plant, a lower cooling tower was required for reasons of visual protection of the landscape , because a natural draft cooling tower based on convection might have resulted in fogging of the Neckar valley in inversion weather conditions. The hybrid cooling tower consists of two levels with 88 (2 x 44) electrically driven fans . The cooling tower is therefore electrically forced ventilated . The first level only aerates the trickle water below the trickle pipes in the wet section, the second level only aerates the rising water vapor above the trickle pipes in the dry section. The hybrid cooling tower has a double-walled design, so very large convection heat sinks through which water flows were built into the air flow for the second level in the spaces between the dry section. This structural trick preheats the air inside the cooling tower so that this draft is naturally also forced for the second level. With this measure, the overall height could be kept within limits, but the cooling tower is slightly larger in the base diameter than comparable other cooling towers with the same performance. The dry section of the cooling tower can also be walked on during operation. This is also ensured by an elevator that can be used to reach the second level. The cooling water circulates in a circuit; fresh water or drain cooling is not possible with Block II in contrast to Block I. The amount of water lost due to evaporation and elutriation is constantly supplemented by treated Neckar water. The maximum withdrawal rate is 700 l / s.

Technical data of the GKN II hybrid cooling tower
Total height 51.22 m
Total height above pool level 48.0 m
Base diameter 160.0 m
Basin diameter 120.0 m
Chimney height 24.97 m
Air outlet diameter 73.6 m
Cooling capacity (of the water) 2500 MW
Rated voltage of the fan motors 660 volts
Power consumption of the fan motors 20 MW

Interim storage

Overall view: Chimney of the interim storage facility, information center, hybrid cooling tower of Block II, reactor building of Block I, exhaust chimney, reactor building and machine house of Block II

There is an interim storage facility on the power plant site in which 151 transport containers with a heavy metal mass of 1,600 tons can be stored until they are transported to a repository that has yet to be created. A total of 15 castor casks were stored from the Obrigheim nuclear power plant in 2017.

In May 2008, several media reported that poor quality concrete was possibly used in the construction of the interim storage facility. The report was confirmed in February 2009 by an expert opinion, although safety-relevant parts are not affected.

Power lines

The electricity generated in the GKN is routed via a single, combined traction current and three-phase current line to the 220 kV three-phase and 110 kV traction current switchgear east of Neckarwestheim. This line is laid on overhead line pylons of an unusual design with five trusses . There are two traction current circuits on the lowest traverse, while the second, third and fourth traverse each carry a three-phase circuit. In the case of the GKN I, this is operated with 220 kV and in the case of the GKN II with 380 kV. Two earth ropes are installed on the top traverse .

What is striking about this line is that the traction circuits were isolated for 220 kV , although they are only operated with 110 kV. This measure was taken because in the event of a malfunction in the parallel 380 kV line, overvoltages can occur that an insulation for 110 kV cannot cope with. The traction power lines from the GKN to the Neckarwestheim traction power switchgear and from this to the central substation in Stuttgart- Zazenhausen (see Neckarwestheim – Zazenhausen traction power line ) are the only four-bundle traction power lines with the exception of a return line in Kreiensen .

The three-phase circuit, which leads away from the GKN II nuclear power plant and is operated with 380 kV, runs past the 220 kV three-phase switchgear in Neckarwestheim to the Großgartach substation near Heilbronn . A single-circuit 110 kV line, which originates in the switchgear of the Walheim power plant , also leads to the GKN . It is not used to transport the power generated in the GKN, but rather to supply its energy in the event of the GKN coming to a standstill.

It is also noteworthy that Neckarwestheim and the GKN, with the exception of a (now dismantled) lorry to the cement works in Lauffen, never had a track connection to the railway network .

Traction converter plant

In 2010/2011 a traction current converter plant with 140 MW capacity was built to the south of the power plant site to replace the GKN I, which is to be decommissioned. It is fed from the GKN II via a 380 kV underground cable.

Others

Passage of the riverside path upstream of the Neckar. A SODAR system can be seen behind the gate .

Right of way

Passage of the riverside path down the Neckar

On the banks of the Neckar, an old towpath runs through the power plant's premises. To ensure the right of way for this path, there is still a gate in the security fence on the banks of the Neckar, at which hikers can ring the bell to cross the company premises accompanied by GKN security personnel. Due to the ongoing dismantling of Unit 1, the right of way is currently suspended.

Community Foundation

The Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant, photographed from Liebenstein Castle

At the end of the 1980s, after the commissioning of GKN II, the operating company of the power plant planned to build and operate a public open-air swimming pool adjacent to the power plant site. This should be heated with waste heat from the power plant and also be open in winter. Since there were different views among the residents of the communities Neckarwestheim and Gemmrigheim, the local councils of the two communities decided to have a referendum on the bath. In Neckarwestheim, the majority of the citizens voted for the bathroom, in Gemmrigheim there was a majority against the bathroom. A compromise was found: The operating company paid the planned construction costs (estimated at around DM 20 million) into a community foundation established in 1993. Through the interest income of the foundation, the citizens of Neckarwestheim and Gemmrigheim receive annual tickets for the outdoor pools in several surrounding communities for an amount of 10 euros. Children get the tickets for 5 euros. There is also a shuttle service to and from nearby indoor swimming pools in winter.

Greenpeace protest

Panorama of the power plant after the protest and defacement of the Greenpeace campaign

On February 28, 2011, Greenpeace activists occupied the hybrid cooling tower to demonstrate against safety deficiencies in Block I. They also unrolled banners and painted a skull with the slogan "Atomic power is damaging the country" on the cooling tower. 28 activists chained themselves to the cooling tower. 52 people involved in the action were arrested.

literature

Web links

Commons : Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 2022 should be over . ( Memento from August 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) tagesschau.de, May 30, 2011.
  2. ↑ EnBW press release of December 5, 2006 ( Memento of the original of January 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.enbw.com
  3. ↑ a b topographic map 1:25 000 . Sheet 6921 Großbottwar. 5th edition. Land surveying office Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-89021-070-8 .
  4. ^ Hermann Behmel, Reinhold Leinfelder: Geology of Baden-Württemberg: Part 1: Landscape history - state planning . September 15, 1996; last changes by Reinhold Leinfelder on January 20, 1997. userpage.fu-berlin.de; accessed on February 27, 2016.
  5. ^ Joachim Kinzinger: Heated Debates . In: Heilbronn voice . December 22, 2009 ( Stimme.de [accessed December 27, 2009]).
  6. ↑ History and stories about the GKN - 25 years of GKN. Published by: Joint Nuclear Power Plant Neckar GmbH, Neckarwestheim, 1996, page 28.
  7. ↑ History and stories about GKN - 25 years of GKN , publisher: Gemeinschaftskernkraftwerk Neckar GmbH, Neckarwestheim, 1996, p. 39.
  8. ↑ History and stories about GKN - 25 years of GKN , publisher: Gemeinschaftskernkraftwerk Neckar GmbH, Neckarwestheim, 1996, p. 40.
  9. ^ History and stories about the GKN - 25 years of GKN , publisher: Gemeinschaftskernkraftwerk Neckar GmbH, Neckarwestheim, 1996, p. 41.
  10. ↑ Neckarwestheim I is no longer allowed to run . Spiegel Online , June 12, 2008.
  11. ↑ Wolfgang Renneberg : Transfer of electricity from the Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant Block II to Block I (PDF; 539 kB) Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. P. 72. June 12, 2008. Retrieved on October 4, 2008.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bmu.de  
  12. ↑ Nuclear power plants in Germany residual electricity volumes / generated energy 2004 . Agenda 21 meeting point. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
  13. ↑ Steffen Pross: GKN I stays on the network longer . In: Ludwigsburger Kreiszeitung . February 28, 2008. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved on October 4, 2008.
  14. ↑ Greenpeace accuses EnBW of atomic cheating . swr.de, October 13, 2009.
  15. ↑ All 17 nuclear power plants should continue to run for the time being
  16. ↑ bundestag.de
  17. ↑ Stuttgarter Nachrichten of November 14, 2010: Old reactor on the dump . Quote: “Energy experts take the plans seriously and do not see them solely as a means of political pressure. 'Of course there is also a bit of calculation behind it,' says Claudia Kemfert from the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) in Berlin. Presumably, the group wants to tackle the financial requirements. However, Neckarwestheim I is actually one of the few nuclear power plants in Germany that is on the brink - also because it is one of the smallest. Most recently, the turnover of Block I was 300 million euros a year. "
  18. ↑ First nuclear power plants go offline . Zeit Online , March 14, 2011
  19. ↑ Nuclear power plants are being scrutinized . ( Memento from March 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) bundesregierung.de, March 15, 2011
  20. ↑ stuttgarter-nachrichten.de
  21. ↑ EnBW of March 15, 2011: EnBW: We are shutting down our GKN 1 nuclear power plant . ( Memento of the original from March 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.enbw.com
  22. ↑ EnBW press release from March 15, 2011 ( enbw.com ( memento of the original from March 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove it Note. ) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.enbw.com
  23. ↑ enbw.com ( Memento of the original from March 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.enbw.com
  24. ↑ baden-wuerttemberg.de
  25. ↑ Markus Balser, Michael Bauchmüller: What to do with the scrap? In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . March 21, 2015, ISSN  0174-4917 , p. 25 .
  26. ↑ Start of dismantling at the Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant
  27. ↑ Overview of special incidents in nuclear power plants in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1977 and 1978 . ( Memento of September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Federal Minister of the Interior, May 22, 1979
  28. ↑ landtag-bw.de ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.landtag-bw.de
  29. ↑ Baden-Württemberg Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Transport  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.uvm.baden-wuerttemberg.de  
  30. ↑ a b Nuclear Energy Information Group: Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Plant 1 . In: German Atomic Forum e. V. (Ed.): Nuclear energy in Germany; 2005 annual report . P. 38 f.
  31. ↑ Experts give Kraftwerk good marks . swr.de, March 6, 2008
  32. ↑ Joachim Kinzinger: Atomic experts give GKN a good certificate . In: Heilbronner Voice of March 7, 2008.
  33. ↑ Reto Bosch: The reactor dome of GKN I does not withstand a plane crash . In: Heilbronn voice . November 20, 2009 ( Stimme.de [accessed December 27, 2009]).
  34. ↑ Rainer Wehaus: Lightning misting: For now, no terrorist protection for Neckarwestheim. In: stuttgarter-nachrichten.de. October 8, 2013, accessed May 27, 2017 .
  35. ↑ Ingo Arzt: Nuclear power plants in Germany: Nothing will happen. In: taz.de. December 27, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2017 .
  36. ↑ taz.de
  37. ↑ Merkel sees the energy transition as a "huge opportunity" . ( Memento from August 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) tagesschau.de, May 31, 2011
  38. ↑ Power Reactor Information System of the IAEA: "Germany, Federal Republic of: Nuclear Power Reactors" (English)
  39. ↑ Neckarwestheim I is no longer allowed to run . Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. June 12, 2008. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
  40. ^ Wolfgang Renneberg : Study. Risks of old nuclear power plants . ( Memento from May 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive ; PDF) Atomic Safety Bureau, June 22, 2010, p. 44.
  41. ↑ Countries want the end of 7 nuclear power plants . badish newspaper
  42. ^ 1. Decommissioning and dismantling permit for GKN 1 (PDF) Ministry of the Environment Baden-Württemberg, February 3, 2017
  43. ↑ Martin Volkmer: Nuclear energy basic knowledge . KernEnergie Information Circle, Berlin June 2007, ISBN 3-926956-44-5 , page 57.
  44. ↑ EnBW tears down nuclear power plant cooling towers Stuttgarter Zeitung, June 28, 2012
  45. ^ German Atomic Forum e. V .: Nuclear Energy - Current 2007 , Chapter Intermediate Storage / Transport . Berlin, September 2007.
  46. ↑ Confusion about scrap concrete: all-clear for the nuclear storage facility . Stuttgarter Zeitung online. May 9, 2008. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2009.
  47. ↑ Jörg Nauke: Deficiencies in the Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant: Accidentally the wrong concrete was used . Stuttgarter Zeitung online. February 25, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved on March 19, 2009.
  48. ↑ Andreas Tschürtz: Hiking trail through the GKN site . In: Heilbronn voice . August 6, 2009 ( Stimme.de [accessed on August 22, 2009]).
  49. ↑ https://www.rnz.de/politik/suedwest_artikel,-Suedwest-Wanderweg-durch-AKW-Sicherheitsbereich-Mit-Eskorte-auf-dem-Wanderweg-in-Neckarwestheim-_arid,270547.html
  50. ↑ Regional Council Stuttgart: Community Foundation Neckarwestheim (accessed on May 23, 2008)
  51. ^ Website of the Neckarwestheim community, community foundation (accessed on May 23, 2008)
  52. ^ Neckarwestheim - Nuclear opponents on nuclear power plant cooling tower. Stuttgarter Zeitung, February 28, 2011, accessed on June 6, 2011 .
  53. ^ Greenpeace occupies Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant . ( Memento from January 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Greenpeace Group Stuttgart