Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant
| Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant | ||
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| location | ||
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| Coordinates | 49 ° 59 '3 " N , 10 ° 11' 5" E | |
| Country: | Germany | |
| Data | ||
| Owner: | PreussenElektra GmbH | |
| Operator: | PreussenElektra GmbH | |
| Project start: | Jan. 1, 1975 | |
| Commercial operation: | June 17, 1982 | |
| Shutdown: | June 27, 2015 | |
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Active reactors (gross): |
0 (0 MW) | |
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Decommissioned reactors (gross): |
1 (1345 MW) | |
| Energy fed in in 2014: | 9,853 GWh | |
| Energy fed in since commissioning: | 333,000 GWh | |
| Website: | PreussenElektra | |
| Was standing: | June 27, 2015 | |
| The data source of the respective entries can be found in the documentation . | ||
The Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant (abbreviation: KKG) was in operation from 1982 to 2015. It is located south of Schweinfurt near Grafenrheinfeld in Lower Franconia on the left bank of the Main .
Construction began in 1974 by the Bayernwerk AG , commissioning took place on 9 December 1981. It is a pressurized water reactor of the third generation ( " pre-Convoy " system) with a gross electrical capacity of 1345 megawatts . Annual electricity production averaged over ten billion kilowatt hours. The operator is PreussenElektra GmbH, based in Hanover . The nuclear power plant has two cooling towers that can be seen from afar, each 143 meters high. A newly built interim storage facility for spent nuclear fuel elements at the site went into operation on March 1, 2006. The nuclear power plant was shut down on June 27, 2015.
The EU initiated a ' stress test for nuclear power plants ' after the Fukushima nuclear disaster . In the EU there are 134 NPPs at 68 locations, 24 of which were inspected. In the final report published at the end of 2012, the international nuclear experts (“ peer review ”) stated that the plant was “not sufficiently designed to withstand earthquakes”; the lack of adequate earthquake measurement systems was also criticized.
Location
The nuclear power plant is about 7.5 kilometers south of Schweinfurt and 25 kilometers northeast of Würzburg at about 210 m above sea level. NHN . It is located in the south of the Schweinfurt basin , which is characterized by a relative topographical depth compared to the surrounding natural units. The Main runs west about 500 meters away in a north-south direction. Around 126,000 people live within a ten kilometer radius, around 55,000 of them in Schweinfurt. The area of the nuclear power plant is surrounded by predominantly agricultural and forestry areas as well as several smaller landscape and nature reserves. Within a radius of up to ten kilometers there are four systems of the city of Schweinfurt for the drinking water supply , three systems for remote water supply and three individual supply systems.
The location of the nuclear power plant near Grafenrheinfeld offered topographically and meteorologically favorable conditions for operation . The region around the nuclear power plant is considered earthquake-proof and is protected from flooding by flood protection dams . The provision of large quantities of water for the cooling towers was ensured by the location on the Main. The well-developed transport network in the area was advantageous for transporting the goods required by the nuclear power plant. The electricity generated by the power plant was fed into the Bavarian high-voltage network or the European network via the switchgear , with network operation being centrally controlled by a load distributor in Karlsfeld near Munich .
investment
Nuclear reactor
The nuclear reactor is a third generation pressurized water reactor , a so-called pre-convoy system. The basic design of this type of reactor dates from the 1970s. The reactor has a gross electrical output ( nominal output ) of the generator of 1345 megawatts (MW). The net output is 1275 megawatts. This value indicates the maximum power that can be available for the production of electrical energy. It corresponds to the gross value minus the power plant's own consumption of ancillary and auxiliary systems. The thermal reactor output is 3765 megawatts.
The reactor area includes the reactor pressure vessel with an inner diameter of five meters and a total height including control rod drive connection of 12.8 meters. The total mass of the pressure vessel is around 530 tons, the wall thickness is 25 centimeters. The reactor core holds 193 fuel elements with a fuel rod length of 3.9 meters and a fuel mass of 103 tons. The four steam generators have a total mass of 335 tons, with a largest diameter of 4.9 meters and a total height of 21.3 meters.
Power generation
The mechanical systems, such as the turbine , which was driven by steam, and the generator were used to generate electricity . The turbine consists of one high-pressure and two low-pressure parts that are directly coupled to the three-phase synchronous generator , also known as the turbo generator . The generator and turbine together form a turbine set . The steam flowed into the high pressure turbine at 65 bar and performed work in twelve stages. In the nine stages of the two subsequent low-pressure parts, it relaxed to a pressure of 0.088 bar, where it partially condensed again to liquid water . The outer diameter of the last paddle wheel is 5.60 meters, the nominal speed is 1500 revolutions per minute. The generator with a total mass of 675 tons was driven by the turbines and converted the kinetic energy they absorbed into electrical energy . The output was 1345 megawatts. The voltage was stepped up with three-phase transformers and fed into the 380 kilovolt extra-high voltage network of the transmission system operator Tennet TSO . In the local area of Bergrheinfeld near the decommissioned power plant, the Bergrheinfeld substation is one of the most important German line nodes for high-voltage direct current transmission , which will remain in place even after the decommissioning.
It is noticeable that the outgoing lines are partly laid on very low electricity pylons . Vehicles with a height of more than four meters are therefore prohibited from using the path outside the power plant site along the switchgear. This is also indicated with appropriate signs.
A permanent power generation was guaranteed in the nuclear power plant. The electricity required by the power plant to keep it operational was drawn from it. In the event of a power failure, the generator was disconnected from the machine transformer by a circuit breaker . In such a case, the company's own requirements are taken from the network via the machine transformers. If the power supply could not be guaranteed either by the nuclear power plant itself (for example when it was switched off) or by the high-voltage network, the electricity was drawn from four redundant emergency diesel generators . In an emergency, battery systems and other emergency diesel generators should ensure the power supply.
Cooling towers
Two natural draft cooling towers , both 143 meters high, are used to completely condense the low-pressure steam . They are connected to the condenser via another cooling circuit. The diameter of the cooling towers at the base is 104 meters, the exit diameter at the top is 64 meters. 160,000 cubic meters of water taken from the Main are circulated every hour. The water passes through the turbine condenser and is then pumped to a height of ten meters in the cooling tower. There it is evenly distributed and trickles into the cooling tower cup, the collecting area of the trickling water, which takes up the entire base of the cooling tower. About 1.5 to 2 percent of the water evaporates from the air flowing into the cooling tower from below , which cools the water by about 13 Kelvin . According to another source, it is 0.035 percent compared to the amount circulated by evaporation. The cooling water returns from the cooling tower base to the turbine condenser.
97 percent of the waste heat from the nuclear power plant is released into the air via the cooling towers in the form of water vapor ; around 3 percent is derived directly from the Main. Due to the cooling circuit , the water returned to the Main has warmed up by around 0.5 to 1 Kelvin, depending on the flow of the Main. When the Main water is removed for cooling, it is cleaned of dirt (branches, leaves and mud, but also rubbish and other floating debris ). After the cooling process, the water is fed back into the Main, about 5 cubic meters per second. Fall each year about 4000 cubic meters of pressed filter cake and 300 cubic meters of screenings from the flotsam on.
Meteo mast Grafenrheinfeld
The meteorology mast (Meteo-Mast) Grafenrheinfeld is a widely visible guyed steel framework mast for the measurement of meteorological parameters. It is located outside of the factory premises about 750 meters south of the nuclear power plant. The mast is 164 meters high and was erected in 1977/78. It supplies meteorological data for the measuring network for monitoring the nuclear facilities in Bavaria (nuclear reactor remote monitoring system), which is operated by the Bavarian State Office for the Environment (LfU). The gamma dose rate is measured on the company premises and in the immediate vicinity. All measurement data are transmitted by remote data transmission to the measurement network center in Augsburg without the involvement of the system operator .
Information center
The information center is located within the nuclear power plant area, but 300 meters outside the central nuclear power area and was opened six years before the power plant was commissioned. By the start of operations in December 1981, more than 100,000 people had visited the information center. This facility consists of a low-rise building that houses modern audio-visual information systems, exhibits and exhibition rooms. The information center was redesigned for the first time in 1983, followed by another major renovation in 1996. From the opening in June 1975 to the end of May 2007, the information center had 434,000 visitors. The employees guided around 8,000 people through the power plant system each year. However, only a few of them were allowed to enter the radiation protection area . More than 12,000 groups of visitors had been counted by the time it was closed. In response to the nuclear phase-out in 2011, E.ON closed the information center in Grafenrheinfeld, as it did at all of the Group's other nuclear power plants, at the end of 2012.
Interim storage
With the amended Atomic Energy Act in 2000, the federal legislature ordered that interim storage facilities be built on the site of a nuclear power plant in order to reduce the number of transports of radioactive material. This eliminates the need to transport nuclear waste to the reprocessing plants at La Hague in France or Sellafield in Great Britain and to the Gorleben and Ahaus interim storage facilities in northern Germany . Since the nuclear power plant not have its own railway siding has heretofore transport containers by low loader to Gochsheim transported to be loaded there at the train station in the center of the low-loader on the train. The area was cordoned off by the police during the loading period. During these shipments, there were regular demonstrations that were always peaceful. With the interim storage facility , there is no need to transport the nuclear waste until a possibility for final storage is found.
On February 23, 2000 Bayernwerk AG submitted an application for an interim storage facility on the site of the nuclear power plant. A formal cross-border environmental impact assessment was carried out as part of the building permit procedure by the Schweinfurt District Office. The Austrian government, the governments of the federal states of Vorarlberg , Salzburg and Upper Austria as well as private individuals from the neighboring country were given the opportunity to be heard. After the project was announced on April 7, 2001, during the public display of the documents from April 24 to June 25, 2001, and during the oral discussion in Gerolzhofen from September 20 to 22, 2001, around 44,500 people raised objections. The objections, which were put forward in the form of signature lists and individual objections, questioned the safety of the interim storage facility and were directed against the concept of the containers. The objections were checked with the application documents and dealt with in the approval notice. This was granted on August 3, 2002.
On March 12, 2003, the Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) approved the operator of the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant, E.ON Kernkraft GmbH, to operate the interim storage facility on the condition that the radioactive material be safely contained by ensuring that each container has a double lid System is equipped. The Bavarian Administrative Court dismissed the complaints of the city of Schweinfurt and some private individuals against the nuclear license granted by the BfS for a fee.
The interim storage facility, a fuel element cask storage facility (BELLA), was built in 2003 and equipped with the first Castor cask with 19 spent fuel elements on February 26, 2006 . These had been removed from the wet storage facility a week earlier, where they were stored for five years to decay after being removed from the reactor. The interim storage facility serves exclusively to store irradiated fuel elements from the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant . Empty but already used containers that are contaminated with radioactive substances can also be stored there. Around 522 tons of radioactive and contaminated materials have accumulated in the nuclear power plant since it was put into operation, which were previously mainly transported by Castor transports to reprocessing plants abroad.
The interim storage facility is located on the site of the nuclear power plant, about 70 meters east of the reactor building, and is integrated into the power plant site through the outer enclosure. This is secured by a fence. Due to the location within the power plant site, the transport routes are very short, and no public transport routes are touched. It is operated independently of the nuclear power plant. Infrastructural facilities of the nuclear power plant, such as the entrance area and the road and path network, are, however, also used. The storage building is built to be particularly robust and is used for shielding and heat dissipation. These safety measures ensure the damage prevention required by law through the combination of storage hall and fuel element casks. The storage building has 85 centimeter thick reinforced concrete outer walls and includes two storage areas 62 meters long, 38 meters wide and 18 meters high. The roof is 55 centimeters thick. The loading area on the south side is separated from the two storage areas by strong shielding walls up to 8.8 meters high and 80 centimeters thick. There are various function rooms and the container maintenance station. The two storage areas are completely separated from each other by a 50 centimeter thick concrete wall. The floor slabs consist of a 40 centimeter thick reinforced concrete layer on a solid substructure. In each of the storage departments there is a bridge crane with which the containers are transported.
The interim storage facility has a maximum capacity of 88 castor containers with a total of 800 tons of heavy metal mass. Storage area 1 has 40 parking spaces on an area of 670 square meters, which are arranged in five double rows with eight spaces each. Storage area 2 is 760 square meters and holds 48 Castor containers on eight storage spaces each in six double rows. The operating license for the interim storage facility is limited to 40 years; by then, all fuel elements should have been moved to a repository that has yet to be found, probably in the Gorleben salt dome .
In the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant , only Type V / 19 Castor casks are used, with the Roman V standing for the five years in which the fuel elements in the wet storage facility have decayed and 19 for the maximum number of fuel elements that the Castor can hold. A container of this type weighs about 126 tons unloaded and is made of about 40 centimeters thick cast iron. The tightness of each container in the interim storage facility is continuously monitored and recorded. After the five-year decay period, the irradiated fuel assemblies that arise during each annual inspection are loaded into Castor casks and transported from the reactor building to the interim storage facility.
history
On July 1, 2016, E.ON Kernkraft GmbH was renamed PreussenElektra GmbH as a result of the division of the E.ON Group into a new energy world and a conventional energy world.
planning
The plans for the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant go back to 1969. In August 1969, the Grafenrheinfeld municipal council and Mayor Volk approved the construction of a nuclear power plant by Bayernwerk AG in the Schollenwehr and Dörnig corridor departments . For this purpose, the municipality sold 9.8 hectares of its own land. Another 35 hectares came from private ownership. From the beginning there were opponents of the planned nuclear power plant. A citizens' action was founded in 1972, which fought against the facility during and after the construction period. As part of the regional planning procedure , the city of Schweinfurt and some neighboring communities of Grafenrheinfeld rejected the construction of the nuclear power plant. The city argued, among other things, that the nuclear power plant would hinder the growing together of the expanding city with the municipalities of Bergrheinfeld and Grafenrheinfeld. In addition, it was feared that two neighboring nature reserves could be devalued.
The then Federal Minister of Education and Science, Klaus von Dohnanyi , stated unequivocally at a panel discussion in Schweinfurt that “in view of the constantly increasing energy demand, there is no alternative to nuclear energy” . The Grafenrheinfeld site was also defended by the Bavarian Environment Minister at the time, Max Streibl . In December 1972, the district council voted for the construction of the nuclear power plant.
In November 1973 Bayernwerk AG made the official application to build a nuclear power plant near Grafenrheinfeld. The spatial planning procedure provided for two reactor blocks with four cooling towers. Initially, however, only one reactor and two cooling towers were to be built. The government of Lower Franconia gave its approval shortly afterwards, albeit with 21 safety and environmental requirements. After two years, the project had passed the regional planning procedure. The nuclear license was granted on June 21, 1974. The city of Schweinfurt then sued the decision and work on the construction site had to be temporarily suspended.
construction
With the second partial building permit from District Administrator Georg Burghardt, construction of the cooling towers could begin. The Bavarian state government reaffirmed the legality of the permit in the spring of 1975 after the first demonstrations had taken place at the site fence, which, like later, were peaceful. The number of employees on the large construction site rose in June 1975 to around 340 people from over 50 companies from the Lower Franconian region. At this point in time, the cut-off wall , which was supposed to prevent the groundwater from penetrating, was completed. The machine house was already well-founded, and eleven high-rise cranes were in use. The foundation shoulders of the cooling towers were also completely concreted and the outer ring wall of the reactor building was growing.
The interest of the population was already great at this early stage of the construction work. That is why Bayernwerk AG arranged up to four bus trips to the construction site every day. In the fall of 1975, the information center at the construction site registered 10,000 visitors. At the end of 1975 there were 36 V-shaped supports for the cooling towers and the lower part of the steel ball, in which the reactor pressure vessel was later installed. One of the two cooling towers was raised to its final height of 143 meters in October 1976 using a climbing method. With the completion of the first cooling tower, senior site manager Eberhard Wild spoke of the half-way through the construction work. In the meantime 850 people were already employed on the construction site.
As many buildings as possible were made winter-proof so that work could continue inside quickly during the cold season. In January 1977 the machine house was pulled up and received a roof. At that time, work in the reactor building was carried out in two twelve-hour shifts around the clock. This was necessary because additional security requirements would otherwise have messed up the schedule. The plan was to connect the nuclear power plant to the grid in the winter of 1979/80.
The first heavy machinery, such as the turbine condenser, was delivered by ships in spring 1977 and unloaded in the power plant's own port. Before the administrative court in Würzburg a trial took place because of the nuclear power plant when around 500 million German marks had already been built. The lawsuits filed by three private individuals, the city of Schweinfurt and the municipality of Bergrheinfeld against the construction of the nuclear power plant were, however, rejected.
In the months that followed, work continued under time pressure. In August 1977 the structural work on the buildings was largely completed. The security container made of 30 millimeter thick sheet steel was welded together and the upper pole cap of the container was hoisted into position with a crane. The steel ball has a diameter of 56 meters, has a mass of 2000 tons and encloses the reactor airtight. At this point the second cooling tower was almost finished and the foundation for the narrow, 160-meter-high exhaust chimney was in place.
Around 1200 people were employed on the construction site. This made it the largest construction site in southern Germany. The construction workers were gradually replaced by fitters. Externally, the nuclear power plant was completed by the end of the year. For the pure concreting work, 180,000 cubic meters of concrete and 19,000 tons of reinforcing iron were processed, for which two concrete mixing plants were in operation within the plant. Then there were the two cooling towers with 22,000 cubic meters of concrete and 4,000 tons of reinforcing steel. The date for the first electricity production was postponed to mid-1980 by Chief Site Manager Wild due to subsequent design and production changes and necessary tests.
In October 1978 the 520-tonne and 12.8-meter-long reactor vessel arrived. The seamless forged rings for this were made in Japan and transported to Sweden by sea . There they were welded together over several years. The safety checks alone took up 40 percent of the working time. TÜV Bayern was involved during the entire production process. The lid of the reactor vessel alone has a mass of 120 tons. The reactor vessel is the central component in the primary circuit of the nuclear power plant. Nuclear fission takes place in the fuel elements contained therein. This container is under high pressure at 158 bar so that the water - 68,000 tons per hour - which flows through it at a temperature of over 300 degrees Celsius , does not evaporate.
The reactor vessel was fitted into the building in November 1978. The four steam generators, each weighing 360 tons, were also installed. Work on the control and monitoring instruments also went ahead in the control room, the control center of the nuclear power plant. The future operating personnel have already trained the operation on a power plant simulator in Essen.
The primary circuit, i.e. the later nuclear-heated water circuit, was successfully tested with overpressure in August 1979. In that month, an alternative biotope south of the nuclear power plant, which had been financed by Bayernwerk AG with 400,000 marks, was removed by representatives of the nature conservation authority and handed over to the care of the Grafenrheinfeld community. The area, which had previously consisted of several gravel pits, became a retreat for many animal and plant species. In 1979 the first test runs of the emergency diesel generator were carried out.
At the beginning of 1980, the control center of the nuclear power plant was largely set up. The reactor pit and the fuel pool were checked for leaks. The team tried handling the fuel elements on the loading machine. The TÜV certificate was also ready. The information center had been visited by 100,000 people by then and was fully booked for groups of visitors until mid-May 1980. In April 1980 the first clouds of steam rose from the cooling towers. However, the nuclear power plant was not yet in operation, only the water circuit of the cooling towers was tested. Half a year later, so-called warm test operation I , still without fuel elements, started. In addition to the primary circuit, 50 process engineering systems of the plant were checked for proper function for eight weeks. This was done individually at first, then together and always in the presence of an expert. The tests were successful. The primary circuit reached its operating temperature of 300 degrees Celsius for the first time with the help of the circulation of the water through the main coolant pumps. The first fuel elements arrived in the same year.
Federal President Karl Carstens visited the nuclear power plant on February 3, 1981 and stated that he considered the German nuclear power plants to be the safest in the whole of Europe and that there was no way around nuclear energy. The reactor pressure vessel was loaded with the fuel elements in June 1981, and heat test operation II followed , which was still carried out without a nuclear chain reaction. During this test run, among other things, the turbine in the machine house was run up to the operating speed of 1500 revolutions per minute. The operating permit for the plant was issued on November 10, 1981 by the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment.
business
The first self-sustaining chain reaction, the so-called first criticality , was started on December 9, 1981 at 9:11 p.m. in the reactor of the nuclear power plant. However, no electricity has yet been fed into the grid. This happened for the first time on December 30, 1981, but only with 30 percent of the nominal output. The nuclear power plant went into operation 43 months later than originally planned and was the eleventh commercial nuclear power plant in Germany. The new, stricter safety regulations in particular led to this delay. The total costs of the nuclear power plant amounted to around 2.5 billion marks (corresponds to around 2.6 billion euros today, adjusted for inflation), although originally only 1.1 billion marks (1.1 billion euros) had been assumed.
The output of the reactor was increased in stages; it ran at full load for the first time on April 20, 1982. Around 14,000 people were involved in the construction work, with 1,500 employed on the construction site at peak times. The general contractor Kraftwerk Union , who was responsible for the construction of the plant, handed over the nuclear power plant to Bayernwerk AG on June 17, 1982 after seven years of construction. About 1,000 guests came to Grafenrheinfeld for the handover ceremony on July 23, 1982, and another 5,000 from the neighborhood a day later.
The head of the power plant, 49-year-old Eberhard Wild, moved in July 1986 from the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant , which he had headed for eleven years, to the main nuclear power plant department of Bayernwerk AG in Munich. He had accompanied the construction of the nuclear power plant from the beginning. Peter Michael Schabert became his successor. Schabert was replaced at the end of 1991 by Erich K. Steiner, who was also one of those who had been there from the start. In 1992, the hundred billionth kilowatt hour of electricity has been produced since it was commissioned.
In the 1990s, a lot of money was invested in the nuclear power plant. The generator output of the plant was increased from 1299 megawatts to 1345 megawatts in 1993 by replacing the high and low pressure turbines. New office and training rooms were built for 5 million marks. The operator of the nuclear power plant invested 40 million marks in a disposal building for conventional and nuclear waste, which was completed in the spring of 1994. At the same time, a pressure relief system, the so-called Wallmann valve , was installed. DARIUS, an additional safety system for the primary circuit, was installed for 80 million marks . On July 13, 1996, on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of Bayernwerk AG, over 25,000 people came to Grafenrheinfeld for an open day. In 1997 the new central building was built. Reinhold Scheuring took over the technical management of the nuclear power plant in January 1998.
The operator, Bayernwerk AG, merged with PreussenElektra in the summer of 2000 to form E.ON Energie based in Munich , a wholly-owned subsidiary of E.ON AG , which is now the operator of the nuclear power plant.
On May 16, 2000 E.ON applied to increase the thermal reactor output by five percent to 3950 megawatts. On December 20, 2002, the Federal Ministry for the Environment asked the Reactor Safety Commission (RSK) to carry out a safety assessment. The radiation dose, especially the thyroid dose, was also examined. The values measured by the Kfü mast in 1987, 1988, 1992, 1993 and 1994 were averaged and included in the investigations. The RSK's investigations showed that no problems were to be expected in this regard, as was the case with the Philippsburg 2 and Isar 2 reactors . However, various changes should be made, especially an increase in the warm-up period of the coolant and an increase in the live steam pressure. In addition, radiation examinations were carried out in the course of the approval process. Despite the positive response from the RSK, the Federal Ministry rejected the increase in output in a letter dated February 3, 2004 on the grounds that not all of the evidence had been submitted by the operator and that the requirements for approval were therefore not met.
MOX fuel elements have also been used since 2001 . In addition to uranium (in the form of uranium dioxide ), they also contain plutonium (in the form of plutonium dioxide ), which, in addition to its radioactivity, is also extremely toxic .
The interim storage facility was put into operation in 2006. The Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant had produced on 20 February 2007 since commissioning 250 billion kilowatt hours of electricity. On June 22, 2007, a ceremony took place on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant , attended by Minister of Economic Affairs Michael Glos and the Bavarian Minister of the Environment Werner Schnappauf . Several thousand visitors attended a festival on the company premises on Sunday, June 24th, 2007.
Shutdown
On April 26, 2002, the red-green federal government implemented the long-term exit from the use of nuclear energy in the so-called nuclear consensus . Since the associated amendment of the German Atomic Energy Act , no new nuclear power plants have been allowed to be built and residual electricity quantities have been determined for all existing ones based on a standard period of 32 years, after which the plants must be shut down. The amendment stipulated that from January 1, 2000, a total of 2.623 million gigawatt hours of electricity could still be generated in German nuclear power plants. This value results from the addition of the residual amounts of electricity that were allocated to the individual systems depending on their age. The Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant was awarded a residual amount of 150.03 billion kilowatt hours, of which on January 1, 2008 69.59 billion kilowatt hours were left. The residual amounts of electricity could be handled flexibly: amounts of electricity from one system could be transferred to another. The system to which the residual electricity is transferred must, however, be younger than the installation from which the residual electricity comes. E.ON nuclear power as operator of the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant has, for example, the Stade nuclear power plant shut down before reaching the residual amount of electricity. The remaining quota of the plant was available to E.ON Kernkraft as credit and could be used for another nuclear power plant. If the average annual output remained unchanged, without longer downtimes and without the transfer of electricity volumes from or to other nuclear power plants, electricity production in Grafenrheinfeld would probably have had to end in 2014.
The Bundestag who decided on 28 October 2010 with the majority Union parties CDU / CSU and the FDP for a life extension of German nuclear power plants . The Grafenrheinfeld NPP (construction started January 1, 1975, commercial operation from June 17, 1982) thus received approval to run 14 years longer. In the legislative package adopted by the federal government on June 6, 2011 on the energy transition, however, it was decided to shut down the power plant for the end of 2015.
On March 28, 2014, the Tagesschau reported that the operator E.ON Kernkraft plans to take the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant off the grid in spring 2015. The reason given was the lack of profitability. At the beginning of March 2015, the existing fuel elements in the reactor were rearranged to ensure better utilization of the remaining energy. The shutdown was then postponed to the end of June 2015. According to the operators, the use of new fuel elements would be unprofitable due to the fuel element tax and taking into account the maximum duration until the end of 2015.
The power plant was taken out of operation on June 27, 2015 at 11:59 p.m. In December 2015, the relocation of all fuel rods remaining in the reactor pressure vessel to a wet storage facility was completed. The 597 fuel elements in the reactor building are to be brought to the interim storage facility on the power plant site by the end of 2020. To do this, they will be enclosed in castor containers.
In 2018, 171 fuel elements were brought from the spent fuel to the interim storage facility. The remaining fuel elements are to follow in 2019 and 2020.
Dismantling
E.ON has applied for a permit to decommission and dismantle the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant. On April 11, 2018, PreussenElektra announced that the Bavarian State Ministry for the Environment and Consumer Protection had granted approval for decommissioning and dismantling.
According to E.ON, 475,000 tons of non-radioactive rubble will be produced during the dismantling, 450,000 tons of which will come from the building itself, as well as 3,500 tons of low and medium-level radioactive material that is to be disposed of in the Konrad mine in Lower Saxony . So that delays in the removal of radioactive rubble do not affect the dismantling work, a storage hall for low and medium level radioactive material is to be built on the power plant site by the end of 2020.
The amount of highly radioactive waste that is generated during the dismantling process was not stated. E.ON estimates the duration of the dismantling to be at least 12 years and 6 months , other sources say at least 20 years. .
Protests
The NPP does not have its own siding , which is why the castor containers were transported by low-loader to the train station in the center of Gochsheim to be loaded onto the train. This then went on to the reprocessing plant or interim storage facility. During the loading in Gochsheim, the area was cordoned off by the police. There were regular demonstrations, but they were always peaceful. Families living in the vicinity of the loading area sued the operator of the nuclear power plant unsuccessfully against the operator of the nuclear power plant to have these loading operations prevented. The complaints were based on increased cases of illness as a result of radiation exposure. However, studies could not confirm this. With the interim storage facility at the NPP, which was completed in 2006, these Castor transports of radioactive material will no longer be necessary until a possibility for final storage in Germany is found.
There were several demonstrations against the building permits for the interim storage facility from the Schweinfurt-based citizens 'campaign for environmental protection and the protection of life - Citizens' Initiative Against Nuclear Plants (BA-BI), the Ecological Democratic Party and the Federal Nature Conservation Union . On the one hand, the radiation protection of the warehouse appeared to be too low; on the other hand, it was viewed as oversized with 88 parking spaces, since the nuclear power plant could only use around 20 parking spaces with a remaining service life of 32 years. Demonstrators concluded that the nuclear power plant would remain in operation for longer or that containers from other nuclear power plants should be stored, which in turn would have involved transport. Some even suspected that Grafenrheinfeld should become the planning site for the construction of another nuclear power plant.
In October 2001 around 250 demonstrators marched through the pedestrian zone of Schweinfurt with banners. In May 2003 there was a large protest with around 1000 participants. The march of the demonstrators through the municipality of Grafenrheinfeld was partly flanked by residents, was generally peaceful and only required little police intervention.
In 2010 the cities of Schweinfurt and Würzburg as well as the communities of Sennfeld , Gochsheim and Bergrheinfeld passed resolutions calling for the nuclear power plant to be shut down.
In April 2011 it was announced that at least four US Fairchild-Republic A-10 fighter planes had engaged in an aerial combat over the power plant. The mayor of the neighboring community of Schwebheim then wrote to the Chancellor in order to have these exercises stopped, especially since such an aircraft crashed in the Vulkaneifel that same month . The US military's flight exercises near the reactor increased in the following month.
The Schweinfurt district administrator, Leitherer, also turned to the government and pointed out the fears of the population caused by the practice flights of American fighter planes near the nuclear power plant. He demanded that the currently existing restricted radius around Grafenrheinfeld be expanded from 1.5 to 40 kilometers. He also referred to the existing interim storage facility, as, to the best of his knowledge, the fuel element casks can only withstand intense heat for a short time - for example after an explosion and a kerosene fire.
Increase in childhood cancer in the vicinity of Bavarian NPPs
For the observation period from 1983 to 1998, the KIKK study by the BfS shows the frequency of childhood tumors in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in Bavaria, according to a study, a statistically significant increase of 20% above the Bavarian average, however, due to the type of studies carried out ( ecological and descriptive methods) basically no statement can be made about the causes of this increase. Between 1994 and 1998 it was 4%. In the leukemias known to be radiation- inducible , no significant deviations were found in the periods mentioned. Numerous comparable studies showed inconsistently no or only a slight but generally insignificant increase in the risk of cancer in the vicinity of nuclear power plants (including Grafenrheinfeld).
Operating profit
| year | Millions of kilowatt hours |
year | Millions of kilowatt hours |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1982 | 8,139.1 | 1999 | 8,336.7 |
| 1983 | 9,412.0 | 2000 | 9,600.9 |
| 1984 | 9,590.0 | 2001 | 10,573.9 |
| 1985 | 9,741.6 | 2002 | 9,889.9 |
| 1986 | 8,718.2 | 2003 | 10,270.2 |
| 1987 | 8,360.6 | 2004 | 10,129.4 |
| 1988 | 8,799.9 | 2005 | 10,106.0 |
| 1989 | 9,401.7 | 2006 | 9,424.9 |
| 1990 | 7,910.3 | 2007 | 10,311.5 |
| 1991 | 9,753.5 | 2008 | 9,763.0 |
| 1992 | 9,657.2 | 2009 | 10,447.3 |
| 1993 | 8,845.9 | 2010 | 7,492.6 |
| 1994 | 9,674.5 | 2011 | 8,532.3 |
| 1995 | 9,946.0 | 2012 | 9,996.4 |
| 1996 | 9,528.6 | 2013 | 9,664.8 |
| 1997 | 10,131.0 | 2014 | 9,853.0 |
| 1998 | 9,147.0 | 2015 | 4,090.5 |
The electrical energy produced by the nuclear power plant mainly depends on how many days it was on the grid in normal operation. In normal operation it always ran at full load and could theoretically produce 11.78 billion kilowatt hours of gross electricity per year. This maximum possible electricity production was not achieved, however, due to the annual revision, which lasted between two and six weeks. In addition, there were occasional shutdowns due to irregularities in the system and unforeseen repairs.
The Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant was complete in the very first year of operation, power plant champion . In 1983 it produced 9.96 billion kilowatt hours of gross electricity (9.41 billion kilowatt hours of net electricity), more than any other facility in the world. The next year, 1984, it was again the most powerful nuclear power plant in the world and again received this title. In addition, it set a new world record: With 10.15 billion kilowatt hours of gross electricity produced (9.59 billion kilowatt hours of net electricity), a nuclear power plant exceeded the ten billion kilowatt hour mark for the first time worldwide.
In the years that followed, the nuclear power plant was one of the most powerful in the world and made it into the international top ten list a total of 15 times . In 2001 it produced the most electricity in its operating history. With 11.15 billion kilowatt hours of gross electricity, it came in 7th place for the last time in the international top ten list . Since 2002 the nuclear power plant has not been among the ten most powerful, although the energy produced has increased. In 2009, the nuclear power plant achieved 11.06 billion kilowatt hours of gross electricity (10.45 billion kilowatt hours of net electricity), the second-best result in its operating history.
Grafenrheinfeld celebrated its energy anniversary on February 20, 2007 . On this day, the power plant reached the amount of 250 billion kilowatt hours generated since it was commissioned in December 1981. Grafenrheinfeld succeeded as the third nuclear power plant in the world after Unterweser and Grohnde . Since the increase in output in 1993, the nuclear power plant has produced an average of around 10.5 billion kilowatt hours annually, which corresponds to the annual electricity requirement of 3.8 million households or a fifth of the requirements of Bavaria.
The Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant was one of the nuclear power plants with the highest availability rate worldwide . Since it was commissioned in 1982, it had an average operating time of 88.4 percent until the end of 2011. In 2001 it had the highest availability with 8392 operating hours, which corresponded to an availability of 95.8 percent. The lowest availability was in 1990 with 6743 operating hours and 76.97 percent. The average time in which electricity was fed into the network, the so-called net amount, was 87.2 percent from 1982 to the end of 2011.
During its 33 and a half year lifespan, it generated a total of 315,240 GWh, which is an average of 9,410.2 GWh / year.
safety
The planning, construction and operation of the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant were and, like all nuclear facilities in Germany, are subject to numerous regulations. The Reactor Safety Commission (RSK) summarizes all safety-related requirements that are to be met in the design, construction and operation of a nuclear power plant with a pressurized water reactor in guidelines. The third edition of October 14, 1981 was last corrected and supplemented on November 15, 1996.
The nuclear power plant, built according to western standards, is equipped with several active and passive barriers, which are intended to prevent radioactivity from escaping even in the event of the most severe operational disruptions. The nuclear area and the interim storage facility are surrounded by an outer enclosure, a safety wall. The entire power plant area is also enclosed by a safety fence.
Passive security system
At the first barrier , located in the reactor core , gas-tight metal cladding tubes enclose the actual nuclear fuel , the crystal lattice of uranium oxide . The reactor pressure vessel , in which the fuel elements are located and the steel walls of which are 25 centimeters thick, serves as a second barrier . This container is surrounded by the third barrier , a two-meter-thick concrete chamber that holds back neutron and gamma radiation . The fourth barrier consists of a spherical containment that encloses the entire nuclear part of the nuclear power plant. This container is welded together from three centimeter thick steel plates. The volume of this container is dimensioned so that it can hold the radioactive coolant in vapor form in the event of an accident. The last barrier , the only one that is visible from the outside, is the two-meter-thick reinforced concrete shell , which has the purpose of protecting the power plant from external influences and is constructed in the event of a plane crash.
The German nuclear power plants have different standards in the last point. The wall thickness in the Grafenrheinfeld power plant is more than 100 centimeters and can withstand an unarmed phantom . In 1981 a guideline of the RSK came into force in the event of a crash of a military aircraft , which had already been used in the planning of the NPP. The aircraft corresponds to an impact mass of 20 tons and has a speed of around 774 kilometers per hour that can be achieved at low altitude . Even larger aircraft do not necessarily break through the shell, since the kinetic parameters of this military aircraft already represent the highest shock load in the event of an impact. However, major side effects such as fires and splinter effects could also lead to major damage to surrounding power plant structures outside the reactor building.
Particularly strict requirements apply in a nuclear power plant in the event of a fire. There are defined fire compartments within the building which are intended to prevent the fire from spreading. Even a complete loss of the machine house and the auxiliary building should have no effect on the safe shutdown of the reactor, according to statements by the Nuclear Technology Committee .
The burning fuel of a crashed airplane would theoretically flow down the reactor building and seep into the surrounding gravel. Due to the large wall thickness of the reactor building of two meters of reinforced concrete, according to the VDI, hardly any heat development should be recorded inside.
Should the outer shell be broken, internal damage is the likely consequence. Fragments of the engines could break through the concrete casing with the steel reinforcement and the containment. It is possible that the reactor cooling circuit could be damaged and other safety systems could suffer damage. However, should the pipelines, the reactor pressure vessel or the cooling circuit be damaged more seriously, the emergency cooling systems could still feed in enough water. See also active safety system . In such a case, the reactor protection system would have to trigger a reactor emergency shutdown (RESA). The escape of radioactivity could not be ruled out here.
To avoid conflicts with aircraft, there is also a restricted flight area (ED-R 23) above the NPP for VFR traffic, laterally within a radius of around 3 km and vertically up to 2700 feet.
Active security system
These include safety systems that are activated in the event of an incident, shut down the reactor and ensure reliable cooling through emergency and post-cooling systems and emergency power systems. These safety-related systems meet all requirements issued by the Nuclear Technical Committee (KTA). Several different, independent systems are responsible for emergency cooling, through which the heat is to be dissipated in every operating state. This diversity largely ensures that if one or more safety systems fail, the other systems remain effective. The power plant's internal power supply is secured with its own generator, the double connection to the network as well as several power generators and large battery systems.
All active safety precautions are switched by the reactor protection system , which accesses the components of the safety system, such as the after-cooling pumps. This works independently of the operating system. In this way, the function of the reactor protection system should always be guaranteed in the event of a fault-triggering event in the operating system. It constantly monitors and compares all important operating parameters of the system, such as temperature and pressure. If a system reaches a previously defined limit value, the safety system should automatically trigger protective measures (rapid reactor shutdown and subsequent cooling of the reactor) independently of the operating personnel. The limit value is chosen so that there is still enough time to shut down the reactor before major problems such as a core meltdown can occur. If the reactor is shut down by the reactor protection system, the decay heat , which continues to be generated by the slowly decaying radioactive decay of the fission products, should be dissipated so that the fuel rods do not overheat. The residual heat removal and emergency cooling system should take over this task, for example in the event of a malfunction in the primary circuit due to loss of coolant . This should always ensure sufficient cooling of the reactor core. The residual heat removal and emergency cooling systems are available four times and each consist of a pump, water storage tank, heat exchanger and secure power supply (emergency diesel generator). In detail, there are four strings, each with 50% capacity, for emergency cooling in the event of a small leak with high pressure in the reactor cooling circuit, four strings each with 50% in the case of a large leak in the reactor cooling circuit, and four strings each with 50% for emergency supply , if none There is a leak, but there is a failure in the supply of the main feed water and the decay heat must be removed from the reactor after a rapid shutdown.
Reportable Events
Since the commissioning of the nuclear power plant up to March 2011, there have been a total of 222 incidents, which were classified as notifiable events according to the Nuclear Safety Officer and Reporting Ordinance , but almost all of which were below the lowest level on the seven-level international assessment scale for nuclear incidents (INES). There was one incident that was classified as INES Level 1.
June 26 and July 5, 2000
On June 26, 2000, an INES level 1 incident occurred at the nuclear power plant. During the annual revision, deficiencies were found in five of eight control valves that had been installed the year before. During the manufacture of the bushes, there was contamination and, due to the effects of air humidity, the bushings were corroded when the plant was shut down for a long period, which impaired the ease of movement of the valve spindles. This deficiency was assigned to INES level 1 because several components in similar facilities with the same safety functions were affected. In the same year, on July 5, 2000, there was a fire in the nuclear power plant, which damaged the motor of a main coolant pump in the immediate vicinity of the reactor pressure vessel.
2nd / 3rd April 2002
On the night of April 2 to April 3, 2002, there was a malfunction, whereupon the nuclear power plant was shut down. It was switched off automatically because of a defective component; the diesel generators started up and took over the power supply of the nuclear power plant in all four redundancies. The cause of the malfunction was a defective electronic component in the non-nuclear part. When the system was switched off, the supply of electricity to the network was interrupted, but this had no safety-relevant effect. After the incident and the restoration of the self-sufficiency, the reactor was only delayed and no longer ramped up to full load, because the overhaul of the plant was planned for a week later, starting April 8, and was carried out according to plan.
November 12, 2012
On November 12, 2012, a fuse in a switch cabinet on the quadruple reactor protection system failed. Due to this defect, individual checkpoints were not available and the system was switched to operation. According to an official press release from the operator E.ON, this had no effect on the operation of safety-relevant system components. The event was classified at level 0 of the INES.
November 16, 2012
During a recurring test in power operation (full load) on November 16, 2012, a pool cooling pump switched itself off automatically. According to the operator, the reason for this was a winding short on the drive motor. The event was classified at level 0 of the INES.
Other incidents
On November 8, 1984, a British tornado fighter jet crashed while flying low. A crew member had triggered a joint emergency exit shortly before crossing the Main ( "command ejection" ). The driverless machine fell to the ground and exploded. The crash site was 5 km as the crow flies from the NPP, which corresponds to a flight time of less than 30 seconds. The Main Post is counting on further incidents involving military aircraft in this context.
Emissions
Radiation dose
The radiation dose of the nuclear power plant is measured regularly and published in annual reports by the Nuclear Technology Society . In recent years the radiation dose has been below the specified limit value and reached a range from 0.56 mSv (in 2003) to 3.04 mSv (in 1999). These values are below the limit set for radiation sickness . The average radiation exposure of people in Germany due to environmental influences and medical examinations is around 2.4 mSv per year, of which radon causes around half.
Greenhouse gases
| year | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CO 2 emissions in t / a | 1,739 | 3,353 | 1,380 | 2,364 | 1,290 |
In addition to emitting radiation, the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant also emits greenhouse gases. The table opposite shows the CO 2 emissions for a number of years.
Heat emission
Waste heat is released mainly through the cooling towers and the return of cooling water to the Main.
Revision
Once a year, usually in April or May, the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant was inspected. The nuclear power plant was checked and maintained. During the revision, more than 1,000 specialists from 200 companies, such as electricians , physicists , chemists , locksmiths , engineers , radiation guards, safety experts from TÜV and others , came to the 300 employees . E.ON spent around 15 million euros on each annual revision . Every day on which the nuclear power plant was not producing electricity cost the operator several hundred thousand euros. The revision could take four to six weeks if major work was required. The shortest revision to date took 15 days. The 2010 revision began at the beginning of March 2010 and lasted until the end of June due to the large amount of work. During the shutdown, the reactor cooling circuit was chemically cleaned, the turbine control system was completely replaced and the reactor control was converted to digital control technology.
The revisions meant an additional economic factor for the Schweinfurt area. Over 1000 people had to be fed for the duration of this. Some of them stayed overnight in the surrounding villages. Containers were set up on the premises for the additional staff, and the works canteen was expanded with a tent. In addition, the security service has been strengthened.
With each revision, around 40 of the 193 fuel elements were replaced with new ones. To protect against radiation, this replacement took place completely under water. For this purpose, the reactor pressure vessel was opened at the top, the area above it was flooded and the fuel assemblies were removed. This was done with a loading machine that lifted out the upright and almost five meter long fuel elements that had previously been released from the anchorage. They were transported underwater through a lock to the neighboring cooling pool . The replaced fuel elements remain there for several years, so that radioactivity and heat generation are considerably reduced. In some revisions, as most recently in 2006, all fuel assemblies were removed in order to thoroughly inspect the walls and seams of the reactor vessel. This task was performed by a remote-controlled mini -submarine equipped with a camera .
The revision also extended to the non-nuclear part of the facility. During the revision in 2006, the generator rotor, a 204-tonne shaft , was replaced in the machine house . This work was carried out by specialists who are also used in coal and gas turbine power plants , as there are hardly any differences in the components that generate the electricity, such as the generator.
After completing all the work, the reactor was restarted, which took about 60 hours until the power plant was back to 100% capacity.
The SPD member of the Bundestag Frank Hofmann (Schweinfurt) called for a really independent monitoring of the work; he did not consider TÜV Süd, which was responsible for monitoring at the time, to be independent.
Media processing
In the anti-nuclear power novel Die Wolke by Gudrun Pausewang from 1987, a fictional disaster in the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant , in which a radioactive cloud is released, is the trigger of the action. The resulting panic among the population is dramatically portrayed using the fate of 14-year-old Janna-Berta. In the film of the same name , which was made in 2006 under the direction of Gregor Schnitzler in the style of a disaster film , a fictional nuclear power plant (KKW Markt Ebersberg) near Schweinfurt is mentioned.
Data of the reactor block
The Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant has one reactor block :
| Reactor block | Reactor type | Construction line | electrical power |
thermal reactor power |
start of building | Network synchronization |
Commercialization of essential operation |
Shutdown | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| net | Gross | ||||||||
| Grafenrheinfeld (KKG) | Pressurized water reactor | KWU building line '3 ( pre-convoy ) | 1,275 MW | 1,345 MW | 3,765 MW | 01/01/1975 | 12/30/1981 | 06/17/1982 | 06/27/2015 |
literature
- E.ON Kernkraft GmbH (Ed.): 25 years of Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant. Main-Post media group, Würzburg 2007.
- E.ON Kernkraft GmbH (Ed.): Grafenrheinfeld - Information on the nuclear power plant. Printing company Schmerbeck GmbH, Tiefenbach 2005.
- Bayernwerk AG (Ed.): Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant. Munich 1995.
- Gudrun Pausewang (author): The cloud . 1987.
See also
- List of nuclear power plants in Germany
- List of nuclear reactors with the highest annual production
- List of reportable events in German nuclear facilities
- Nuclear Power Plant Safety
Web links
- Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant near PreussenElektra
- Decentralized interim storage facility at the Federal Office for Radiation Protection
- Events that have to be reported to the Federal Office for Radiation Protection
- Information on the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant - (PDF file: 1.1 MB)
- Reactor safety in Bavaria at the Bavarian State Ministry for the Environment, Health and Consumer Protection
Individual evidence
The information in this article comes to a large extent from the works mentioned under literature; in addition, individual, central text passages are covered with the following sources.
- ↑ a b c PreussenElektra: Grafenrheinfeld power plant . Online at www.preussenelektra.de, accessed on November 27, 2016.
- ↑ preussenelektra.de , E.ON website
- ^ AKW Grafenrheinfeld: According to E.ON, the end of the day will be on June 27 ( memento from June 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) , message on BR.de from June 3, 2015.
- ^ Grafenrheinfeld is from the network message on sueddeutsche.de from June 28, 2015
- ↑ Die Welt : Europe's nuclear power plants are not safe enough. - European nuclear power plants have appalling safety deficiencies. This is proven by extensive stress tests. French nuclear power plants are doing particularly badly - but German nuclear power plants are also affected. dated September 30, 2012, accessed May 23, 2015
- ↑ Der Spiegel : Safety deficiencies in twelve German nuclear power plants from October 1, 2012, accessed on June 23, 2015
- ↑ Tagesschau : The fairy tale of safe German reactors from October 5, 2012, accessed on June 23, 2015
- ↑ 13600 Schweinfurt Basin ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d e f Brief description for the Grafenrheinfeld fuel element cask storage facility - KKG BELLA ( Memento of the original from 23 September 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file: 6.0 MB)
- ↑ a b Bayernwerk AG: Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant. P. 3.
- ↑ a b c d Grafenrheinfeld at the IAEO
- ↑ Reactor Safety Commission of September 18, 2003 ( Memento of the original of August 8, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 41 kB).
- ↑ Federal Network Agency power plant list (nationwide; all network and transformer levels) as of July 2nd, 2012. ( Microsoft Excel file; 1.6 MB) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on July 22, 2012 ; Retrieved July 21, 2012 .
- ^ Grafenrheinfeld - Information on the nuclear power plant. EO.N Kernkraft GmbH (Ed.), Page 15.
- ↑ Energy knowledge , Udo-Leuschnerde
- ^ Karl Strauss: Power plant technology: for the use of fossil, nuclear and regenerative energy sources. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 2006. ISBN 3-540-29666-2 . Page 287.
- ↑ E.ON Kernkraft GmbH (Ed.): 25 years of the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant. Page 15.
- ↑ Kfü
- ↑ E.ON Kernkraft GmbH (Ed.): 25 years of the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant. Page 23.
- ↑ Dirk Seifert: E.on switches off - information centers at the nuclear power plants will be shut down on August 8, 2012, accessed on March 16, 2013
- ↑ a b Press report from February 19, 2002 ( Memento of the original from February 16, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Press release of February 12, 2003 by the Federal Office for Radiation Protection ( Memento of the original of September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Authorization for the storage of nuclear fuels in the on-site interim storage facility in Grafenrheinfeld of E.ON Kernkraft GmbH ( Memento of the original from September 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 0.7 MB)
- ↑ File number: 22 A 03.40020
- ↑ Location Grafenrheinfeld (Bavaria) at the Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BSF) ( Memento of the original from September 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Nuclear power plants in Germany at Greenpeace ( memento of the original from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ German Atomic Forum e. V .: Nuclear Energy - Current 2007 , Chapter Intermediate Storage / Transport . Berlin, September 2007.
- ^ PreussenElektra: Our story . Online at www.preussenelektra.de, accessed on November 27, 2016.
- ↑ E.ON Kernkraft GmbH (Ed.): 25 years of the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant. Page 4.
- ↑ E.ON Kernkraft GmbH (Ed.): 25 years of the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant. Page 6.
- ↑ E.ON Kernkraft GmbH (Ed.): 25 years of the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant. Page 8.
- ↑ a b E.ON Kernkraft GmbH (Ed.): 25 years of the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant. Page 9.
- ↑ E.ON Kernkraft GmbH (Ed.): 25 years of the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant. Pages 8–9.
- ↑ Reactor Safety Commission of September 18, 2003 ( Memento of the original of August 8, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 41 kB)
- ↑ Radiation Protection Commission on September 12, 2003 ( Memento of the original of September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 0.2 MB)
- ↑ Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety ( Memento of the original from September 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Nuclear phase-out in Agenda 21
- ↑ Nuclear power plants in Germany residual electricity volumes / generated energy 2004
- ↑ Another four years for Grafenrheinfeld - "Main Post" article from June 7, 2011
- ↑ - Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant goes offline in June
- ↑ - E.ON exchanges fuel elements ( Memento from March 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ - The kiln is shut down ( Memento from June 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Fuel rods removed from reactor core , br.de from December 15, 2015
- ↑ a b Northern Bavaria: Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant is now oȄizially in "non-operation" , February 1, 2017, online at www.nordbayern.de, accessed on March 12, 2017.
- ↑ Main-Post: Nuclear power plant: 330,000 tons of material are moved , February 13, 2017, online at www.mainpost.de, accessed on March 12, 2017.
- ↑ inFranken.de: 426 fuel elements left in the decay basin: This is how the dismantling of the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant works , December 15, 2018, accessed on December 16, 2018.
- ↑ Reference to the public announcement on the decommissioning and dismantling of the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant (KKG) from May 3, 2016 ( BAnz AT May 17 , 2016 B7 )
- ↑ Approval for the decommissioning and dismantling of the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant. PreussenElektra, April 11, 2018, accessed on August 6, 2018 .
- ↑ Main-Post: Grafenrheinfeld dismantling costs 1.2 billion , June 21, 2015, online at www.mainpost.de, accessed on March 12, 2017.
- ↑ 33 years of operation, 20 years of demolition . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , June 20, 2015. Accessed June 21, 2015.
- ^ Press archive of the ödp-Schweinfurt ( memento from October 25, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) in the Internet Archive
- ↑ Bayerischer Rundfunk ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Risky maneuvers: aerial combat over the nuclear power plant ( Memento from April 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ focus.de: Rhineland-Palatinate: US fighter jet crashes in the Vulkaneifel , accessed on April 1, 2011
- ↑ mainpost.de
- ↑ mainpost.de
- ↑ BfS - Childhood Cancer and Nuclear Power Plants Childhood Cancer and Nuclear Power Plants Article 2. Accessed on December 19, 2017 .
- ↑ a b Press release from February 14, 2001 at kernenergie.de ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Top ten list at kernenergie.de ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Press release from February 25, 2002 at kernenergie.de ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Operating results at the German Atomic Forum ( Memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) - (PDF).
- ↑ RSK guidelines for pressurized water reactors ( Memento of the original of August 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 0.3 MB)
- ↑ a b Danger to German nuclear power plants from the crash of commercial aircraft (PDF; 0.1 MB)
- ^ Atomic terror at Zeit.de
- ↑ KTA 2201.4
- ↑ Association of German Engineers Statement on the Safety-Related Design of Nuclear Facilities in Germany Against Terrorism (PDF; 0.1 MB)
- ↑ On the resistance of containments for nuclear power plants against terrorist attacks with large airliners ( Memento of the original from August 18, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 0.7 MB)
- ↑ "vfr-bulletin.de
- ↑ a b Reactor protection system and monitoring devices of the safety system ( Memento of the original from October 6, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 0.8 MB)
- ↑ The multi-level concept for security precautions ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Michael Sailer / Christian Küppers: Statement on the HSK report for the Beznau nuclear power plant , 1994 (where the emergency cooling capacity of this NPP is compared with that of newer German plants)
- ↑ Federal Office for Radiation Protection: Nuclear Power Plants in Germany - Notifiable Events since Commissioning, as of April 13 , 2015 ( Memento from April 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Federal Office for Radiation Protection - Annual Report 2000 ( Memento of the original from January 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 0.5 MB)
- ↑ Reportable events in plants for the fission of nuclear fuels in the Federal Republic of Germany - Annual Report 2000 ( Memento of the original of September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 0.5 MB)
- ↑ Federal Office for Radiation Protection - Annual Report 2002 ( Memento of the original from January 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 0.5 MB)
- ↑ E.ON - press releases ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from November 16, 2012. eon-kernkraft.com. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
- ↑ Information on the website of the Bavarian State Ministry for Environment and Health ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ list of ejection seat -Unfällen of 1984: "The navigator, who had been head down looking at a map looked out and saw the ground and no horizon Sensing did the aircraft which rolling to the left and descending out of control he initiated command. ejection. " loaded on June 24, 2015
- ^ Ministry of Defense : Accident To Royal Air Force Tornado GR1 ZA603 loaded on June 24, 2015
- ↑ After the excitement about KKG: Already in 1984 tornado crash Mainpost online, December 15, 2010, at archive.org ( Memento from June 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Kerntechnische Gesellschaft - Annual Reports ( Memento of the original from September 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Installations subject to emissions trading in Germany 2008-2012 (as of February 28, 2011). (PDF) (No longer available online.) German Emissions Trading Authority , archived from the original on February 20, 2013 ; Retrieved June 29, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ E.ON Kernkraft GmbH (Ed.): 25 years of the Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant. Pages 16–17.
- ↑ Press release ( Memento of the original from December 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Press release ( Memento of the original from December 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Homepage of the MP; Press release March 17, 2011
- ↑ Review of the book Die Wolke ( Memento of the original from July 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ The film The Cloud at filmstarts.de
- ↑ Power Reactor Information System of the IAEA : Germany, Federal Republic of: Nuclear Power Reactors (English).
