List of nuclear reactors in Germany

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Nuclear power plants in Germany
Research reactors in Germany

The list of nuclear reactors in Germany includes nuclear power plants that are in operation or shut down, nuclear power plants that have not started operating and research reactors.

Overview

While in the first nuclear test facilities in the Third Reich as part of the uranium project 1940–1945 proof of neutron multiplication could be achieved , but no self-sustaining chain reaction , around 110 nuclear facilities were put into operation in Germany between 1957 and 2004. A distinction must be made between nuclear reactors for energy generation and research reactors . The first nuclear reactors to go into operation in October and December 1957 were the Munich Research Reactor in Garching (FRG) and the Rossendorfer Research Reactor (DDR ) in operation. The Kahl nuclear power plant was the first nuclear power plant to go online in February 1962. In 1989, Block 5 of the Greifswald nuclear power plant was the last commercial nuclear reactor to be synchronized with the grid. The training nuclear reactor in Dresden received its operating license in 2004 as the last research reactor to date.

On January 1, 1960, the law on the peaceful use of nuclear energy and the protection against its dangers ( Atomic Energy Act for short ) came into force in West Germany . Since then it has been changed and supplemented several times. Since the agreement between the federal government and the energy supply companies of June 15, 2000 (the so-called nuclear consensus ), the use of the existing nuclear power plants is limited in time and there is a new construction ban (no permits for the construction of new nuclear power plants). Research in the field of nuclear engineering is unaffected by the atomic consensus. The nuclear energy consensus agreement stipulates an amount of electricity still to be generated (“ residual electricity amount ”) for each nuclear power plant. In principle, these so-called residual amounts of electricity can be transferred from older power plants to newer ones, and vice versa only in exceptional cases. Once a nuclear power plant has generated its allocated residual electricity, it must be shut down. The agreements made were implemented by the law on the orderly termination of the use of nuclear energy for the commercial generation of electricity of April 22, 2002.

At that time it was planned that the 19 commercially used nuclear power plant blocks would be shut down by 2021. Two nuclear power plants, Stade and Obrigheim , were shut down in 2003 and 2005; Block 2 of the Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant was to be the last to go offline. At the end of the SPD's participation in government in 2009, 17 commercially used nuclear power plant units and 11 research reactors, including 6 teaching reactors, were still in operation.

The black and yellow majority in the Bundestag decided on October 28, 2010 to extend the term after it had previously been approved by the black and yellow federal cabinet. On average, the nuclear power plants should be in operation twelve years longer than the nuclear consensus from the year 2000, concluded between the red-green government (Schröder / Fischer) and the nuclear industry, was agreed. On December 8, 2010, the law extending the term was signed by Federal President Christian Wulff . The SPD-led federal states of Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate filed an action against this law with the Federal Constitutional Court on February 28, 2011.

Due to the nuclear accidents in Fukushima , the Chancellor announced on March 15, 2011 an " atomic moratorium ", whereby the seven oldest German nuclear power plants should be switched off during the moratorium - this probably did not correspond to the legal situation, as the government does not give a simple request from parliament may override enacted law. This nuclear moratorium also included a three-month suspension of the term extension and the shutdown of the seven oldest German nuclear power plants during this moratorium. The RWE group affected by this, along with others , filed a lawsuit against the shutdown of the Biblis A nuclear power plant with the competent Hessian administrative court on April 1, 2011 . RWE cited the lack of a legal basis for the moratorium.

When the amendment to the Atomic Energy Act came into force on August 6, 2011, the seven oldest nuclear power plant units in Germany and the Krümmel nuclear power plant finally lost their operating license. The plan to keep one of the blocks in reserve was rejected by the Federal Network Agency at the end of August 2011. The remaining nine units, six of which are still in operation, must be shut down in accordance with the Atomic Energy Act by the end of 2022 at the latest, Grafenrheinfeld was shut down on June 28, 2015, Gundremmingen B on December 31, 2017 and Philippsburg 2 on December 31, 2019.

Nuclear power plants

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Manufacturer, series
Help Wikipedia by researching and pasting it .

Nuclear power plants are all power reactors and prototype systems that are used for commercial electricity generation. The highlighted reactors are in operation.

designation country Abbreviation Type operator Gross output
in MW
 Net output
in MW
 Energy production
by 2018
in TWh
 Residual amount of electricity
from
January 2020
in TWh
 start of building Start of commercial operation Out of operation
at the latest in accordance with
Section 7 (1a) AtG 		Average availability over the
operating period
 status
Isar / Ohu  2 BY KKI 2 PWR (KWU convoy ) PreussenElektra 1485 1410 324.0 9.0 Sep 15 1982 0Apr 9, 1988 Dec 31, 2022 93.2% In operation
Brokdorf SH KBR PWR (KWU pre-convoy ) PreussenElektra 1480 1410 324.3 5.5 0Jan. 1, 1976 Dec 22, 1986 Dec 31, 2021 89.4% In operation
Philippsburg  2 BW KKP 2 DWR EnBW 1468 1402 336.8 1.7 0Jul 7, 1977 Apr 18, 1985 December 31, 2019 88.2% In dismantling
Grohnde NI KWG PWR (KWU pre-convoy ) PreussenElektra 1430 1360 346.9 7.9 0Jun 1, 1976 0Feb. 1, 1985 Dec 31, 2021 91.7% In operation
Lower Weser NI KKU DWR PreussenElektra 1410 1345 289.8 0Jul 1, 1972 06 Sep 1979 0Aug 6, 2011 83.7% In dismantling
(until 2031)
Crumbs SH KKK SWR Vattenfall 1402 1346 201.7 78.2 0Apr 5, 1974 March 28, 1984 0Aug 6, 2011 67.9% Out of operation
(dismantling
planned by 2038)
Emsland NI KKE PWR (KWU convoy) RWE 1406 1335 328.9 30.3 Aug 10, 1982 Jun 20, 1988 Dec 31, 2022 93.8% In operation
Neckarwestheim  2 BW GKN 2 PWR (KWU convoy) EnBW 1400 1310 300.2 28.6 0Nov 9, 1982 Apr 15, 1989 Dec 31, 2022 93.0% In operation
Grafenrheinfeld BY KKG DWR PreussenElektra 1345 1275 315.6 0Jan. 1, 1975 Jun 17, 1982 Jun 27, 2015 88.7% In dismantling
(until 2035)
Gundremmingen  C BY KRB C SWR (KWU construction line 72) RWE 1344 1288 315.2 11.9 Jul 20, 1976 Jan. 18, 1985 Dec 31, 2021 89.3% In operation
Gundremmingen  B. BY KRB B SWR RWE 1344 1284 314.5 1.0 Jul 20, 1976 Jul 19, 1984 December 31, 2017 90.4% In dismantling
(until 2040)
Mülheim-Kärlich RP KMK DWR RWE 1302 1219 10.3 34.4 Jan 15, 1975 0Oct 1, 1987 0Sep 9 1988 76.0% In dismantling
(until 2021)
Biblis  B HE KWB B DWR RWE 1300 1240 247.4 0Feb. 1, 1972 Jan. 31, 1977 0Aug 6, 2011 74.5% In dismantling
(until after 2032)
Biblis  A HE KWB A DWR RWE 1225 1167 232.8 0Jan. 1, 1970 Feb. 26, 1975 0Aug 6, 2011 68.7% In dismantling
(until after 2032)
Philippsburg  1 BW KKP 1 SWR EnBW 926 890 187.6 0Oct. 1, 1970 March 26, 1980 0Aug 6, 2011 80.3% In dismantling
Isar / Ohu  1 BY KKI 1 SWR PreussenElektra 912 878 198.3 0May 1, 1972 March 21, 1979 0Aug 6, 2011 86.0% In dismantling
(until 2032)
Neckarwestheim  1 BW GKN 1 DWR EnBW 840 785 186.8 0Feb. 1, 1972 0Dec. 1, 1976 0Aug 6, 2011 84.7% In dismantling
Brunsbuettel SH KKB SWR Vattenfall 806 771 120.4 11.0 Apr 15, 1970 0Feb 9, 1977 0Aug 6, 2011 57.9% In dismantling
(until 2033)
Stade NI KKS DWR PreussenElektra 672 640 145.9 0Dec. 1, 1967 May 19, 1972 Nov 14, 2003 85.3% In dismantling
(until 2023)
Würgassen NW KWW SWR PreussenElektra 670 640 69.7 Jan. 26, 1968 Nov 11, 1975 Aug 26, 1994 71.9% In dismantling
(until 2028)
Greifswald  1 MV KGR 1 VVER EWN 440 408 35.5 0March 1, 1970 Jul 12, 1974 Dec 18, 1990 65.8% In dismantling
(until 2028)
Greifswald  2 MV KGR 2 VVER EWN 440 408 36.6 0March 1, 1970 Apr 16, 1975 Feb. 14, 1990 70.6% In dismantling
(until 2028)
Greifswald  3 MV KGR 3 VVER EWN 440 408 33.3 0Apr 1, 1972 0May 1, 1978 Feb 28, 1990 78.8% In dismantling
(until 2028)
Greifswald  4 MV KGR 4 VVER EWN 440 408 28.9 0Apr 1, 1972 0Nov 1, 1979 0Jun 2, 1990 78.0% In dismantling
(until 2028)
Greifswald  5 MV KGR 5 VVER EWN 440 408 0.0 0Dec. 1, 1976 Jul 12, 1974 Nov. 24, 1989 In dismantling
(until 2028)
Obrigheim BW KWO DWR EnBW 357 340 86.8 March 15, 1965 0Apr 1, 1969 May 11, 2005 83.7% In dismantling
(until 2025)
Hamm-Uentrop NW THTR HTR HKG 308 296 2.8 0May 1, 1971 0Jun 1, 1987 Apr 29, 1988 56.0% In secure
confinement
(2030)
Lingen NI KWL SWR RWE 268 183 9.1 0Oct. 1, 1964 0Oct. 1, 1968 0Jan. 5, 1979 42.2% In dismantling
(until 2035)
Gundremmingen  A BY KRB SWR RWE 250 237 13.8 Dec 12, 1962 Apr 12, 1967 Jan. 13, 1977 81.2% Dismantling suspended,
2006 conversion to
"technology center"
Niederaichbach BY KKN HWCR without
( "green meadow" ) 		106 100 0.0 0Jun 1, 1966 0Jan. 1, 1973 Jul 31, 1974 9.0% dismantled
Rheinsberg BB KKR VVER EWN 70 62 9.0 0Jan. 1, 1960 Oct 11, 1966 0Jun 1, 1990 61.0% In dismantling
(until 2025)
MZFR Karlsruhe BW MZFR DWR EWN 57 52 4.8 0Dec. 1, 1961 Dec. 19, 1966 0May 3, 1984 73.3% In dismantling
(until 2021)
Großwelzheim BY HDR HDR without
("green meadow") 		25th 25th 0.0 0Jan. 1, 1965 0Aug 2, 1970 Apr 20, 1971 dismantled
KNK Karlsruhe  I BW KNK I BR EWN 21st 17th 0.5 0May 1, 1966 Feb. 21, 1974 0Sep 1 1974 In dismantling
KNK Karlsruhe  II BW KNK II BR EWN 21st 17th 0.3 0Sep 1 1974 0March 3, 1979 23 Aug 1991 26.8% In dismantling
Bald BY VAK SWR without
("green meadow") 		16 15th 2.0 0Jul 1, 1958 0Feb. 1, 1962 Nov 25, 1985 67.8% dismantled
Jülich NW AVR HTR EWN 15th 13 1.5 0Aug 1, 1961 May 19, 1969 Dec 31, 1988 65.9% In dismantling
Remarks
  1. ↑ a b c In February 2020, 6 TWh were transferred from the Krümmel nuclear power plant to the Isar 2 nuclear power plant and 5 TWh to the Brokdorf nuclear power plant.
  2. ↑ On July 4, 2009 there was an emergency reactor shutdown due to a fault in a machine transformer. From then on until the loss of the operating license (" nuclear phase-out ") on August 6, 2011, Krümmel was in 'standstill'
  3. ↑ see AVR (Jülich) # Dismantling, disposal .

Nuclear power plants without starting operations

This list includes planned nuclear power plants for which a permit application has been submitted and rejected, as well as nuclear power plants that have been partially built or completed but never went into operation. Those nuclear power plants whose construction has started are highlighted in dark gray.

designation
 federal
country
 plan
clothes
 Start of
construction
End of project
 Further information
 Gross
(MW)
 Net
(MW)
 Type
 Working
leg
Bad Breisig RPRP RP 1971 - ? Planning set after a short time due to lack of space (drinking water protection, earthquake), to replace a few kilometers upriver was the nuclear power plant in Mülheim-Kärlich built 1300 ? DWR
BASF  1 RPRP RP 1973 - December 01, 1976 was replaced by a fossil-fired steam power plant (commissioning 2005) 425 385 DWR
Biblis  C HEHE HE 1975 - 1995 Components that have already been manufactured were used for the Angra 2 nuclear power plant (Brazil) 1315 1238 DWR
Biblis  D HEHE HE 1973 - 01/01/1979 ? 1300 DWR
Bark HEHE HE 1974 - 1995 1300 1200 DWR
Dahlen  1 SNSN SN 1980 - Spring 1990 1000 950 DWR
Dahlen 2 SNSN SN 1980 - Spring 1990 1000 950 DWR
Dahlen 3 SNSN SN 1980 - Spring 1990 1000 950 DWR
Dahlen 4 SNSN SN 1980 - Spring 1990 1000 950 DWR
Emden NINI NI 1975 - ? the planned location was Rysumer Sand 1300 ? DWR
Greifswald  6 MVMV MV ? December 01, 1976 01/01/1990 Construction was completed, no operations started 440 408 DWR
Greifswald  7 MVMV MV ? December 01, 1978 10/01/1990 Construction was canceled 440 408 DWR
Greifswald  8 MVMV MV ? December 01, 1978 10/01/1990 Construction was canceled 440 408 DWR
Hamm NWNW NW 1975 - 1995 the Emsland nuclear power plant was built as a replacement 1301 1231 DWR
Kalkar  1 NWNW NW 1969 04/23/1973 03/20/1991 Construction was completed in 1985, no operations started 327 295 SNR
Neupotz  A. RPRP RP 1977 - 1987 1368 1289 DWR
Neupotz B. RPRP RP 1977 - 1987 1368 1289 DWR
Pfaffenhofen  A BYBY BY 1976 - 1999 1315 1238 DWR
SNR-2 NWNW NW 1975 - 1982 The Kalkar location had not yet been finalized 1500 1380 SNR
Stendal  1 STST ST 1980 December 01, 1982 03/01/1991 85 percent of the construction was completed 970 900 DWR
Stendal  2 STST ST 1980 December 01, 1984 03/01/1991 Construction was completed to 15 percent 970 900 DWR
Vahnum  A NWNW NW 1975 - ? 1300 1231 DWR
Vahnum B. NWNW NW 1975 - ? 1300 1231 DWR
Wyhl  1 BWBW BW 1973 - ? Originally the intended location was Breisach . Planning was canceled in 1977 and the components for the Philippsburg 2 nuclear power plant were used 1375 1300 DWR

Research reactors

“Research reactor” is the name given to nuclear reactors that are not used to generate electricity, but primarily for research purposes (nuclear and material research, isotope production for medicine and technology ). The following list is sorted according to the commissioning of the research reactors. Reactors marked yellow are still in operation.

Surname designated
voltage 		operator federal
country 		commissioning
acceptance 		Out of service status Power
(therm.) 		Reactor type
Research reactor Munich FRM Technical University of Munich BYBY BY 10/31/1957 07/28/2000 Decommissioning on April 3rd, 2014, being
dismantled 		4 MW Swimming pool / MTR
Rossendorf research reactor RFR FZ Rossendorf SNSN SN December 16, 1957 06/27/1991 dismantled 10 MW LWR
Research reactor Frankfurt -1 FRF-1 University of Frankfurt HEHE HE 01/10/1958 03/19/1968 started conversion to FRF-2,
dismantled 		50 kW homogeneous (L) / L-54 (L)
Research reactor Frankfurt -2 FRF-2 University of Frankfurt HEHE HE not applicable not applicable not finished,
dismantled 		1 MW
(planned) 		Swimming pool / TRIGA
Berlin experimental reactor I BER I Helmholtz Center Berlin BEBE BE 07/24/1958 1972 in safe enclosure 50 kW homogeneous (L) / L-54 (L)
Research reactor Geesthacht -1 FRG-1 GKSS SHSH SH 10/23/1958 06/28/2010 to be dismantled by 2020 5 MW Swimming pool / MTR
Siemens Argonaut reactor SAR Technical University of Munich BYBY BY 06/23/1959 10/31/1968 dismantled 1 kW Argonaut
AEG test reactor PR-10 Kraftwerk Union BYBY BY 01/27/1961 1976 shut down 180 watts Argonaut
Research reactor 2 FR-2 FZ Karlsruhe BWBW BW 07.03.1961 December 21, 1981 in dismantling 44 MW HWR
Research reactor Jülich 1 (MERLIN) FRJ-1 FZ Jülich NWNW NW 02/23/1962 March 22, 1985 dismantled 10 MW Swimming pool / MTR
Siemens teaching reactor Munich SUR-M Technical University of Munich BYBY BY 02/28/1962 08/10/1981 dismantled 0.1 watt homogeneous (S) / SUR-100
Research reactor Jülich 2 (DIDO) FRJ-2 FZ Jülich NWNW NW 11/14/1962 05/02/2006 in dismantling 23 MW Tank / HWR
Rossendorfer ring zone reactor RRR FZ Rossendorf SNSN SN December 16, 1962 09/25/1991 dismantled 1 kW Argonaut
Fast thermal argonaut reactor STRONG FZ Karlsruhe BWBW BW 01/11/1963 03.1976 dismantled 10 watts Argonaut
Research reactor Geesthacht -2 FRG-2 GKSS SHSH SH March 16, 1963 01/28/1993 in dismantling 15 MW Swimming pool / MTR
Siemens teaching reactor Berlin SUR-B TU Berlin BEBE BE 07/26/1963 10/15/2007 Shutdown on April 16, 2013 0.1 watt homogeneous (S) / SUR-100
Siemens teaching reactor Darmstadt SUR-DA TU Darmstadt HEHE HE 23.09.1963 02/22/1985 dismantled 0.1 watt homogeneous (S) / SUR-100
Facility for zero power experiments ANEX GKSS SHSH SH 05.1964 02/05/1975 dismantled 100 watts Zero power reactor
Siemens teaching reactor Stuttgart SUR-S University of Stuttgart BWBW BW 08/24/1964 in operation 0.1 watt homogeneous (S) / SUR-100
Siemens teaching reactor Hamburg SUR-HH University of Applied Sciences Hamburg HHHH HH January 15, 1965 08.1992 dismantled 0.1 watt homogeneous (S) / SUR-100
Research reactor Mainz FRMZ University of Mainz RPRP RP 08/03/1965 in operation 100 kW Swimming pool / TRIGA -II
Siemens teaching reactor Aachen Sur-AA RWTH Aachen NWNW NW 09/22/1965 2002 Application for decommissioning made in 2010 0.1 watt homogeneous (S) / SUR-100
Siemens teaching reactor Ulm SUR-U Ulm University of Applied Sciences BWBW BW December 01, 1965 in operation 0.1 watt homogeneous (S) / SUR-100
Siemens teaching reactor Kiel SUR-KI FH Kiel SHSH SH March 29, 1966 12/11/1997 dismantled 0.1 watt homogeneous (S) / SUR-100
Siemens teaching reactor Karlsruhe SUR-KA FZ Karlsruhe BWBW BW 07.03.1966 09.1996 dismantled 0.1 watt homogeneous (S) / SUR-100
Research reactor TRIGA Heidelberg I TRIGA HD I. DKFZ BWBW BW August 26, 1966 March 31, 1977 dismantled 250 kW Swimming pool / TRIGA -I
Fast zero energy arrangement SNEAK FZ Karlsruhe BWBW BW December 15, 1966 11.1985 shut down 1 kW Zero power reactor
Burn measurement ADIBKA FZ Jülich NWNW NW 03/18/1967 10/30/1972 Shutdown on 12/1977 100 watts homogeneous / L77 A
AEG zero energy reactor TKA Kraftwerk Union BYBY BY 06/23/1967 1973 Shutdown on December 21, 1981 100 watts Tank / zero power reactor
Research and measurement reactor Braunschweig FMRB PTB NINI NI 10/03/1967 December 19, 1995 dismantled 1 MW Swimming pool / MTR
Siemens teaching reactor Bremen SUR-HB University of Bremen HBHB HB 10/10/1967 06/17/1993 dismantled 0.1 watt homogeneous (S) / SUR-100
Nuclear ship "Otto Hahn" OH GKSS SHSH SH 08/26/1968 March 22, 1979 scrapped 38 MW PWR / ship reactor
Rossendorf arrangement for critical experiments RAKE FZ Rossendorf SNSN SN 10/03/1969 11/26/1991 dismantled 10 watts Tank / zero power reactor
Critical experiment KEITER FZ Jülich NWNW NW 06/15/1971 1982 Shutdown on 6/1988 1 watt Zero power reactor
Siemens teaching reactor Hanover SUR-H University of Hanover NINI NI December 9, 1971 2008 Shutdown in September 2019 0.1 watt homogeneous (S) / SUR-100
Neuherberg research reactor FRN GSF BYBY BY 08/23/1972 December 16, 1982 safe confinement 1 MW Swimming pool / TRIGA -III
Research reactor Hanover FRH MH Hannover NINI NI January 31, 1973 12/18/1996 dismantled 250 kW Swimming pool / TRIGA -I
Siemens teaching reactor Furtwangen SUR-FW Furtwangen University BWBW BW 06/28/1973 in operation 0.1 watt homogeneous (S) / SUR-100
Critical arrangement KAHTER FZ Jülich NWNW NW 07/02/1973 02/03/1984 Shutdown on 6/1988 100 watts Zero power reactor
Berlin experimental reactor II BER II Helmholtz Center Berlin BEBE BE December 9, 1973 December 11, 2019 to be dismantled by 2033 10 MW Swimming pool / MTR
Research reactor TRIGA Heidelberg II TRIGA HD II DKFZ BWBW BW 02/28/1978 11/30/1999 dismantled 250 kW Swimming pool / TRIGA -I
Training nuclear reactor Dresden -1 AKR-1 TU Dresden SNSN SN 07/28/1978 03.2004 replaced by AKR 2 2 watts homogeneous / SUR type
Zittau teaching and research reactor ZLFR University of Zittau SNSN SN May 25, 1979 03/24/2005 dismantled 10 watts HWR
Research reactor Munich II FRM II Technical University of Munich BYBY BY 03/02/2004 in operation 20 MW Swimming pool / HWR
Training nuclear reactor Dresden -2 AKR-2 TU Dresden SNSN SN 03/22/2005 in operation, replaces AKR 1 2 watts homogeneous / SUR type

Status: December 2019

In addition, a number of test reactors were constructed in the German uranium project during the Second World War , but none of them became critical . The last of these attempts was the Haigerloch research reactor , a heavy water reactor that was built by the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in March / April 1945 in a rock cellar in Haigerloch in Hohenzollern .

Reactor type

Reactor core of a swimming pool reactor
  • PWR = pressurized water reactor: In a pressurized water reactor, the water in the primary circuit, which is used as a coolant, is under increased pressure.
  • BWR = boiling water reactor: In a boiling water reactor, the coolant water in the reactor is converted into steam to drive the turbine directly.
  • Zero power reactor : A reactor with very low thermal power that is used for training and research purposes. Due to the low output, this type of reactor actually has no temperature increase even in the crevice zone , which is why systems for heat removal are unnecessary.
  • TRIGA : A swimming pool-type research reactor in which safety is guaranteed by the laws of nature and not by engineering measures that could be bridged.
  • HDR = superheated steam boiling water reactor: A boiling water reactor with integrated nuclear superheating.
  • homogeneous: A reactor in which the fuel is present as a mixture with moderator or coolant.
  • HTR = high-temperature reactor: In the high-temperature reactor, the reactor core is cooled with the noble gas helium , which is heated when it flows through the ball bed (bed of spherical fuel elements).
  • HWR = Heavy Water Reactor: A type of reactor that uses heavy water as a coolant and moderator .
  • HWCR : Heavy water moderated , CO 2 -cooled pressure tube reactor; In the reactor, the fuel elements are located within numerous tubes in which the coolant (CO 2 gas) circulates.
  • MTR : A material test reactor with a very compact reactor core in order to achieve the greatest possible neutron flux density.
  • Swimming pool : The fuel elements are immersed in an open water basin so that interventions and experiments for research purposes and training are possible.
  • SBR = fast breeder reactor: The nuclear fission takes place with fast, unrestrained neutrons.

See also

literature

  • Manfred Petroll, Liane Philipp: Nuclear technology - plants in Germany . Edited by INFORUM publishing and management company, Bonn 1997, ISBN 3-926956-11-9 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Law on the orderly termination of the use of nuclear energy for the commercial generation of electricity. (PDF) (No longer available online.) April 22, 2002, archived from the original on October 20, 2016 ; Retrieved January 5, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmwi.de
  2. ↑ The SPD and the Greens are submitting a constitutional complaint. In: Spiegel Online. February 28, 2011, accessed January 5, 2017 .
  3. ↑ a b Seven nuclear power plants are going offline for the time being. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. March 15, 2011, accessed January 5, 2017 .
  4. ^ ARD broadcast ( memento from March 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), "Can the government just decide that?" dated March 16, 2011, last accessed on March 16, 2011.
  5. ↑ That's how risky the old reactors are. In: stern.de. March 15, 2011, accessed January 5, 2017 .
  6. ↑ cf. RWE is suing against Biblis shutdown. In: FOCUS Online. April 1, 2011, accessed January 5, 2017 .
  7. ↑ Federal Network Agency will not order the reserve operation of a nuclear power plant. In: Federal Network Agency for Electricity, Gas, Telecommunications, Post and Railways. August 31, 2011, accessed January 5, 2017 .
  8. ↑ Net electricity in TWh - net electricity generation in billions of kilowatt hours since commissioning until the end of December 2018 or until shutdown. Data source: IAEO - Power Reactor Information System
  9. ↑ Annual Report 2019 - Amounts of electricity generated, transmitted and remaining from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2019. (PDF) In: Running times and electricity quantities of German nuclear power plants . Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management , accessed on February 15, 2020 .
  10. ↑ Data source: IAEO - Power Reactor Information System, as of December 31, 2018.
  11. ↑ The power plant was taken off the grid on March 18, 2011 in accordance with the nuclear moratorium
  12. ↑ heise.de
  13. ↑ Bayerischer Rundfunk: Nuclear power plant to disappear by 2035 April 12, 2018, accessed: September 4, 2018.
  14. ↑ Augsburger Allgemeine: This is how the Gundremmingen nuclear power plant is being dismantled March 25, 2017, accessed on December 31, 2017.
  15. ↑ Philippsburg 1 was shut down on March 17, 2011 for the three-month nuclear moratorium
  16. ↑ Isar / Ohu was shut down on March 17, 2011 as part of the nuclear moratorium
  17. ↑ Brunsbüttel was shut down completely on July 21, 2007 and not restarted until its operating license expired.
  18. ^ Nuclear phase-out: Schleswig-Holstein permits the demolition of nuclear power plants in Brunsbüttel. In: Spiegel Online. December 21, 2018, accessed December 23, 2018 .
  19. ↑ The dismantling of the nuclear power plant will continue until 2023. In: Tageblatt.de. Retrieved February 14, 2017 .
  20. ↑ hna.de HNA.de:AKW Würgassen: Dismantling until 2028, accessed on March 4, 2014.
  21. ↑ a b c d e Dieter Nebel - On the reactor safety philosophy of Soviet nuclear power plants - Meeting reports of the Leibnitz Society 7 (1995) (PDF) - page 85ff
  22. ↑ Dismantling of the Obrigheim nuclear power plant | EnBW. Retrieved March 2, 2020 .
  23. ↑ derwesten.de DerWesten.de: The expensive end of a nuclear power plant from July 29, 2011, accessed on July 30, 2011 and WAZ from July 30, 2011.
  24. ↑ Multipurpose Research Reactor (MZFR). Retrieved December 23, 2018 .
  25. ↑ no longer in the current statistics of the IAEA
  26. ↑ Gross - gross output in megawatts (MW)
  27. ↑ Net - net power in megawatts (MW)
  28. ↑ Goldene Meile industrial park - the near nuclear power plant. October 24, 2013, accessed December 9, 2018 .
  29. ↑ 6-1.2 List of recommendations and statements of the Reactor Safety Commission (RSK) ( Memento of the original from February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bfs.de
  30. ↑ BASF 1 nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  31. ↑ Biblis C nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  32. ↑ Biblis D nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  33. ↑ Borken nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  34. ^ A b c d Felix Christian Matthes: Dahlen 1-4: Electricity industry and German unity. BoD - Books on Demand, 2000, ISBN 3-89811-806-1 , pp. 59-60.
  35. ↑ Emden nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  36. ↑ Greifswald 6 nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  37. ↑ Greifswald 7 nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  38. ↑ Greifswald 8 nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  39. ↑ Hamm nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  40. ↑ Kalkar nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  41. ↑ Neupotz A nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  42. ↑ Neupotz B nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  43. ↑ Pfaffenhofen nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  44. ↑ Nuclear power plant SNR 2 ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  45. ↑ Stendal 1 nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  46. ↑ Stendal 2 nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  47. ↑ Vahnum A nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  48. ↑ Vahnum B nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  49. ↑ Wyhl 1 nuclear power plant ( Memento from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  50. ↑ Wyhl-1. ( Memento of the original from May 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. WNA Reactor Database @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / db.world-nuclear.org
  51. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m List of nuclear facilities in the Federal Republic of Germany. (PDF 109.7 kB) Annexes “In decommissioning” Status: August 2011. (No longer available online.) Federal Office for Radiation Protection, November 1, 2011, p. 13 , archived from the original on January 26, 2012 ; Retrieved June 7, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bfs.de
  52. ↑ atommuellreport.de
  53. ↑ List of nuclear facilities in the Federal Republic of Germany. (PDF 109.7 kB) Annexes “In decommissioning” Status: May 2013. (No longer available online.) Federal Office for Radiation Protection, May 1, 2013, p. 13 , formerly in the original ; Retrieved May 12, 2013 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.bfs.de  
  54. ↑ Heiner Hautermans: In the middle of Burtscheid there is still a teaching reactor In: Aachener Nachrichten of March 23, 2011
  55. ↑ haz.de
  56. ↑ Umwelt.niedersachsen.de
  57. ↑ heise online: Shining legacy: Berlin's research reactor BER II becomes history. Retrieved December 11, 2019 .
  58. ↑ AKR-1 - The training nuclear reactor was converted to AKR-2 in 2004.
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