Gundremmingen nuclear power plant

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Gundremmingen nuclear power plant
The Gundremmingen nuclear power plant: Block A (left front), Blocks B and C (right) with both cooling towers (back)
The Gundremmingen nuclear power plant: Block A (left front),
Blocks B and C (right) with both cooling towers (back)
position
Gundremmingen nuclear power plant (Bavaria)
Gundremmingen nuclear power plant
Coordinates 48 ° 30 '53 "  N , 10 ° 24' 8"  E Coordinates: 48 ° 30 '53 "  N , 10 ° 24' 8"  E
Country: Germany
Data
Owner: RWE
Operator: RWE Power
Start of project: 1962
Commercial operation: April 12, 1967
Shutdown: December 31, 2021

Active reactors (gross):

0 (0 MW)

Decommissioned reactors (gross):

3 (2988 MW)
Energy fed in in 2009: 20,665,054 GWh
Energy fed in since commissioning: 477,529.66 GWh
Website: kkw-gundremmingen.de
Was standing: December 31, 2017
The data source of the respective entries can be found in the documentation .
f1

The decommissioned nuclear power plant Gundremmingen (abbreviation KRB ), located on the Danube near Gundremmingen in the district of Günzburg in Bavaria , was most recently the most powerful nuclear power plant in Germany with a gross electrical output of 1344  MW (Block C) and the last German nuclear power plant, which was even more than had a reactor in operation. Unit B was shut down on December 31, 2017 in accordance with the Atomic Energy Act (Section 7) of 2011 ; Block C followed on December 31, 2021.

At the same time, it is the last site operated in Germany with boiling water reactors . RWE Power AG is the owner and operator of the nuclear power plant .

Reactor blocks

Block A

The wrecked block A
A disused turbine runner from the Gundremmingen A nuclear power plant in front of the power plant's information center

The old block A, a boiling water reactor with an output of 237 MW, which was operated from 1966 until an accident on January 13, 1977, has been dismantled since 1983. The reactor block suffered a total economic loss in the accident.

In January 2006, the Bavarian State Ministry for the Environment, Health and Consumer Protection approved the construction of a so-called technology center in the area of ​​the former block A. The following work can be carried out here in the future:

  • Processing of other radioactive materials with the aim of clearance,
  • Production and storage of tools and equipment,
  • Component maintenance,
  • Conditioning of radioactive waste ,
  • Storage and transport provision of conditioned and unconditioned waste up to its processing or its removal.

The permit also allows radioactive substances to be discharged via the 118 m high chimney. Maximum permissible radioactivity release per year: 50  MBq for aerosol-shaped radionuclides with half-lives of more than 8 days (except for 131 I), a maximum of 0.5 MBq for 131 I and a maximum of 100,000 MBq for tritium .

story

After the city of Nuremberg protested against the initially planned site in Bertoldsheim an der Donau (between Donauwörth and Neuburg an der Donau ) because of its drinking water protection areas in the mouth of the Lech , around 50 kilometers up the Danube in Gundremmingen (between Dillingen and Günzburg ; the closest major cities are Augsburg and Ulm ) Germany's first large nuclear power plant applied for on July 13, 1962, approved on December 14, 1962 and commissioned in December 1966. A protesting "Emergency Community Atomic Power Plant Gundremmingen-Offingen" was silenced with promised funds. In 1963, TÜV Munich prepared the safety report. The Reactor Safety Commission also had safety concerns. The power plant was given the status of a “joint plant” in the sense of Art. 45ff. of the Euratom Treaty and therefore received exemption from direct taxes and duties. In addition, approx. DM 30 million were made available from the US Euratom program. Without this Euratom support, the building decisions would hardly have come about.

On January 13, 1977 there was an accident with a total economic loss . In cold and damp weather, short circuits occurred on two current-carrying high-voltage lines. The resulting quick shutdown resulted in control errors. After about ten minutes, the water in the reactor building was about three meters high and the temperature had risen to around 80 degrees Celsius. The faulty control resulted in too much water being pressed into the reactor for emergency cooling. According to various sources, between 200 m³ and 400 m³ of radioactive cooling water (approx. 280 degrees Celsius) reached the reactor building through overpressure valves. In contrast to today's boiling water reactors, the boiling water reactors at that time did not have any condensation chambers , but instead blew off the steam into a full-pressure containment. The water in the building, like the gases, was later released into the open in a controlled manner.

In addition to the repairs, politics and supervisory authorities demanded a modernization of the control and safety technology. Because of the investments of 180 million DM required for the modernization, the operators later decided not to put them back into operation, especially since the new units B and C were already under construction. The contaminated steel parts were poured into containers and stored in the Mitterteich interim storage facility.

In Germany it was the first and for a long time the only known major accident involving a nuclear power plant resulting in a total economic loss. Block A has been dismantled since 1983. In October 2005, the last large component, the floor pan of the reactor pressure vessel, was dismantled. According to the operator, around 10,000 tons of scrap were generated when the facility was dismantled, 86 percent of which was recyclable and 14 percent is to be disposed of as radioactive waste. Until its shutdown, Block A fed a total of 13.8 billion kWh of energy into the power grid. The processing should cost up to 1 billion euros and will be paid for by the operator. The entire reactor can only be dismantled when the Konrad mine is completed as a repository for the remaining waste.

In January 2006, the Bavarian State Ministry for the Environment, Health and Consumer Protection allowed the operators to use the plant - with the exception of the reactor building - as a technology center in the future. After conversion and modernization, nuclear power plant parts and residual materials from ongoing operations are mechanically and chemically treated or decontaminated. It is also planned to maintain or repair nuclear power plant components and to manufacture special tools and devices and keep them available until they are used.

Blocks B and C

This article or section needs to be revised: Blocks B and C can no longer be dealt with together, because B has been deactivated.
Please help to improve it , and then remove this mark.

Model in the information center of the power plant

Blocks B and C are two neighboring blocks of the same construction. They each consist of a reactor building, a machine house and a 161 m high natural draft wet cooling tower .

Up to the shutdown of Block B, around 136 tons of nuclear fuel were held in each of the two reactors . The fuel elements remain in the reactor for about five years. In the case of annual revisions, around a fifth of the elements are replaced. The 0.7 cubic meters per second of water evaporating in the cooling towers is taken from the Danube via a 1.4 kilometer long canal. The return of water takes place via an underground pipeline.

story

Construction of Blocks B and C began on July 19, 1976. Block B was completed on March 9, 1984, and Block C on October 26, 1984. These are boiling water reactors of construction line 72 of the KWU . Each reactor was loaded with 784 fuel assemblies (BE). A fuel element contains around 174 kilograms of uranium and consists of 100 (10 × 10) fuel rods. Units B and C generate a total of around 21 billion  kWh of electrical energy per year. Mathematically, about 30% of the Bavarian demand was covered with this.

The grid connection is made via the Gundelfingen switchgear at the 380 kV maximum voltage level in the grid of the transmission system operator Amprion .

An application in September 1999 to increase the output of both units from a gross electrical output of 1,344 MW each to 1,450 MW was “on hold” for many years. The net electrical output is 1,300 MW per power plant unit. For several years now, both units have also been planned for load-following operation , in which the power demand (“load”) is adjusted accordingly. At least on weekends, the nuclear reactors were often throttled in their output, occasionally even when there was a high wind power feed-in . The scheduled shutdown of the Gundremmingen B nuclear power plant was announced for 2016 - until the extension in autumn 2010 - and the shutdown of Gundremmingen C for 2017. At the end of 1994, the operators had (new) contracts with the reprocessing plants ("WAA") terminated in La Hague, France and Sellafield in the UK, thus taking the path of long-term interim storage.

In 1995, plutonium-containing mixed oxide fuel elements (MOX fuel elements) were used for the first time in the world for the first time in boiling water reactors . The environmental protection associations protested with around 40,000 objections. The increased reactivity of these fuel elements was and is criticized by associations. The operators must ensure the safe shutdown of the reactor in every operating situation. Proof of the so-called shutdown reactivity must be provided in at least every operating period and every time the equipment in the reactor core is changed , as stipulated in the safety regulation KTA 3104 Determination of the shutdown reactivity.

On December 19, 2007, the operators applied to the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment to allow the electrical output of the two units to be increased by 52 megawatts each. The 170 m high exhaust air chimney was shared by blocks B and C.

In June 2012, the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment finally endorsed an increase in the capacity of units B and C, which had been applied for in 2001. A revised draft permit was sent to the Federal Ministry of the Environment with the request that the federal regulatory inspections be carried out quickly . This led to a protest by environmentalists, anti-nuclear activists and citizens. In mid-June 2013, representatives of the so-called "Swabian Energy Council" (Association of political organizations: Action alliance "Atomausstieg Jetzt!", AntiAtom-Oberallgäu, Citizens' Initiative FORUM Together Against Interim Storage and for a Responsible Energy Policy, Bund Naturschutz in Bayern , Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen Schwaben , Günzburger Bürgerliste, Die Linke Schwaben, Vigil Gundremmingen, ÖDP Schwaben, Pirate Party Günzburg, SPD representatives) in the Bavarian state parliament 6700 signatures in the context of a petition against the requested increase in benefits. The undersigned fear that the increased performance will increase the risk of a serious incident. The possible additional profit for the operator through the increase in output was estimated at 90 million euros. According to the operator, no changes to the system technology are planned;

The association FORUM - Together against the interim storage facility and for a responsible energy policy e. V. commissioned the former head of the department for reactor safety in the Federal Environment Ministry, Wolfgang Renneberg , with a study on the question of the requested increase in output. In the study published in mid-November 2013, Renneberg and his co-author Dieter Majer came to the conclusion that the system “does not meet the requirements of the state of science and technology in areas that are critical in terms of safety”. According to this, "an approval of the power increase is neither technically justifiable nor legally permissible under the Atomic Energy Act". As a result, the meeting of representatives of the Baden-Württemberg State Medical Association also called on the Bavarian Environment Ministry and the Federal Environment Ministry to reject an increase in the capacity of the boiling water reactors. The FORUM initiative - Together against the interim storage facility collected another 32,000 signatures in support of the petition and handed them over to the Bavarian State Parliament President Barbara Stamm ( CSU ) at the beginning of December 2013 . Bavaria's Environment Minister Marcel Huber advised the operators of the Gundremmingen nuclear power plant to reconsider their application. Bavaria's Prime Minister Horst Seehofer said that he thought approval of the increase in performance would be "very problematic". Kernkraftwerk Gundremmingen GmbH announced on December 17, 2013 that it had withdrawn its application for an increase in output. The reason for this is "the attitude of the Bavarian state government, which sees the increase in output for nuclear power plants as a wrong political signal in times of the energy transition". Security aspects would not have played a role. Politicians from various parties welcomed this step.

An expert opinion commissioned by Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen does not consider earthquake security to be given. The report is supported by Lothar Hahn , the former technical and scientific director of the Society for Plant and Reactor Safety . The Greens therefore demanded the immediate closure of Units B and C in March 2017.

On July 20, 2017, the operators announced in the operating report that Unit B would be operated at full power for the last time in the following days and that the electrical power generated would then decrease steadily until the unit was finally shut down. Unit B was shut down on December 31, 2017, the dismantling of the unit is being prepared. Block C will be disconnected from the grid on December 31, 2021 at around 8.15 p.m. This means that electricity generation at the Gundremmingen site ends.

Interim storage for nuclear fuel

Intermediate storage (the white hall in the foreground)

Since August 2004, an interim storage facility for spent fuel elements with a heavy metal mass of 2,250 tons has been built on the site of the nuclear power plant . It has 192 storage spaces and was put into operation in 2006. The planned construction costs amounted to 30 million euros. The shell of the hall (104 m long, 38 m wide and 18 m high) was completed at the end of 2005. After the interior construction of the electrical installation, the heating and ventilation technology, the installation of heavy-duty cranes and remaining work in the outdoor area, the interim storage facility was opened on August 25, 2006 and equipped with the first transport containers from the nuclear power plant.

Thick concrete walls, some 70–120 cm thick, are designed to be thinner than the comparable warehouse in Northern Germany (ZL Brokdorf 120 cm), and two 50-ton hall doors are designed to minimize the risk of radiation. At 55 cm, the concrete roof is also designed to be considerably weaker than the roofs of the intermediate storage facilities built in northern Germany (e.g. ZL Brokdorf 130 cm).

The power plant operators (E.ON Kernkraft GmbH, RWE Power AG and Kernkraftwerk Gundremmingen GmbH) submitted an application for the storage of up to 192 castors with spent fuel elements. Local residents sued the project in court with the support of environmental groups; the Bavarian Administrative Court (VGH) dismissed the decision on January 2, 2006. A revision was not allowed. The plaintiffs appealed against this to the Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig . On August 24, 2006, this application was denied. In addition to the fear of major accidents and terrorist attacks, the opponents were also driven by the fear that the interim storage facility could develop into an unplanned repository because, contrary to many promises, there is still no repository for spent fuel elements worldwide .

Incidents

The nuclear power plant from the southeast

In November 1975 there was an accident in which people were killed in a nuclear power plant for the first time in the Federal Republic of Germany. Two locksmiths, Otto Huber, 34, and Josef Ziegelmüller, 46, dismantled the cover of a valve on the primary water cleaning circuit of Block A on November 19, 1975 at 10:42 in order to replace a faulty stuffing box . Before that, the reactor was switched off and depressurized at around six o'clock. The workers had separated the line in which the defective valve was located with two shut-off valves upstream and downstream from the system. The valve cover unexpectedly peeled off when it was loosened. Unnoticed, there was water under pressure in this part of the line at a pressure of 65 bar and approx. 265 ° C, which partially evaporated when the cover flaked off and suddenly scalded the two workers. While Huber died immediately, Ziegelmüller tried to run to the security gate, but also collapsed shortly before it was in pain. A short time later, Ziegelmüller was brought by helicopter to a Ludwigshafen special clinic for burns and died a day later. During the flight to Ludwigshafen, however, he was still able to describe the accident.

On January 13, 1977, two current-carrying high-voltage lines were short-circuited in damp and cold weather. The resulting quick shutdown led to control errors. After about ten minutes, the radioactive water in the reactor building of Block A was about three meters high and the temperature had risen to around 80 ° C. At first it was said that the reactor would be able to go back into operation in a few weeks. After the incident, the operators assumed that Unit A would be brought back into operation quickly. However, due to the modernization of the control and safety technology required by politics and supervisory authorities, the operators later decided not to restart Unit A for economic and political reasons.

On Sunday, January 6th, 2008, Unit B of the Gundremmingen nuclear power plant was shut down as a precautionary measure. The reason was an output reduction in one of the two low-pressure turbines by around 3%; this corresponds to an output of around 40 megawatts. The reason was a defective weld on a pipe. This allowed steam to enter the condenser directly without having to flow through the rotors of the turbine. In order to determine the cause of the reduction in performance and to repair the damage as well as to avoid possible effects on the turbine, the block was shut down. On January 8th, the problem with the weld was corrected. The reduction in output in the low-pressure turbine had no safety significance for the system or the area around the power plant. There was no obligation to report. The reactor was restarted on January 12th.

The supervisory authority was informed in 2007 about a total of nine incidents (five in Block B, four in Block C). They were all rated as "safety-related insignificant". The release of radioactive substances would always have been below the limit values, according to the technical director Helmut Bläsig at an annual press conference in 2008.

On May 8, 2011, while shutting down Block B, it was discovered that a drain valve did not close properly. But after several attempts it closed. The event has the reporting category "N" (normal).

On August 21, 2011, according to the power plant, Unit B switched itself off automatically because a malfunction occurred in the electronics of the turbine control.

During the revision of Unit C on September 28, 2011, defects were found in four fuel assemblies. These are mixed oxide fuel elements from two batches. The event was assigned to the "N" (normal) category of the German reporting system. The release of radioactive noble gases was used by the IPPNW as an opportunity for investigations and caused horror reports by opponents of nuclear power (“at most 500 times the normal value”). According to the operator, the permissible limit value was by far not reached, but fell below it by 85 percent.

On August 14, 2013, cooling water escaped due to a drip leak in the area of ​​a measuring lance in the reactor pressure vessel, and Block B was temporarily disconnected from the network. The leak was discovered during a routine inspection in the wastewater treatment facility. After replacing the measuring probe, Block B went back online on August 29th. On August 7, 2013, after overhaul work (since June 29), Block C went back online.

On September 19, 2013, a fuel element defect was found in Block B, whereupon the reactor block was shut down for 10 days. During the test, two fuel assemblies were identified as defective and replaced. In mid-November 2013, despite renewed indications of a fuel element defect in Unit B, the plant was not shut down. According to the operator, the power plant can also be operated with defective fuel elements; it is not a reportable event.

On March 25, 2015, Unit B of the power plant was shut down in revision. Among many other things, a control air valve for this block also had to be serviced. However, the valve housing of the operating unit C was accidentally opened in the plant building concerned. This led to a pressure drop in the control air system of this block. To end this, the technicians closed an upstream manual valve on the line. However, this interrupted the entire control air supply. This led to a rapid shutdown of the reactor with simultaneous automatic closing of the live steam and feed water fittings. According to the information in the news portal of the operator KKW Gundremmingen GmbH, Block C could be restarted on the same day. Hazard classification: INES 0 / normal message.

At the beginning of 2016, the Conficker computer worm was discovered in a computer in Block B of the Gundremmingen nuclear power plant, and later on another 18  data carriers , mostly USB sticks .

Others

The abbreviation for the nuclear power plant is KRB ( K ernkraftwerk R WE- B ayernwerk). The operator, however, is abbreviated as KGG ( K ernkraftwerk G undremmingen G mbH). The abbreviation KGB ( K ernkraftwerk G undremmingen B etriebsgesellschaft mbH) was also used for a time, but this could not prevail due to the consistency with the abbreviation KGB of the former Soviet secret service .

A partnership with the Russian nuclear power plant Novovoronezh has existed since December 17, 1993 as part of the EU's “Twinning Program” for the international exchange of experience.

In 2011/12 the EU carried out a “stress test for nuclear power plants”. As part of this investigation, in addition to 23 other locations, the Gundremmingen nuclear power plant was also inspected by foreign nuclear experts (“ peer review ”). EU Energy Commissioner Günther Oettinger announced the results on October 10, 2012.

During the treatment of the cooling water, the so-called Danube lime is created as a by-product , which is used as a fertilizer in local agriculture.

Data of the reactor blocks

The Gundremmingen nuclear power plant has a total of three blocks:

Reactor block Reactor type Construction line electrical
power 		thermal
reactor power 		start of building Network
synchronization 		Commercialization
of essential operation 		Shutdown
net Gross
Gundremmingen A Boiling water reactor BWR-1 237 MW 250 MW 801 MW Dec 12, 1962 Dec. 1, 1966 Apr 12, 1967 Jan. 13, 1977
Gundremmingen B. Boiling water reactor KWU construction line '72 1,284 MW 1,344 MW 3,840 MW July 20, 1976 March 16, 1984 July 19, 1984 December 31, 2017
Gundremmingen C Boiling water reactor KWU construction line '72 1,288 MW 1,344 MW 3,840 MW July 20, 1976 Nov 2, 1984 Jan. 18, 1985 Dec 31, 2021

See also

Web links

Commons : Gundremmingen nuclear power plant  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ www.bmub.de: Nuclear power plants in Germany
  2. ↑ https://www.rwe-production-data.com/map/UN/E000006/graph/
  3. ↑ a b c Public announcement and delivery of the permit according to § 7 Atomic Energy Act (AtG) for the expansion of the Gundremmingen II (KRB II) nuclear power plant with a technology center - 13th amendment permit No. 93b-8811.09-2005 / 278. (No longer available online.) Bavarian State Ministry for Environment and Health , January 5, 2006, archived from the original on July 16, 2011 ; Retrieved March 16, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stmug.bayern.de
  4. ↑ Radkau / Hahn: Rise and Fall of the German Nuclear Industry, Munich 2013, p. 295.
  5. ↑ heise online: 50 years ago: The first large German nuclear power plant becomes "critical". In: heise online. Retrieved August 14, 2016 .
  6. ↑ a b Joachim Radkau: "Rise and Crisis of the German Nuclear Industry 1945–1975", Hamburg 1983
  7. ↑ Radkau / Hahn: Rise and Fall of the German Nuclear Industry, Munich 2013, p. 274.
  8. ↑ Joachim Radkau : Rise and Crisis of the German Nuclear Industry. 1945-1975 , 1983, p. 178.
  9. ↑ [1]
  10. ↑ [2]
  11. ↑ BR.de: Reactor block A has been dismantled for 30 years ( Memento from March 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ↑ Block A - From the power reactor to the decommissioning phase to the technology center. Gundremmingen nuclear power plant, accessed on January 13, 2013 .
  13. ↑ Welcome to the Gundremmingen nuclear power plant. Gundremmingen nuclear power plant, accessed on January 13, 2013 .
  14. ↑ Power plant list of the Federal Network Agency (nationwide; all network and transformer levels) as of July 2nd, 2012. ( Microsoft Excel file, 1.6 MB) Archived from the original on July 22, 2012 ; Retrieved July 21, 2012 .
  15. ↑ KTA 3104. (PDF; 260 kB) Determination of the shutdown reactivity . Nuclear Technology Standards Committee, archived from the original on March 3, 2012 ; Retrieved January 13, 2013 .
  16. ↑ Note: with an efficiency of around 33 percent, this would require an increase in thermal output of 160 per MW
  17. ↑ R. Ettemeyer: The nuclear power plant and its influence on the environment - shown using the example of Gundremmingen , Günzburg, 1986
  18. ^ Dispute over the Gundremmingen nuclear power plant. On: nordbayern.de , March 9, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
  19. ↑ FORUM: Schwabenenergierat: Günzburg Declaration in June 2011 ( Memento of the original dated December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved November 29, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.atommuell-lager.de
  20. ↑ Environmentalists want to collect even more signatures. Schwabenenergierat mobilizes again against the planned increase in output of the Gundremmingen nuclear power plant. In: Augsburger Allgemeine , August 10, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
  21. ↑ Stefan Mayr: Bavaria's new love for atomic energy . In: Süddeutsche.de , June 24, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
  22. ↑ Gundremmingen NPP: Facts about the Gundremmingen nuclear power plant . Retrieved November 29, 2013.
  23. ↑ Wolfgang Renneberg, Dieter Majer: Risks of the operation of the Gundremmingen nuclear power plant with special consideration of the requested increase in output. Institute for Safety and Risk Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna , November 12, 2013. Accessed November 29, 2013.
  24. ↑ Martin Hofmann: Experts warn against higher nuclear power production in Gundremmingen. In: Südwest Presse , November 11, 2013. Accessed November 29, 2013.
  25. ↑ State Medical Association of Baden-Württemberg: No increase in performance of the Gundremmingen nuclear power plant (November 23, 2013) . Retrieved November 29, 2013.
  26. ↑ a b Protests against Gundremmingen. ( Memento from December 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: Bayerischer Rundfunk , Abendschau - The South, December 10, 2013. Video (1 min), accessed on December 19, 2013.
  27. ↑ Martin Hofmann: Bavaria is slowing down reactor operators. In: Südwest Presse , December 11, 2013. Accessed December 19, 2013.
  28. ↑ Gundremmingen NPP: Gundremmingen nuclear power plant withdraws the application for an increase in output. December 17, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
  29. ↑ Thomas Steibadler: RWE refrains from expanding the nuclear power plant in Gundremmingen . In: Südwest Presse , December 19, 2013. Accessed December 19, 2013.
  30. ↑ Politics welcomes the waiver of increased performance ( Memento from December 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). In: Bayerischer Rundfunk , December 18, 2013. Accessed December 19, 2013.
  31. ↑ Gundremmingen nuclear power plant not sure , Der Tagesspiegel, March 7, 2017
  32. ↑ Does the Gundremmingen nuclear power plant have to be shut down immediately? , Telepolis, March 6, 2017
  33. ↑ Gundremmingen NPP: Operational Report No. 6/2017 of July 20, 2017 Retrieved on September 1, 2017.
  34. ↑ spiegel.de December 31, 2017: Another nuclear power plant is finally going offline
  35. ↑ www.stmuv.bayern.de: Nuclear facilities in Bavaria that are being decommissioned or are still to be decommissioned (with 10 download links)
  36. ↑ German Atomic Forum e. V .: Nuclear Energy - Current 2007 , Chapter Interim Storage / Transport . Berlin, September 2007
  37. ↑ Order of the Federal Administrative Court, BVerwG 7 B 38.06, pdf
  38. ↑ Leave the path . In: The mirror . No. 48 , 1975 ( online - Nov. 24, 1975 ).
  39. ↑ Asse nuclear waste storage facility - confusion over reports on body parts. Spiegel online Wissenschaft, September 18, 2009, accessed January 13, 2013 .
  40. ↑ Overview of special incidents in nuclear power plants in the Federal Republic of Germany. (PDF; 1.2 MB) in 1977 and 1978. The Federal Minister of the Interior, archived from the original on January 17, 2012 ; Retrieved January 13, 2013 .
  41. ↑ 30th anniversary: ​​January 13, 1977 - Accident with total loss of Gundremmingen Block A. Accessed on January 13, 2013 .
  42. ↑ Südwest Presse, Ulm, February 15, 2008
  43. ↑ sueddeutsche.de: "Incident in Gundremmingen"
  44. ↑ Augsburger Allgemeine from August 21, 2011: Gundremmingen: Block B has shut down
  45. ↑ IPPNW press release of November 11, 2011
  46. ^ Statement by the Gundremmingen NPP from November 12, 2011
  47. ↑ Augsburger Allgemeine from August 15, 2013: Cooling water leaked: Block B in the nuclear power plant from the network
  48. ↑ Augsburger Allgemeine from August 29, 2013: Block B is back on the network
  49. ↑ Nuclear reactor in Gundremmingen despite a defect in the network . In: Südwest Presse , November 13, 2013. Accessed November 29, 2013.
  50. ↑ https://www.stmuv.bayern.de/themen/reaktorsicherheit/meldepflicht/meldx.php?id=299
  51. ^ AKW Gundremmingen: Infection with ancient malware , April 26, 2016.
  52. ↑ KGG - Kernkraftwerk Gundremmingen GmbH - Chronology of Units B and C
  53. ↑ Europe's nuclear power plants are not safe enough. European nuclear power plants have appalling safety deficiencies. This is proven by extensive stress tests. French nuclear power plants are doing particularly badly - but German nuclear power plants are also affected. Die Welt, accessed on January 13, 2013 .
  54. ^ Peer review report - Stress tests performed on European nuclear power plants. (PDF) ENSREG, April 25, 2012, accessed on January 13, 2013 .
  55. ↑ Federal Office for Radiation Protection : Duration (as of September 26, 2017). Retrieved October 26, 2017.
  56. ↑ Power Reactor Information System of the IAEA : "Germany, Federal Republic of: Nuclear Power Reactors" (English)