Obrigheim nuclear power plant
| Obrigheim nuclear power plant | ||
|---|---|---|
 |
||
| location | ||
|
||
| Coordinates | 49 ° 21 '52 " N , 9 ° 4' 35" E | |
| Country: | Germany | |
| Data | ||
| Owner: | EnBW | |
| Operator: | EnBW | |
| Project start: | 1965 | |
| Commercial operation: | March 31, 1969 | |
| Shutdown: | May 11, 2005 | |
|
Decommissioned reactors (gross): |
1 (357 MW) | |
| Energy fed in in 2004: | 2,593 GWh | |
| Energy fed in since commissioning: | 86,821 GWh | |
| Website: | The nuclear power plant on the side of the operator | |
| Was standing: | Oct 12, 2009 | |
| The data source of the respective entries can be found in the documentation . | ||
The decommissioned nuclear power plant Obrigheim ( KWO ) is located in Obrigheim am Neckar in the Neckar-Odenwald district and is equipped with a light water moderated pressurized water reactor . The gross electrical output of the power plant was 357 MW . The reactor became critical for the first time on September 22, 1968 . The plant was finally shut down on May 11, 2005.
history
planning
On May 5, 1955, the Federal Republic of Germany became sovereign with the entry into force of the Paris Treaties and was again allowed to deal with the peaceful use of nuclear energy. The federal states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg , which are further away from the Ruhr area , were particularly interested in the use of nuclear energy to generate electricity. As early as 1957, the Working Group Kernkraft Stuttgart (AKS) was founded in Baden-Württemberg, which was chaired by the then Baden-Württemberg Minister of Economics Hermann Veit (SPD). The aim of the working group should be the planning and construction of a nuclear reactor in Baden-Württemberg. To this end, four offers from British and four US companies were obtained. There was particular interest in the British gas-cooled Calder Hall reactor.
In the spring of 1959, the AKS decided on an exotic among the power reactors , the organically moderated and cooled reactor (OMRE) . This reactor, developed by the American company Atomics International , was offered in cooperation with the German Demag . At this point in time, there was no experience with the OMRE in the upper performance range. On October 21, 1960, the AKS was transferred to the nuclear power plant Baden-Württemberg Planungsgesellschaft mbH (KBWP). At the beginning of 1961, KBWP commissioned the BBC in Mannheim with the construction of the conventional power plant section and specified a site on the left bank of the Neckar north of the municipality of Obrigheim as the location for the 150 MW plant.
After two attempts to obtain financial support from EURATOM , technical problems arose in the USA with the organically cooled demonstration reactor in the Piqua nuclear power plant , Ohio. In particular, the deposition of organic matter on the fuel rod surface, known as fouling, as well as the thermal and radiolytic decomposition of the organic diphenyl / terphenyl mixture caused considerable difficulties. At the end of 1962 the OMRE project was finally abandoned and a decision was made in favor of the light water reactor that had already proven itself in the USA . As a result, AEG, in cooperation with General Electric and Siemens in cooperation with Westinghouse, submitted offers for a light water reactor. AEG delivered detailed documents for a boiling water reactor , while Siemens-Schuckertwerke presented a pressurized water reactor . In the summer of 1964, KBWP decided on the Siemens pressurized water reactor. The offer was most convincing with a guaranteed net output of around 283 MW.
In 1977 the Kernkraftwerk Obrigheim GmbH acquired the Kirstetter Hof site, which is approx. 3 km south of the power station. It was intended to serve as a possible location for a second power plant unit.
construction
On July 16, 1964, the nuclear license was applied for in accordance with Section 7 of the Atomic Energy Act . The prerequisite for this approval was the protection of the population in such a way that evacuation would not be necessary even in the event of a design basis accident (GAU). The full-pressure containment of the Siemens system was rated very positively with regard to the GAU. In the autumn of 1964, the Kernkraftwerk Obrigheim GmbH (KWO) was founded as a client and future operator with 13 shareholders. The main shareholder was Energie -versorgung Schwaben with 35% and Badenwerk with 28%. The share capital amounted to about 100 million German marks . The supply contract between Siemens and KWO was signed on March 12, 1965. Extensive construction work began immediately in Obrigheim. The weather conditions in 1965 were anything but favorable. In addition, manufacturing difficulties of individual components and units led to delays, which, however, could be absorbed by the electrical engineering department thanks to flexible working methods and rapid assembly. After a construction period of only 28 months, the commissioning of individual parts of the plant could begin.
Individual components were changed during the construction period for the purpose of easier production. The wall thickness of the reactor pressure vessel was reduced through a more realistic design. Nevertheless, a thermal shield was provided for this pressure vessel, which was omitted in later pressurized water reactor systems ( Stade , Biblis ).
Even if KWO was closely based on the American Yankee Rowe nuclear power plant , Siemens made some decisive improvements compared to the Westinghouse plant. For example, a full-pressure containment (safety container) that was accessible during operation was set up. Further changes concerned the primary circuit (shaft-sealed pumps instead of canned motor pumps ) and the reactor internals as well as the core control (control rod finger, slow control using boric acid ). The steam power plant, turbo generator and control technology were designed by Siemens itself. The high-voltage switchgear was put into operation in May 1967. In August 1967 the assembly of the primary circuit could be completed with the pressure test.
The first to fourth warm test operation with heating by the main coolant pumps took place from November 1967 to February 1968. Extensive vibration tests and tests were carried out on the reactor control and the reactor protection system. The first core loading went according to plan and without any difficulties. Experience first had to be gained with the new systems. Nuclear commissioning was delayed due to vibration problems with the thermal shield. The reactor pressure vessel was then unloaded and the internals checked again. After the reactor instrumentation had been calibrated and the reactor protection system had been set, the reactor was first equipped with fuel elements on June 14, 1968 and poisoned with boric acid . A subcritical warm test operation was then carried out and the reactor was then unloaded. At the end of June 1968 the process computer system was put into operation and the software checked. In July and August 1968 the reactor internals and the pressure vessel were released for nuclear operation and the emergency cooling system was removed.
Before the reactor core was loaded for the second time, radiation samples made of boiler material were installed between the thermal shield and the reactor pressure vessel wall in order to test the later embrittlement of the material due to neutrons. Even after the second loading, the reactor was initially kept in the subcritical state with boric acid. Two He- 3 counter tubes monitored the multiplication. Two polonium - beryllium sources were used to set the outer measuring chambers .
To make the reactor critical, i.e. H. To initiate the chain reaction, the control elements were extended to a third of the immersion depth and the boric acid concentration in the coolant was continuously reduced by increasing the amount of deionized water . On September 21, 1968, when the boron concentration was about 3,000 ppm , the hourly decrease in concentration by about 180 ppm.
business
.jpg)
On September 22, 1968, at 5:45 a.m., the KWO's reactor became critical for the first time at a boron concentration of 1,714 ppm. The first synchronization of the turbo generator and the first power delivery from KWO to the network took place on October 29, 1968 at 6:45 p.m. Commercial power operation began on March 31, 1969. Shortly after the power plant went into operation in 1969, plans for a second power plant block began, but in 1977 they were discarded. At the end of 1979 the net electrical output was increased from 280 MW to 328 MW. In the meantime, leaks on the U-tubes of the Inconel-600 steam generator due to stress corrosion cracking have increased. As early as 1971, there was massive heating pipe damage with a leak rate of 3,000 liters per hour, which led to a reactor shutdown . Therefore, in 1976 two new steam generators with U-tubes made of Incoloy-800 were delivered. These were only installed in 1983 after too many pipes had been plugged. A further increase in output to 357 MW took place after the turbine blading was improved in 1984.
Numerous improvements have been made in the area of radiation and fire protection. In the first few months of operation, for example, additional radiation shields were installed and fire protection retrofitted, particularly in the nuclear area. Up until 1973 there was a noticeable increase in radioactivity in the primary circuit as a result of the deposition of activated corrosion products (e.g. cobalt-60). To increase the pH value in the reactor coolant, lithium hydroxide was therefore added from 1971 onwards , which has also proven itself in the following pressurized water reactors from Kraftwerk Union . The radioactivity emissions via exhaust air and waste water also had to be improved. By installing additional filters, in particular absorption filters for radioactive iodine, improved water chemistry and various seals on fittings and aggregates, the release of radioactivity into the environment could be significantly reduced.
Stress analyzes showed that some components and measuring devices did not quite meet the requirements of the design basis accident (GAU). The steam generator had to be additionally supported with anti-tipping devices and important measuring, control and regulating devices had to be replaced by more robust parts. In order to relieve the emergency power supply, the safety feed pump units were also equipped with diesel engines.
At the beginning of the eighties, the reactor safety commission demanded the establishment of an emergency system against external influences. As a result, an emergency building was completed in 1982. The emergency building, which is secured against earthquakes, explosions and plane crashes, contains additional emergency power and emergency feed units as well as an emergency control station.
In 1989, a legal opinion by Prof. Wahl established that the Obrigheim nuclear power plant was not granted a permanent operating license. A year later this led to the temporary shutdown of the power plant. In 1991 the plant could be started up again. The lack of a permanent operating permit was only issued in 1996 by the Baden-Württemberg Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Transport . Nevertheless, the fierce controversy in politics and the public continued.
In 1999, an interim storage facility for 980 spent fuel elements with a heavy metal weight of around 286 tons was put into operation. To replace this, EnBW Kernkraft GmbH has the construction of a dry store for the storage of a maximum of 342 spent fuel in 15 shipping containers , the container type CASTOR 440/84 requested. The warehouse is to be set up in a 35 m long, 18 m wide and 17 m high reinforced concrete hall with a wall thickness of around 85 cm and a ceiling thickness of around 55 cm. The storage of the containers under individual concrete enclosures, previously planned by EnBW, was withdrawn again following safety concerns from the Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) . As part of the approval process, the two-month public display of the documents took place in summer 2008, with around 900 people raising objections.
During the 37 years of operation of the reactor, 267 reportable events had occurred.
Shutdown
In June 2000, the then red-green federal government ( Schröder I cabinet ) initiated the nuclear consensus and thus an exit from nuclear energy . According to this agreement, Obrigheim should have been shut down in December 2002. In order to delay the shutdown of the KWO, the operator of the nuclear power plant, EnBW , applied on September 26, 2002 for the transfer of 15,000 gigawatt hours of residual electricity from Neckarwestheim-2 to Obrigheim. Finally, the Federal Environment Ministry approved a residual electricity transfer of 5,500 gigawatt hours from Philippsburg-1 to the KWO, which extended the KWO's term by around two and a half years. The running time of Philippsburg-1 decreased only slightly due to the higher net power of the reactor. Regardless of the amount of residual electricity transferred, it was legally agreed that the KWO would be shut down by November 15, 2005 at the latest.
After it had generated the remaining amount of electricity, the KWO was switched off on May 11, 2005 at 7:58 a.m. The dismantling began at the end of 2007, the complete dismantling of the plant should be completed in 2020 and (as of 2012) will cost around 600 million euros. The dismantling will be paid for from reserves that the operator has created according to his own statements in the amount of the foreseeable costs. The spent fuel elements, which were still in a wet storage facility at the KWO, were transported by ship to Neckarwestheim in 2017.
At the end of 2011, residents filed a lawsuit against the dismantling of the reactor due to a lack of transparency and in April 2012 submitted an urgent application for an interruption. The lawsuits were dismissed in September 2012 because, in the opinion of the Baden-Württemberg Administrative Court (VGH), a quick dismantling would outweigh the interests of the plaintiffs.
On August 21, 2015, the reactor pressure vessel was removed. On July 27, 2016, EnBW reported that the dismantling of the reactor pressure vessel had been completed. In April 2018, the fourth and final dismantling step (the dismantling of the remaining systems and plant parts, for example parts of the ventilation systems, freight elevators or parts of a large material lock) was approved.
Power line to the power plant
The electricity generated in the Obrigheim nuclear power plant was carried over a single high-voltage line to the Hüffenhardt substation. This has four circuits: two for 220 kV and two for 110 kV, with the circuits for 110 kV on the masts, which have three trusses, arranged in one level on the lowest truss and the circuits for 220 kV on the top two trusses are.
A special feature of this high-voltage line is that insulators are installed between the conductor cables in the span between the masts in order to prevent short circuits and flashovers in strong winds.
Meteorological masts
The system originally included two meteorological measuring masts, both of which are designed as guyed steel truss masts. One of these masts was erected in 1977/78 east of Asbach , south of the TECHNO industrial area. In the spring of 2001, this 169 meter high mast was demolished by blowing up. In its place today there is a cellphone tower made of precast concrete.
The second 99 meter high measuring mast right next to the power plant was built in 1962 by the State Institute for the Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation (LUBW) on behalf of the State of Baden-Württemberg and is still in operation. Measurement results are documented online on the LUBW homepage.
Data of the reactor block
The Obrigheim nuclear power plant has one power plant block :
| Reactor block | Reactor type | Siemens construction line | net electrical power |
gross electrical power |
thermal reactor power |
start of building | Network synchronization |
Commercialization of essential operation |
switching off processing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obrigheim (KWO) | Pressurized water reactor | 1st generation Siemens DWR | 340 MW | 357 MW | 1,050 MW | 03/15/1965 | October 29, 1968 | March 31, 1969 | 05/11/2005 |
See also
Web links
Plague: Obrigheim (Baden-Württemberg)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Piqua Nuclear Power Facility ( Memento from December 9, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- ↑ Instead of optimism, there is decay here . Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung , June 30, 2012
- ^ German Atomic Forum e. V .: Nuclear Energy - Current 2007 , Chapter Intermediate Storage / Transport . Berlin, September 2007.
- ↑ Interim storage facility at the Obrigheim nuclear power plant . In: Press release 18/08 . Federal Office for Radiation Protection. October 1, 2008. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2008.
- ↑ Federal Office for Radiation Protection: Nuclear Power Plants in Germany - Notifiable Events since Commissioning, as of April 13 , 2015 ( Memento from April 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Page 14 ( Memento from September 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (pdf)
- ^ Dismantling schedule in danger Südwest-Presse, January 12, 2012
- ↑ Obrigheim costs 500 million euros. Reuters Germany, October 10, 2008
- ↑ Nuclear power plants to highways. ( Memento of July 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) netzeitung, February 4, 2002
- ^ Taz.de: Nuclear power plant dismantling in Obrigheim - Anticipatory public of April 20, 2012
- ^ Obrigheim NPP: decommissioning and dismantling can continue; Urgent applications unsuccessful (press release of October 2, 2012, Ref .: 10 S 731/12)
- ↑ http://www.rnz.de/nachrichten/mosbach_artikel,-Kernkraftwerk-Obrigheim-Das-Herzstueck-ist-raus-_arid,120848.html
- ↑ EnBW: The next milestone reached in the dismantling in Obrigheim: The 135-tonne heart of the plant was completely dismantled on July 27, 2016
- ↑ Dismantling of the Obrigheim nuclear power plant | EnBW. Retrieved November 13, 2019 .
- ↑ Homepage of the State Institute for the Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg (LUBW)
- ↑ Power Reactor Information System of the IAEA : "Germany, Federal Republic of: Nuclear Power Reactors" (English)