Krümmel nuclear power plant

location

Coordinates

53 ° 24 '36 " N , 10 ° 24' 32" E Coordinates: 53 ° 24 '36 " N , 10 ° 24' 32" E

Country:

Germany

Data

Owner:

50% PreussenElektra
50% Vattenfall

Operator:

Kernkraftwerk Krümmel GmbH & Co. oHG

Project start:

1972

Commercial operation:

March 28, 1984

Shutdown:

2011

Active reactors (gross):

0 (0 MW)

Decommissioned reactors (gross):

1 (1402 MW)

Energy fed in in 2009:

334.96 GWh

Energy fed in since commissioning:

201,712.09 GWh

Website:

Page at Vattenfall

Was standing:

December 31, 2009

The data source of the respective entries can be found in the documentation .

Entrance area

Aerial photo 2009

The decommissioned Krümmel nuclear power plant ( abbreviation : KKK , KKW Krümmel or AKW Krümmel ) with a boiling water reactor from KWU - construction line 69 is located southeast of Hamburg on the Elbe , directly on the Geesthacht district of Krümmel . The operator is Kernkraftwerk Krümmel GmbH & Co. oHG , half of which is owned by PreussenElektra and Vattenfall Europe Nuclear Energy . Vattenfall is the operator.

history

Construction site of the power plant in 1973

Installation

The power plant was put into operation on September 14, 1983 by the owners HEW and PreussenElektra and was in power operation from 1984 to 2007 (for the planned duration, see extension of the service life of German nuclear power plants ).

The KKK was first connected to the power grid on March 28, 1984. On May 22, 1986 the nuclear power plant was shut down due to a defect. On November 21, 1986, the state government of Schleswig-Holstein ( Barschel II cabinet , CDU) refused to publish a study on the safety of the Krümmel nuclear power plant. The previously known information that in the event of a possible core meltdown , the containment would break after only 3 to 21 hours and radioactivity was released, was confirmed.

In 2005, two low-pressure turbines and the high-pressure turbine were replaced with new ones. In the revision beginning in August 2006, the third and last turbine was replaced. With the renewal of the turbine system, the efficiency was improved. The changed turbine design increased the electrical output of the power plant by 72 megawatts (MW) (with unchanged reactor output ) . This project cost around 50 million euros.

In addition to the nuclear power plant, an interim storage facility was completed in 2006 . It is used to store 80 castor containers with a heavy metal weight of 800 tons for around 40 years.

The last few years

Due to a transformer fire on June 28, 2007, it was not in power operation until June 19, 2009. After further incidents within two weeks of restarting, a reactor shutdown occurred on July 4, 2009 due to a fault in a machine transformer . Since then, the Krümmel nuclear power plant has been in standstill operation. After the three-month nuclear moratorium imposed by the German government on March 15, 2011 in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, it was not restarted and was finally shut down.

In 2010 Ulrike Welte was to take over the management of the power plant. She would have been the first woman to manage a German nuclear power plant. Since the candidate did not have the reactor under control after 30-60 minutes as planned in the event of a simulated incident, but was still not in a safe condition after two hours, the Schleswig-Holstein nuclear supervisory authority rejected her as head.

At the end of March 2011, all six parties in the Schleswig-Holstein state parliament voted for the final closure; on May 30, 2011, the German government announced that the nuclear power plant should not go back online; this was legitimized by the resolution of the German Bundestag to phase out nuclear power on June 30, 2011 . With the entry into force of the 13th amendment to the Atomic Energy Act on August 6, 2011, the authorization for power operation expired.

In January 2011, Vattenfall spoke to E.ON about “a possible transfer of operational management” of this nuclear power plant (and Brunsbüttel) to E.ON.

Dismantling

Vattenfall has set up provisions of 1.9 billion euros for dismantling and disposal, but initially did not apply for the dismantling, as the group is demanding compensation for the shutdown of the nuclear power plant. On August 24, 2015, the application for the dismantling of the Krümmel nuclear power plant was submitted. This will result in 500,000 tons of concrete and steel, some of which are highly contaminated. The spent fuel will remain in an interim storage facility at the site until 2035. On August 25, 2015, Vattenfall announced a direct dismantling of the plant. According to the Group's plans, this should begin in 2020 at the earliest and last at least 15 years.

future

The works council of the power plant calls for a gas-fired power plant to be built at the same location after the nuclear power plant has been decommissioned in order to preserve jobs.

Technical specifications

On average, 9.5 billion kilowatt hours were generated per operating cycle. In total, the power plant has generated over 200 billion kilowatt hours.

Technical specifications	Reactor crumb
Nuclear fuel	UO ₂
Enrichment in U ²³⁵	up to 4.02%
Nuclear fuel quantity	156 t
Number of fuel assemblies	840
Number of fuel rods per fuel assembly	9x9QA-72
Fuel rod length	4.17 m
Fuel rod diameter	12.5 mm
Number of control rods	205
Absorber material	Boron carbide
Coolant and moderator	H ₂ O (light water)
thermal reactor power	3690 MW
Net efficiency	36.5%
mean power density in the reactor core	51.6 kW / dm³
Discharge burn-up (equilibrium core)	approx. 55,000 MWd / t U
Heat transfer surface in the reactor core	7710 m²
Condenser cooling surface	3 × 18,475 m²

The security fence

power

The Krümmel nuclear power plant has a total electrical output (gross) of 1402 MW _el , of which it feeds a net electrical output of 1346 MW _el into the 380 kV high-voltage network. The nuclear power plant can provide this electrical power constantly for about 11 months of a calendar year if it runs without disruption or accidents. The reloading of fuel assemblies and the maintenance work to be carried out require a plannable annual shutdown of around one month.

If the eleven operating months are based on a period of 48 weeks, this results in an annual operating time of around 8,000 hours. The multiplication of the annual operating hours to be expected by the electrical net output (1346 MW _el ) results in electrical energy of 10,848 GWh .

Power reduction due to high Elbe water temperatures

Outlet structure of the Krümmel NPP to return the cooling water to the Elbe

Thermal power plants , such as coal or nuclear power plants, have to condense the steam emerging from the turbine. The heat released during the condensation of the steam must be dissipated to the surroundings of the power plant.

In thermal power plants, this condensation heat is released to the environment either via a cooling tower or by direct cooling of the turbine condenser using river water or sea water. In power plants with cooling tower cooling, the water that cools the condenser is trickled into a cooling tower against the rising air. Through the process of partial evaporation of the cooling water, heat is extracted from it, which is removed by the latent heat contained in the saturated air . The water is continuously taken from an adjacent body of water; warmed water is collected at the foot of the cooling tower and fed into the river a little downstream. With direct cooling, the cooling water is taken from the water and pumped through the turbine condenser. It cools it, warms it up and is fed back into the river a little downstream.

Thermal power plants in the Federal Republic of Germany require a permit under water law to extract and also to heat river water . The Krümmel NPP was allowed to heat the river water taken from the Elbe by a maximum of 10 degrees. In addition, it was stipulated that the water of the Elbe could be a maximum of 30 ° C around 100 meters below the discharge structure. At high river water temperatures of around 27 ° C, such as those reached in the summers of 2003 and 2006, the Krümmel NPP had to reduce its output in order to maintain the maximum value of 30 ° C. The weather-related reduced output of the flow-cooled power plants was compensated for by cooling tower-cooled power plants (e.g. lignite power plants ) as well as by wind energy and solar energy .

reactor

The Krümmel nuclear power plant has one power plant unit :

Reactor block	Reactor type	KWU building line	electrical net power	gross electrical power	thermal reactor power	start of building	Network synchronization	Commercial operation	Shutdown
Krümmel (KKK)	Boiling water reactor	Building line 69	1,346 MW	1,402 MW	3,690 MW	April 5th 1974	September 28, 1983	March 28, 1984	August 6, 2011

The Krümmel nuclear power plant has a boiling water reactor for generating thermal energy. Boiling water reactors and pressurized water reactors belong to the family of light water reactors . The Krümmel nuclear power plant is the youngest of four boiling water reactors of the 'Building Line 69' that were built by AEG and its successor Kraftwerk Union in the 1970s (see introduction). “69” stands for 1969 - the year the building line was designed. Other German nuclear power plants of this type are:

Brunsbüttel ,
Philippsburg (Block 1) and
Isar (block 1).

This also includes the Austrian nuclear power plant in Zwentendorf , which however never went into operation after a referendum.

The clear height of the reactor pressure vessel is 22.38 meters, the inside diameter 6.78 meters, the wall thickness 17.1 centimeters and the empty weight 790 tons. This reactor pressure vessel of the nuclear power plant is the largest in the world. The containment has an inside diameter of 29.6 meters.

The cooling pond where the spent fuel rods stored up to five years, is located outside the containment (containment). The nuclear accidents in Fukushima , Japan, brought attention to this design-related safety deficit.

radioactivity

For operational reasons, nuclear power plants release radioactive substances ( emissions ) via exhaust air and wastewater (in comparatively small quantities ). The Atomic Energy Act obliges the supervisory authorities, among other things, to monitor operations with regard to the permitted limit values. An overview with current measured values also for the KKK can be found on a website of the state government of Schleswig-Holstein.

In 2002 it became known that the secondary aerosol sampling line had "a suspended matter filter from the operator on which a large part of the aerosol particles separated."

Events

Reportable Events

From commissioning to final shutdown, there were 340 reportable events and thus around 12.6 events per year. Of these, three were with activity releases without exceeding limit values:

April 17, 1988: Contamination of the DI fire extinguishing and make-up water system (event number 88/063)
July 23, 1990: Pipeline leakage in the buried part of the intermediate cooling water system (event number 90/125) and
October 13, 1999: Leakage in the condensate control valve of the auxiliary steam generator (event number 99/088).

There were no notifiable events that would have resulted in discharges or releases of activity and exceeding limit values, incidents or accidents (level 2 or higher on the international assessment scale for nuclear events ) did not occur. The most important reportable events in recent years are listed below.

March 16, 2005: Reactor shutdown

On March 16, 2005, there was an emergency reactor shutdown due to incorrect simulation of the capacitor fill level during a test of the reactor protection system.

June 28, 2007: Fire on the site of the NPP

On June 28, 2007, a short circuit in one of the two power transformers led to an oil fire, which resulted in an unintended reactor shutdown (RESA) and an unintended failure of the main feed pumps. These two system errors led to a classification as reportable ( INES 0). The emergency cooling systems functioned as designed, but further weaknesses in organization and technology became apparent in the course of the process (misunderstanding in the control room, penetration of fire smoke, failure of an archiving system). The event was widely reported in the media; the information policy of the operator has been heavily criticized in some cases.

February 4, 2008: Smoldering fire in the ventilation system

On February 4, 2008, there was a smoldering fire in a ventilation system. The fire was extinguished by the plant fire brigade within an hour; external help was not necessary. The nuclear regulatory authority dispatched an expert that radioactivity had never leaked. This incident (INES 0) was used by numerous environmental and climate protection organizations as an opportunity to question the safety of the Krümmel nuclear power plant and nuclear energy.

August 18, 2008: defective switches

On August 18, 2008, two reportable events occurred during a routine inspection. One of the four pumps in an auxiliary cooling water system could not be switched on because of a defective switch. In addition, due to a defective generator switch, one of six emergency diesel generators could not be synchronized with the internal supply network. Both switches were exchanged (two INES 0).

March 20, 2009: Shutdown of an emergency power transformer

An internal monitoring device automatically switched off a faulty emergency power transformer on March 20, 2009. This meant that only four of the six emergency power supply lines were available, one more than required for operation (INES 0).

June 23, 2009: Failure of an electronic assembly for reactor protection

On June 19, 2009, the nuclear supervisory authority approved the restart of the reactor. Four days later, on June 23, 2009, the next reportable event occurred: An electronic assembly (of three in total) for the delayed triggering of a reactor protection measure had failed. The defective assembly controlled a selection circuit which, if the internal power supply fails, starts a reactor feed-in system when required (INES 0). This failure of the assembly was discovered during a periodic inspection on June 23, 2009. The operators of the nuclear power plant reported the incident to the responsible ministry in Kiel on June 29, 2009.

On July 1, 2009, there was an incident that did not have to be reported: The turbine of the plant switched itself off automatically (TUSA) after a transformer on its own had failed. As a result of this malfunction, another anomaly occurred. Instead of automatic control of the level in the reactor, it was switched manually. The nuclear supervisory authority called in experts to clarify the causes and how to proceed. The power plant went back on line after four hours and continued to run with reduced output.

July 4, 2009: Reactor shutdown

Installation of the new machine transformers in the Krümmel NPP

On Saturday, July 4th, 2009 there was an emergency reactor shutdown shortly after 12 noon . The cause was a malfunction in one of the two machine transformers , which resulted in undervoltage in two of the four power supply rails of the nuclear power plant. In addition, there were cooling problems when cleaning the reactor water and (with the additional fixation of a control rod ) there were indications of a defective fuel element ( INES 0). The police informed the nuclear supervisory authority 20 minutes earlier than Vattenfall, since the plant manager of the power plant first drove to the power plant before he called the Kiel Ministry of Social Affairs and Health to get an idea of the situation.

The rapid shutdown caused massive restrictions in the power grid in Hamburg. 1500 of the total 1711 traffic lights in the city failed, sometimes for several hours, and shopping centers were without light. Furthermore, several water pumps failed as a result of the malfunction, and when the pumps were restarted due to pressure surges, eleven water pipes burst, which meant that thousands of hamburgers were temporarily without a water supply.

Schleswig-Holstein's Minister of Social Affairs, Gitta Trauernicht , who is responsible for nuclear supervision , then ordered the operator Vattenfall to perform a new reliability check. In addition, three days after the emergency shutdown, the company announced that a mandatory monitoring device , a so-called partial discharge measuring device, had not been installed on the affected transformer . Due to the incidents, the previous power plant manager was dismissed by Vattenfall. According to the energy company, the nuclear power plant itself should remain switched off until at least April 2010 so that the two transformers can be exchanged for new ones. Shortly thereafter, a spokesman for Vattenfall admitted that fuel rod damage inside the reactor was also likely. A few of the 80,000 fuel rods showed a defect. The pressure vessel of the reactor is to be opened for further investigations.

On June 19, 2009, the responsible supervisory authority ordered “continuous audio recordings in the main control room” of the Krümmel nuclear power plant - similar to a black box in an airplane; Vattenfall had sued against it. The black box was not switched on during the July 4th event.

The cost of this reportable event was estimated at $ 247 million.

December 6, 2013: Failure of an emergency generator

On December 6, 2013, an emergency power generator failed.

Forwarding messages

Since 2001 there have been the following forwarding messages from the Society for Plant and Reactor Safety (GRS) regarding the KKI:

2001/07: Crash of a fuel assembly on April 6, 2001
2003/09: Damage to the housing screws of free-wheeling check valves in the water separator condensate system on November 12, 2001
2003/13: Failure of the fire alarm system in the reactor building due to a fault in the power supply on March 12, 2002
2005/01: Switching failure of coupling contactors on March 11, 2004
2005/09: Failure of an emergency power transformer during long-term switchover as part of a recurring test on September 20, 2004
2005 / 09a: Failure of an emergency power transformer during long-term switchover as part of a recurring test on September 18, 2004
2005/13: Possibility of incorrect movement of two control rods due to interchanged power and feedback cables of the drives on August 20, 2004
2007/04: Response of safety valves when performing the RPV pressure test with the result that an impulse line ruptured on August 31, 2005
2008/01: Functional restriction on safety-relevant fittings due to incomplete specification recognized on August 14, 2006
2008/03: Cracks in austenitic valve bodies as a result of chloride-induced transcrystalline stress corrosion cracking
2008/07: Ingress of fire gases into the control room when a machine transformer caught fire on June 28, 2007
2009/01: Reactor shutdown due to a brief failure of the internal power supply due to a short circuit in a machine transformer on June 28, 2007
2009/06: Failure of a time monitoring module in the dynamic logic part of the reactor protection on October 15, 2007
2010/04: Failure to close a safety and relief valve due to sluggishness in the associated pilot valve on August 28, 2004 (final report September 8, 2009)

Interim storage

There is also an interim storage facility for up to 80 CASTOR casks .

It is assumed that 25 Castor casks of the type "V / 52" are needed to collect all the fuel rods that are in the loaded reactor core and in the storage pool. At the same time, warnings are given of a delivery problem at Castoren that would make dismantling more difficult.

At the end of 2013, 19 nuclear waste containers of the type CASTOR V / 52 with spent fuel elements from the Krümmel NPP were stored in the Krümmel on-site interim storage facility. The first Castor was parked there on August 5, 2004.

Criticism and opposition to the construction and operation

Protests against the NPP

Demonstration in front of the Krümmel nuclear power plant on the occasion of the 23rd anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster

Actions and lawsuits

In the mid-1970s, a citizens' initiative against the Krümmel nuclear power plant was founded: the registered association "Bürgerinitiative Umwelt Oberelbe" (BUO for short, Lübeck District Court VR 163 GE), and this resulted in the “Association for the Promotion of Legal Actions against the Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant” (Lübeck District Court , VR 166 GE). Its members Thomas Wüppesahl and Jens Mulzer, dentist from Schwarzenbek , sued, represented by the Hamburg lawyer Winfried Günnemann, against the Ministry of Social Affairs in Kiel , which oversaw nuclear power in Schleswig-Holstein, against Hamburgische Electricitäts-Werke (HEW, acquired by Vattenfall ) and against PreussenElektra against the construction, the commissioning and against 14 of 16 partial construction permit notices before the administrative court Schleswig and in the second instance the higher administrative court Lüneburg ; some of the lawsuits were brought before the Federal Administrative Court . The actual process objectives could not be achieved, but the court rulings made it necessary to retrofit the operators in order to ensure greater safety for the population.

In 1996 Robin Wood published a detailed list that lists 20 material, material, manufacturing and design defects in the reactor pressure vessel.

On November 4, 1999, the Schleswig Higher Administrative Court dismissed the lawsuit by two doctors who had held the nuclear power plant responsible for leukemia in ten children and one young person .

On April 24, 2010, the action and human chain from Krümmel to Brunsbüttel demonstrated against nuclear power with over 100,000 participants over 120 kilometers between the Brunsbüttel and Krümmel nuclear power plants. On June 26, 2010, on the occasion of the third anniversary of the fire in the nuclear power plant , opponents of nuclear power demonstrated against the request to have the nuclear power plant reconnected at the beginning of 2011. They raised 13,000 black and yellow gas-filled balloons into the sky.

Wolfgang Kromp , materials physicist at the University of Vienna and anti-nuclear activist, sees a faulty design in the entire construction line 69 , because the reactor pressure vessel is designed too weakly.

On April 10, 2011, a reading took place on the premises of the operator Vattenfall u. a. with Günter Grass .

Leukemia accumulation

Since 1990 there has been a significant accumulation of leukemia cases in the immediate vicinity of the power plant : Between 1990 and April 2009, 19 new cases of leukemia occurred in children, three times what would have been statistically expected.

The power plant was considered as one of the possible causes for this so-called leukemia cluster Elbmarsch . A scientifically conclusive proof of this has not yet been provided. In the context of the monitoring according to the Atomic Energy Act by authorities and experts, no events have been identified in which radioactivity would have been released. The nearby GKSS research center in Geesthacht was also considered later .

However, the current KiKK study (2007) by the Federal Office for Radiation Protection also comes to the conclusion that the number of cancer cases in children increases significantly the closer the respective place of residence is to the NPP. However, the study says that the radiation emitted by German nuclear power plants during normal operation cannot be interpreted as the cause of the leukemia accumulation based on current knowledge. The study was unable to find any other possible reasons for the established distance trend.

Risk studies

The safety studies carried out for Krümmel conclude that the risk of an accident with catastrophic effects is small, but not entirely negligible. In the event of a deliberate plane crash on the reactor building, for example, a “severe to catastrophic release of radioactive substances is to be expected”.

For the effects outside the facility, it must be taken into account that the location is only about 15 kilometers from the nearest district of Hamburg. On behalf of Hamburg's environmental authority, the Öko-Institut Darmstadt carried out a study in 1995 on the consequences of a serious accident with early and large releases of radioactivity . A wind direction in the direction of Hamburg was assumed, however, without taking account of precipitation (rain or snow), which significantly exacerbated the dose effects (through wash-out ). The result of the study: One must reckon with 45,000 to 107,000 medium to long-term cancer deaths in the Hamburg area and also with thousands more in other municipalities.

The effect of targeted fire with a bazooka or guided weapon (drone) is not discussed there.

Web links

Commons : Krümmel nuclear power plant - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Page at Vattenfall
Plague nuclear power plants: Krümmel (Schleswig-Holstein) (with data and videos)
Visualization of the Krümmel nuclear power plant (PDF)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Krümmel nuclear power plant. Vattenfall, accessed on September 3, 2019 .

^ German Atomic Forum e. V .: Nuclear Energy - Current 2007 , Chapter Intermediate Storage / Transport . Berlin, September 2007.

^ ^A ^b Reimar Paul: Portrait Ulrike Welte designated Akw boss: "I like Krümmel". In: tagesspiegel.de . December 9, 2010, accessed September 3, 2019 .

↑ [1] ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . May 30, 2011@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.lueneburg.de

↑ Vattenfall: Safety is the top priority in Vattenfall's nuclear energy activities , March 22, 2011. ( Memento of March 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive )

↑ welt.de: Brunsbüttel will only become a green field in years from October 30, 2013

^ Daniel Wetzel: After the breakdown series: Krümmel nuclear power plant is being dismantled. In: welt.de . August 25, 2015, accessed October 7, 2018 .

↑ ndr.de: Citizens and operators discuss the dismantling of Krümmel on December 11, 2013

↑ Gas-fired power plant on the crumbs? In: bergedorfer-zeitung.de. June 30, 2011, accessed September 3, 2019 .

↑ Martin Volkmer: Nuclear energy basic knowledge . KernEnergie Information Circle, Berlin 2007, ISBN 3-926956-44-5 , p. 45 .

↑ Nuclear Energy in Germany - Annual Report 2006 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) German Atomic Forum e. V.@1@ 2

↑ Power Reactor Information System of the IAEA : "Germany, Federal Republic of: Nuclear Power Reactors" (English)

↑ ARD magazine "kontraste" from July 15, 2010: Nuclear power - extended service life despite safety deficits

↑ Martin Volkmer: Nuclear energy basic knowledge . KernEnergie Information Circle, Berlin 2007, ISBN 3-926956-44-5 , p. 57 .

↑ German Meiler Spiegel decay pool online March 16, 2011

↑ Remote monitoring of nuclear power plants in Schleswig-Holstein: measured values ( memento from November 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive )

↑ Federal Office for Radiation Protection (Ed.): Annual Report 2002 . 2003, p. 53 ( full text [PDF; 3.4 MB ; accessed on September 3, 2019]).

↑ Federal Office for Radiation Protection: Nuclear Power Plants in Germany: Notifiable Events since Commissioning ( Memento of the original dated May 24, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Online at www.bfs.de, accessed on May 26, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bfs.de

↑ Federal Office for Radiation Protection: Federal Office for Radiation Protection: Nuclear Power Plants in Germany - Notifiable Events since Commissioning, as of April 13, 2015 ( Memento from April 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive )

↑ Reportable events with activity taxes without exceeding limit values ( Memento from February 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive )

↑ Federal Office for Radiation Protection: Reportable events with increased activity charges and exceeding limit values ( Memento of the original from May 24, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . May 1, 2015, online at www.bfs.de, accessed on May 24, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bfs.de

↑ nuclear energy in Germany; Annual report 2005 - publisher: Deutsches Atomforum e. VSF <20–21 Krümmel nuclear power plant; Information Circle KernEnergie; Printing: UbiaDruckKöln; ISSN 1611-9592

↑ Smoldering fire in the ventilation of the Krümmel nuclear power plant . In: Tagesspiegel , February 5, 2008

↑ News Café: Two more reportable events in the Krümmel nuclear power plant . Online at www.nachrichten-cafe.de

↑ Shutdown of an emergency power transformer in Krümmel. (No longer available online.) March 20, 2009, archived from the original on June 28, 2009 ; accessed on September 3, 2019 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

↑ Breakdown in the Krümmel nuclear power plant: emergency power transformer switched off. In: strom-magazin.de. March 23, 2009, accessed September 3, 2019 .

↑ ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Reactor Safety Authority in Kiel: Reportable event in the Krümmel nuclear power plant ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

↑ Krümmel nuclear power plant shut down ( memento of the original from November 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ Investigations in the Krümmel nuclear power plant ( Memento from August 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
↑ Vattenfall: Vattenfall investigates renewed transformer damage , July 5, 2009 ( Memento of April 21, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
↑ What really happened in the Krümmel nuclear power plant . Welt.de. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
↑ Incident in the Krümmel nuclear power plant causes chaos in Hamburg , Hamburger Mopo from July 5, 2009
↑ Thousands of hamburgers temporarily without water . ( Memento of the original from July 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Welt online , July 5, 2009 @1@ 2

↑ Minister Mourning Not for the Reactor Shutdown in Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant (PDF) ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Media information from the Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Family, Youth and Seniors from July 4, 2009 ( page no longer available , search in web archives )

↑ Vattenfall admits omissions in Krümmel at Spiegel Online , July 7, 2009

↑ Vattenfall: Krümmel nuclear power plant remains switched off for several months at reuters.com, July 7, 2009

↑ Vattenfall separates from Krümmel plant manager . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , July 8, 2009

↑ Vattenfall suspects fuel rod damage in Krümmel ( Memento of the original from July 11, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at tagesschau.de, July 9, 2009

↑ Black box in the Krümmel nuclear power plant was out of order . In: Welt online , July 5, 2010

↑ Costs of failed nuclear power plant projects Billions in investments without income. Retrieved September 12, 2018 .

↑ Börse online: Reportable event at the Krümmel nuclear power plant , dated December 6, 2013, accessed on December 9, 2013.

↑ German Bundestag Printed Matter 17/6731 - response of the federal government . PDF. August 3, 2011, online at dipbt.bundestag.de, accessed on May 24, 2016.

↑ bergedorfer-zeitung.de: Delivery problems with Castor containers - dismantling is delayed. (No longer available online.) In: bergedorfer-zeitung.de. July 29, 2011, formerly in the original ; accessed on February 13, 2015 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

↑ dpa: Castor shortage makes it difficult to dismantle nuclear power plants. In: handelsblatt.com . March 14, 2012, accessed February 13, 2015 .

↑ Federal Office for Radiation Protection: Decentralized interim storage facilities - locations and occupancy , February 11, 2014 ( Memento of January 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive )

↑ ZL_Kruemmel. In: nadir.org. Retrieved February 13, 2015 .

↑ Jürgen Schröder: Krümmel nuclear power plant. Materials for analyzing opposition. As of May 29, 2011 ( online )

^ Holdings S environmental protection: Collection environmental protection Wilhelm Knobloch. No. 247. AKW Krümmel (KKK) and Society for Nuclear Energy Utilization in Shipbuilding and Shipping Geesthacht (GKSS). General State Archives Karlsruhe ( online )

↑ Holger Marohn: The fight against the atomic pile. In: Lübecker Nachrichten , July 22, 2018

↑ robinwood.de December 19, 1996 ( Memento of the original from September 19, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

^ IPPNW Hamburg . Ippnw-hamburg.de. Retrieved June 27, 2010.

↑ Malte Kreutzfeldt: Human chain against nuclear power: Ambitious goals far exceeded. In: taz.de . April 26, 2010, accessed February 13, 2015 .

↑ KRÜMMEL: Nuclear opponents let 13,000 balloons fly. In: mopo.de. June 26, 2010, accessed February 13, 2015 .

↑ Three years of stagnation: will Krümmel be back on the grid? In: Lübecker Nachrichten , June 27, 2010 ( online ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. )

↑ Risk Research - Prophet of the Apocalypse .

↑ Nuclear power - service life extension despite safety deficits . ARD magazine Contrasts . June 15, 2010. Retrieved September 22, 2010.

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