Atomic moratorium

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The nuclear moratorium refers to the political decision of the Merkel government on March 14, 2011 to subject all 17 German nuclear power plants to a safety check and to shut down the seven oldest power plants and the Krümmel nuclear power plant for three months or to have them shut down if they allow themselves not in operation at that time. The measure, which was sometimes criticized as hasty, initiated the return to the nuclear phase-out first decided in 2002 , which was adopted by the Bundestag on June 30, 2011 , five months after the lifetime of German nuclear power plants was extended in October 2010 .

The moratorium is not a law, but was justified by the Atomic Energy Act, which came into force in autumn 2010, as a “precautionary hazard defense”. At the request of the federal government, the nuclear supervisory authorities of the countries in which these power plants are located ordered their temporary shutdown (shutdown). Some federal states feared substantial claims for damages if courts judge the moratorium as a legally inadmissible interference. In some cases, the administrative court found that the temporary shutdown order was illegal. Some operators have announced that they will voluntarily refrain from restarting shutdown reactors. No official order was therefore issued against them.

Nuclear reactors shut down (red) and reactors still in operation (blue) as part of the atomic moratorium

prehistory

On September 5, 2010, the federal government decided to extend the term by eight years for older and 14 years for younger of the 17 German nuclear reactors as well as the transferability of residual electricity volumes, thereby replacing the so-called nuclear consensus agreed in 2000 . The change in the law was implemented as a contract with the four major German operating companies. According to the Atomic Energy Act, which was last amended in 2002, the pending shutdowns of some older power plants in 2011 and 2012 were postponed without new safety checks. The approval of the Federal Council was not intended. Nine out of 16 federal states, however, filed a constitutional complaint . In surveys, majorities of up to 77% rejected the agreed, 48% rejected any term extension, as did many municipal energy suppliers. The anti-nuclear movement took off again.

Occasion and announcement

With the nuclear moratorium, the German government responded to the catastrophe in four nuclear reactors of the Japanese nuclear power plant Fukushima I , which was triggered on March 11, 2011 by a strong earthquake and / or a subsequent tsunami .

After phone calls with some Prime Ministers , Chancellor Angela Merkel announced the nuclear moratorium on the evening of March 14, 2011 with the key messages “We have a new situation” and “We cannot simply go back to the agenda”.

On March 15, 2011, the Federal Chancellor, Economics Minister Rainer Brüderle and Environment Minister Norbert Röttgen met with the Prime Ministers of the countries in which nuclear power plants were in operation: Horst Seehofer (CSU, Bavaria), Stefan Mappus (CDU, Baden-Württemberg), Volker Bouffier (CDU, Hessen), David McAllister (CDU, Lower Saxony) and Peter Harry Carstensen (CDU, Schleswig-Holstein). In the final press conference, Merkel explained the moratorium decision:

The catastrophe in Japan presented Germany and the world with a completely new situation, because for the first time it was not human or technical failure, but forces of nature that were never expected to lead to massive problems in the operation of a nuclear power plant. This is an occasion to review things with an open mind. The imperative of extreme precaution initially forced the older power plants to be shut down, added Röttgen. As the legal basis for this he named § 19 paragraph 3 of the Atomic Energy Act .

Merkel also announced that she would campaign for uniform and high security standards in the EU and the G 20 countries.

The media and the public were very surprised by the moratorium: the CDU had

Numerous media quoted Merkel (during the period of the moratorium, the safety of all reactors should be checked “without taboos”) and / or Röttgen verbatim (he announced an “unbiased discussion”, “as if no longer terms had been decided”).

Alleged legal basis

Many constitutional experts did not consider Merkel's and Röttgen's appeal to Section 19 (3) of the Atomic Energy Act to be legally valid. It allows the nuclear supervisory authority to temporarily or permanently shut down nuclear power plants to avert danger. The President of the Federal Constitutional Court a. D. Hans-Jürgen Papier called the closure of the older reactors "illegal measures" against which the operators could sue with good prospects of success. Because the federal government itself has indicated neither an unlawful condition nor an acute hazard that would have to be present for decommissioning according to the applicable Atomic Energy Act. For the "suspected danger" claimed by Norbert Röttgen (CDU), he sees no evidence. He is surprised that the government is not treading the “legally required path” of changing the law and thus making claims for damages worth billions possible.

On March 15, 2011 Siegfried Kauder (CDU) and Bundestag President Norbert Lammert (CDU) had doubts that the federal and state governments would be allowed to shut down nuclear power plants without a Bundestag resolution; Lammert had this checked. Ulrich Schellenberg , Vice President of the German Lawyers' Association, called Lammert's concerns “absolutely justified” on March 18: Merkel passed parliament as a legislator with a “constructed” reference to the Atomic Energy Act. The chairman of the Federal Bar Association , Christian Kirchberg , pleaded - like the opposition parties - for a special decommissioning and phase-out law or for an amendment to the current Atomic Energy Act.

execution

safety test

The long-standing Reactor Safety Commission (RSK) should re-examine the safety standards of German nuclear power plants after the disaster in Japan. Since the Federal Environment Ministry had not implemented the safety criteria of the old Atomic Energy Act, it was feared that the test would be carried out according to the standards of the 1970s and 1980s. This was criticized as implausible.

Röttgen stated on March 31, 2011 that it was being examined whether these standards would have to be redefined based on new assumptions. The RSK should determine the previously uncovered risk of nuclear power plants. As part of a “self-mandate”, the Commission was also asked to discuss on its own initiative what the questions to be clarified resulting from the disaster are.

On March 31, 2011, the German Society for Reactor Safety announced a catalog of requirements for German nuclear power plants: seven teams are supposed to check the precautions against terrorist attacks, plane crashes, dam bursts, earthquakes, extreme heat and cold and lengthy power outages. Since the older power plants are not equipped for this and their retrofitting is considered too expensive, their final shutdown is expected.

Ethics committee

On March 22, 2011 , the Chancellor set up an ethics committee to advise on the future of nuclear energy, prepare a social consensus on the nuclear phase-out, assess the associated risks and develop practical proposals for the transition to renewable energies. "The work of the commission is aimed at the rapid transition into the age of renewable energies", so it was already equipped with a target.

Atomic Act

On March 17, the parliamentary groups of the SPD and the Greens requested an amendment to the current Atomic Energy Act that should enable a faster exit. The majority of MPs rejected this request.

On March 31, Environment Minister Röttgen declared that the aim was to reach a new nuclear consensus, on the basis of which the current Atomic Energy Act should be amended as mutually as possible by mid-June.

On April 1, the red-green state government of North Rhine-Westphalia announced an initiative in the Federal Council for a new exit law.

Decommissioning

designation
 federal
country
 operators
over
 Type ( KWU ) Gross
power
in MW
 Net
power
in MW
 Energy
generation by 2010
in TWh
 Residual electricity
from
February 2011 in
TWh
 Residual electricity
from
February 2011
in TWh
with extension of the
term
 construction
commencing
 Commercialization
of essential
operation
 Out of
service
(Atomic Energy Act 2002)
 Out of
service
(term
extension
2010)
 Out of
service
(
finally shut down by moratorium)
 Average power
plant
availability
over the operating
period
Lower Weser NI NI E.ON DWR ( pre-convoy ) 000000000001410.00000000001,410 000000000001345.00000000001,345 287.4 12.607 91.711 1972-07-01 07/01/1972 1979-09-06 09/06/1979 2013-03-09 2013 2020 2011 82.1%
Brunsbuettel SH SH Vattenfall SWR -69 000000000000806.0000000000806 000000000000771.0000000000771 120.4 11,000 52.038 1970-04-15 04/15/1970 1977-02-09 02/09/1977 2013-06-30 2013 2020 2011 59.7%
Crumbs SH SH Vattenfall SWR -69 000000000001401.00000000001,401 000000000001345.00000000001,345 201.7 88.245 212.406 1974-04-05 04/05/1974 1984-03-28 03/28/1984 2021-06-02 2021 2033 2011 71.7%
Biblis  A HE HE RWE DWR ( pre-convoy ) 000000000001225.00000000001,225 000000000001167.00000000001,167 230.7 3.468 72.085 1970-01-01 01/01/1970 1975-02-26 02/26/1975 2011-01-14 2011 2020 2011 68.0%
Biblis  B HE HE RWE DWR ( pre-convoy ) 000000000001300.00000000001,300 000000000001240.00000000001,240 245.7 8,551 79.214 1972-02-01 02/01/1972 1977-01-31 January 31, 1977 2011-11-24 2011 2019 2011 73.0%
Philippsburg  1 BW BW EnBW SWR -69 000000000000926.0000000000926 000000000000890.0000000000890 186.1 9.227 65.053 1970-10-01 10/01/1970 1980-03-26 03/26/1980 2013-04-04 2013 2020 2011 79.4%
Isar / Ohu  1 BY BY E.ON SWR -69 000000000000912.0000000000912 000000000000878.0000000000878 196.7 2.932 57.916 1972-05-01 05/01/1972 1979-03-21 03/21/1979 2012-02-22 2012 2019 2011 83.1%
Neckarwestheim  1 BW BW EnBW DWR ( pre-convoy ) 000000000000840.0000000000840 000000000000785.0000000000785 185.4 0.000 50.613 1972-02-01 02/01/1972 1976-12-01 December 01, 1976 2011-01-10 2011 2019 2011 84.7%

Six of these eight nuclear power plants with a net output of 6,305 MW were shut down during the moratorium. The Brunsbüttel NPP was shut down in July 2007, and the Krümmel NPP had produced almost no electricity since mid-2007 due to technical problems. Southern Germany was and is particularly affected by the moratorium: south of the Main, five nuclear reactors with a total net output of 4,960 MW were shut down.

consequences

elections

Angela Merkel's decision surprised many observers and also the base of the governing parties CDU, CSU and FDP. Since it was announced six or 13 days before some of the state elections in 2011 , many initially suspected reasons for the election campaign rather than an actual and permanent departure from their previous nuclear policy . Internal statements by the Federal Minister of Economics, Rainer Brüderle , who until then had emerged as a strong proponent of nuclear power, at a meeting with the Federation of German Industries confirmed this assumption for many.

The electoral successes of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen in three state elections in March 2011, especially the replacement of the 58-year-old CDU in Baden-Württemberg , are also seen as a consequence of this “credibility problem”.

Power supply

When it was announced on March 15, the then Federal Minister of Economics, Rainer Brüderle , ruled out that the moratorium would endanger the electricity supply. There is sufficient security of supply in Germany even without the seven plants to be shut down . He did not rule out electricity price increases. Also, Matthias Kurth , head of the Federal Network Agency , pointed in a Der Spiegel , the parts of the energy sector and the interview BDEW back expressed fears of a collapse of the power grid. Although the debate had a “legitimate background”, it was “often superficial and interest-driven”. “Responsible and prudent action” is now required, supplemented by further measures to stabilize the network, but there is no threat of a blackout. The "effects of the moratorium on the networks" are "controllable". The remaining German power plants are also still able to generate more electricity than Germany as a whole consumes.

In May 2011, only four of the 17 nuclear power plants in Germany were temporarily on the grid: Only Isar 2 and Gundremmingen C (Bavaria), Brokdorf (Schleswig-Holstein) and Neckarwestheim 2 (Baden-Württemberg) were producing electricity, four more were dated for maintenance work Network.

The cold spell in Europe in 2012 in January and February 2012 showed the stability of the German electricity supply. Germany even exported electricity during this period.

Economic consequences

The profit lost to the operators of the seven shut-down reactors as a result of the moratorium was estimated at 500 million euros by mid-June 2011.

On April 1, 2011, RWE filed a lawsuit with the Hessian Administrative Court in Kassel against the instruction to shut down the Biblis nuclear power plant it operates . The VGH Kassel declared the 2013 moratorium to be unlawful in response to RWE's lawsuit. The complaint of the State of Hesse against the non-admission of the appeal was rejected by the Federal Administrative Court in January 2014 . The ruling opens the way for RWE to claim damages under civil law. The company is suing for the closure of Biblis for 235 million euros in damages.

The two other nuclear power plant operators in Germany affected by the moratorium, E.ON and EnBW, had refrained from filing a lawsuit for reasons of image.

On October 1, 2014, E.ON announced that it had filed a lawsuit with the Hanover Regional Court because the three-month shutdown of the Unterweser and Isar 1 nuclear power plants had suffered around 380 million euros in damage. The Hanover Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit on July 4, 2016.

In April 2016, the Bonn Regional Court dismissed a lawsuit by EnBW against the State of Baden-Württemberg and the Federal Republic of Germany for EUR 261 million in damages for the temporary shutdown of the Neckarwestheim I and Philippsburg I nuclear power plants as part of the nuclear power moratorium. The court justified the rejection by stating that EnBW should have brought an action to challenge the discontinuation orders . Then the lawsuit would have had a chance of success: Without concrete evidence of possible dangers, the order of the shutdown is not justified according to the law. The lawsuit against the Federal Republic of Germany was dismissed due to a lack of passive legitimation.

Electricity prices and electricity imports

Consumer Protection Minister Ilse Aigner warned the four German electricity companies on March 23rd to use the moratorium as a "pretext" for renewed increases in electricity prices . Due to previous increases, these cannot be justified by the costs incurred. The providers are obliged to more price transparency. Consumers should switch providers in the event of unjustified price increases.

On April 2, an RWE spokesman stated that the moratorium could result in up to five percent higher prices for private customers, since the utility companies "now have to stock up at high stock market prices". The shutdown of Biblis causes "substantial damage" for RWE. It is pushing the power grid to its limits and could cause bottlenecks in the power supply in 2011.

On April 4, Hildegard Müller , General Manager at the German Association of Energy and Water Management (BDEW), claimed that the moratorium had already increased prices in the futures market of electricity wholesale by 12 percent for the base load from 2011 and 2012, and similarly for the peak load products. Since March 17, electricity imports have exceeded exports, with electricity flows from France and the Czech Republic doubling, while electricity flows to the Netherlands and Switzerland have halved.

RWE Innogy boss Fritz Vahrenholt (SPD) said on the same day that only significant electricity imports from France and the Czech Republic prevented a possible power failure in southern Germany at the moment , but the lines were fully utilized. There was a lack of 3400 kilometers of lines from the North Sea coast to southern Germany, which would hardly be completed before 2020 due to an average of 12 years of planning and construction. Pump storage plants would also need at least ten years to build. Without it being expanded more quickly, there is a risk of “extreme undersupply” in the region, so that electricity for industrial companies and entire cities may have to be switched off. This could cause a huge price differential. As is currently the case in Hessen, two thirds of the electricity would have to be imported if all German nuclear power plants were to be shut down.

According to the Federal Environment Ministry , Germany will remain a net electricity exporter even after the moratorium. The half-yearly figures published by the BDEW in September 2011 indicate that this assessment is correct. It is true that electricity imports rose by 4.9 TWh from 19.9 TWh to 24.8 TWh (an increase of 24.4%), while exports fell from 30.9 TWh to 29 TWh. Nevertheless, Germany remained an electricity exporter with an exchange balance of around 4 TWh net. Due to a technical error in data processing, BDEW initially published incorrect figures, which were picked up by numerous media. These figures gave the impression that electricity imports had risen sharply. However, this was corrected in another press release. In 2011 as a whole, Germany remained an electricity exporter with a balance of 6 TWh; An export surplus was also recorded in the second half of the year, when the eight nuclear power plants shut down by the moratorium no longer contributed to the electricity supply. Even during the cold spell in Europe in 2012 , the electricity grid in Germany remained stable, according to the electricity network operators. During the morning peak load it was even possible to achieve an export surplus of approx. 4 to 5 GW, whereby the electricity was mainly exported to France, which had a particularly high import requirement due to many electricity heating systems.

The study on energy-economic analysis of the phase-out of nuclear energy in Germany by 2017 , which was carried out for the BDI and examined the development of electricity prices up to 2020, came to the conclusion that the electricity prices for household customers would increase if the federal government's energy concept was retained, including the extension of the term of nuclear power plants would increase from 23.4 ct / kWh in 2010 to 26.7 ct / kWh in 2020. This corresponds to an increase of 14%. In an alternative scenario based on the nuclear phase-out proposed by Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen by 2017, the result was 27.6 ct / kWh, 0.9 ct / kWh more than in the reference scenario with the lifetime of all nuclear power plants being extended. Here the increase would be 18% compared to the status of 2010. For a three-person household with an electricity consumption of 3500 kWh per year, this would mean an increase in monthly electricity costs of 2.63 euros.

Expected carbon dioxide emissions

British market advisors to the coal industry predicted in April 2011 that the electricity lost from the seven nuclear power plants that were shut down could only be compensated for by increasing the use of coal power plants . This could increase Germany's annual CO 2 emissions by up to 10% (45 to 60 million tons). However, according to a study carried out for the BDI , this does not lead to an increase in Europe-wide carbon dioxide emissions , as these are capped by the EU emissions trading scheme and must therefore be saved by other companies participating in emissions trading. However, ceteris paribus , the resulting shortage would increase the prices for emission rights.

Initiatives

On March 30, 2011, Eicke R. Weber , Head of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, wrote an open letter to the Chancellor, signed by over 300 scientists.

There could be no safe nuclear power plants in the future either, since a residual risk, due to its unpredictability, cannot be ruled out in principle even with better technology. An energy transition is feasible by 2020. Nuclear power is rather unsuitable as a bridging technology , since it hinders the expansion of renewable energies. Gas-fired combined heat and power plants , storage facilities and grid expansion, on the other hand, could form this bridge. If nuclear power were subject to the same framework conditions as other forms of energy and if its risks had to be insured, it would be the most expensive energy. By contrast, renewable energies could bring about savings of up to 750 billion euros by 2050. The promotion of nuclear fusion is also uneconomical and questionable. The funds for this should "be fully rededicated for research into renewable energies and energy efficiency technologies".

"In view of the events in Japan, the German term extensions should be permanently withdrawn and replaced by an accelerated phase-out scenario with an accelerated expansion of renewable energies and energy efficiency."

On April 3, 2011, Nikolaus Schneider , the chairman of the EKD , said he was considering calling all Christians in Germany to switch to green electricity . In this way, one can credibly represent one's own nuclear-critical stance. Since people are “deficient beings”, they need “a technology that forgives mistakes. But nuclear energy does not forgive mistakes. ”That is why a nuclear phase-out as quickly as possible and a solution for the final storage of radioactive waste are necessary so that it is not exported.

Result: Cancellation of the term extension

On April 15, 2011, the Federal Chancellor invited the Prime Ministers of all federal states to Berlin. After the meeting, she announced that the federal cabinet would approve the necessary bills for the nuclear phase-out on June 6, 2011 . It is "urgent".

On the night of May 30, 2011, the federal government decided to finally shut down the eight nuclear power plants affected by the moratorium by means of a draft law. These are the Unterweser , Brunsbüttel , Krümmel , Biblis A and B , Philippsburg 1 , Isar 1 and Neckarwestheim 1 power plants . As a result, they will not be restarted after the moratorium has expired. Originally it was planned to have a power plant block , which should be determined by the Federal Network Agency , in cold reserve until 2013 so that it could be put back into operation in the event of theoretically conceivable capacity bottlenecks in winter, as classified as possible by the power grid operators. The Federal Network Agency decided not to do this, however, as a secure power supply would also be possible without this measure.

Although the German Bundestag did not approve the amendment to the Atomic Energy Act until June 30, the power plant operators had already promised not to restart their nuclear power plants after the moratorium had expired.

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Roman Heflik and Ludger Fertmann: Biblis A - After RWE lawsuit: countries fear millions in claims , Hamburger Morgenpost, April 2, 2011
  2. ↑ Sebastian Fischer, Philipp Wittrock: Black and yellow atomic transition: The new anti-nuclear power movement , Der Spiegel, March 15, 2011
  3. ↑ Statements by Chancellor Merkel with the Prime Ministers Seehofer, Carstensen, Mappus, Bouffier, McAllister and the Federal Ministers Brüderle and Röttgen after the discussion on nuclear energy in Germany ( memento of March 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), bundesregierung.de
  4. ↑ Nuclear power plants are being scrutinized ( memento from March 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), bundesregierung.de, March 15, 2011
  5. ↑ for example finanzen.net , badische-zeitung.de
  6. ↑ Former constitutional judge considers moratorium to be illegal , Frankfurter Rundschau, March 30, 2011
  7. ^ Atomic moratorium: Lammert doubts legality , Süddeutsche Zeitung, March 16, 2011
  8. ^ Legal expert Schellenberg attacks Merkel , Handelsblatt, March 18, 2011
  9. ^ A b Klaus-Peter Klingelschmitt: A fight for Biblis. In: The daily newspaper . April 1, 2011, accessed December 1, 2014 .
  10. ↑ Background: Wobbly nuclear moratorium , zeit.de, March 17th 2011
  11. ↑ Nuclear power plant experts go in search of the risk , Die Zeit, March 31, 2011
  12. ↑ Röttgen has security checked - Altmeiler are facing the end , NTV, March 31, 2011
  13. ↑ Ethics committee for secure energy supply established ( Memento of April 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), Die Bundeskanzlerin.de, March 22, 2011
  14. ^ Opposition fails with push to amend the Atomic Energy Act , Crebd.com, March 17, 2011
  15. ↑ Hannes Koch: Bad cards for old nuclear power plants , taz, April 1, 2011
  16. ↑ NRW announces nuclear phase-out law ( memento of April 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), dnews, April 1, 2011
  17. ↑ Net electricity in TWh - net electricity generation in billions of kilowatt hours since commissioning until the end of December 2010 or until shutdown. Data source: IAEO - Power Reactor Information System
  18. ↑ a b Federal Office for Radiation Protection : Amounts of electricity generated (net) by German nuclear power plants, transfer of production rights and recording of residual amounts of electricity ( memento of July 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 16 kB)
  19. ↑ current residual electricity and forecast shutdown
  20. ↑ Report on the expected term extensions planned by the black-yellow coalition in 2010 at tagesschau.de ( Memento from September 9, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  21. ↑ tagesschau.de: 2022 should be over, May 30, 2011. ( Memento from August 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  22. ↑ Data source: IAEA - Power Reactor Information System , status: end of December 2009
  23. ↑ Due to a transformer fire on June 28, 2007, it was not in power operation until June 19, 2009. After further incidents within two weeks of restarting, a reactor shutdown occurred on July 4, 2009 due to a fault in a machine transformer . Since then, the Krümmel nuclear power plant has been in standstill operation.
  24. ↑ Lena Jakat, Oliver Das Gupta: Government takes cover, opposition rejoices , Süddeutsche Zeitung, March 24, 2011
  25. ↑ [1]
  26. ↑ Seven nuclear power plants are initially being taken offline , FAZ, March 15, 2011
  27. ↑ Energy transition: network agency boss warns of blackout panic. In: Spiegel Online . April 24, 2011, accessed June 9, 2018 .
  28. ↑ Press release of May 18, 2011 , Umwelt.niedersachsen.de
  29. ↑ Background: Shaky nuclear moratorium , Süddeutsche Zeitung, March 16, 2011
  30. ↑ Press release 4/2014 , bundesverwaltungsgericht.de
  31. ↑ Zweierlei Maß , FAZ from January 15, 2014, p. 9
  32. ↑ Rolf Schraa, dpa: wave of lawsuits because of the nuclear phase-out is rolling. In: swp.de. December 18, 2015, accessed April 8, 2016 .
  33. ↑ RWE can hope for millions because of the nuclear moratorium (Az.BVerwG 7 B 18.13), spiegel.de January 14, 2014
  34. ↑ Eon also wants compensation for nuclear moratorium , faz.net
  35. ^ LG Hanover, judgment of July 4, 2016 - 19 O 232/14
  36. ↑ Beck-Aktuell: No compensation for EnBW due to the temporary shutdown of nuclear power plants after the Fukushima disaster , April 6, 2016
  37. ↑ Nuclear moratorium: Aigner warns electricity companies of price increases , Rheinische Post, March 23, 2011
  38. ↑ RWE: Atomic moratorium could raise electricity prices by five percent , Rheinische Post, April 2, 2011
  39. ↑ BDEW - Moratorium due to rising electricity prices and higher electricity imports , IWR, April 4, 2011
  40. ↑ RWE manager warns of blackout in southern Germany , Die Welt, April 4, 2011
  41. ^ Electricity exchange with other countries in the first half of 2011 ( memento from November 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), BDEW (PDF; 8 kB), accessed on September 16, 2011.
  42. ↑ After the nuclear power plant is shut down, electricity imports increase . In: Focus , September 11, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
  43. ↑ Electricity imports speed up after the end for Akw ( memento of October 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). In: Stern.de , September 11, 2011.
  44. ↑ Correction of the published figures on electricity exchange with other countries ( memento of October 1, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). Press release BDEW Accessed on September 16, 2011.
  45. ↑ Germany continues to export electricity. Statistics disprove nuclear lobby . In: TAZ , December 23, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
  46. ↑ The energy transition in a practical test. Nuclear power blown on the wall . In: TAZ , February 3, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
  47. ↑ Green electricity compensates for the shutdown of the nuclear power plant . In: Frankfurter Rundschau , February 1, 2012. Accessed February 4, 2012.
  48. ↑ Sufficient electricity from wind and solar energy in spite of Akw shutdowns . In: Der Tagesspiegel , February 4, 2012. Accessed February 4, 2012.
  49. ↑ https://www.r2b-energy.com/uploads/media/Kurzfassung_Ausstieg2017.pdf
  50. ↑ http://www.heute.de/ZDFheute/inhalt/5/0,3672,8234853,00.html  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.heute.de  
  51. ↑ Henning Gloystein, Jackie Cowhig: Analysis: German nuclear U-turn Means jump in emissions , Reuters London, April 4, 2011
  52. ↑ Archive link ( Memento from July 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  53. ↑ [2]
  54. ↑ Praeses Schneider is considering asking Christians to switch to green electricity , NRZ, April 3, 2011
  55. ↑ Energy summit in the Chancellery Lightning nuclear phase-out , faz.net, April 15, 2011
  56. ^ Zeit Online , April 15, 2011
  57. ↑ Merkel: Faster into the Age of Renewable Energies ( Memento from April 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (Podcast), Government Online, April 16, 2011.
  58. ^ Top meeting of the coalition to phase out nuclear power ( memento of August 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), tagesschau.de
  59. ↑ The date for the nuclear phase-out has been set , handelsblatt.com
  60. ↑ Agreement in the Chancellery - nuclear phase-out is certain. In: FAZ.net . Accessed May 31, 2019 .
  61. ↑ Decommissioned nuclear power plants have finally had their day . In: Stern.de , August 31, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
  62. ↑ Nuclear companies shut down Alt-Meiler for good , Reuters , June 17, 2011.