Nuclear energy by country

This article describes the current situation of the civilian use of nuclear energy in individual countries. The article List of Nuclear Power Plants contains a list of all planned or definitely not completed nuclear power plants, research reactors, interim storage facilities and repositories as well as reprocessing plants . Current, former and under construction nuclear power plants and reactors for commercial electricity production are included in the list of nuclear power plants .

Currently, 30 countries worldwide operate 441 nuclear reactors with a total net electrical output of around 390 gigawatts ( as of June 27, 2020 ).

State of economic use of nuclear energy worldwide. The graphic shows the status of the situation from June 2017 shown in the “ Overview ” chapter .

Share of nuclear energy in total electricity generation (dark green: high, light green: low) As of June 2015

history

Development over time of the use of nuclear energy for electricity generation.
Output of all newly installed nuclear power plants [solid frame] or all destroyed or permanently shut down nuclear power plants [dotted frame] - broken down by year and country. The legend indicates the ISO 3166-1 codes of the countries. Source: International Atomic Energy Agency

The civil use of nuclear energy in nuclear power plants began in the mid-1950s. After the Second World War, the use of nuclear energy was socially highly controversial and was with the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki associated . US President Dwight D. Eisenhower outlined his vision of a peaceful use of nuclear energy in the Atoms for Peace speech to the United Nations in 1953 . The first commercial nuclear power plants were the Magnox reactors of the Calder Hall nuclear power plant in 1956 and the pressurized water reactor at Shippingport nuclear power plant in 1957 , which was borrowed from the submarine reactors and has shaped the future of the peaceful use of nuclear energy to this day.

In 1957 the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was founded for this purpose . In the following decades nuclear power plants were built in many industrialized countries ; their performance per reactor grew rapidly .

In the 1970s, the atomic euphoria was “kept alive” by two oil crises , although then, as now, only a few uses of oil could be replaced by electrical energy. Electric night storage heaters were propagated in Germany . Since the 1970s, anti-nuclear movements that rejected the civilian use of nuclear energy (and in some cases also of nuclear weapons ) gained in importance . In 1978, following a referendum , Austria decided not to put the already completed Zwentendorf nuclear power plant into operation; the country remained nuclear-free. Among other things, the partial meltdown in the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in 1979 and the disasters of Chernobyl 1986 and Fukushima 2011 , each with the highest INES rating, clearly demonstrated the risks of nuclear power plants for the population and nature.

In 1980, Sweden was the first country to decide to phase out nuclear power . It was supposed to be completed by 2000 and was later revised. Italy immediately withdrew from nuclear power after the Chernobyl reactor disaster and largely replaced the lost power with imports. Other countries have decided to shut down nuclear power plants and / or have banned new buildings (“ moratorium ”). In some countries, such resolutions were implemented with a delay or revised ( withdrawal from phase-out , extension of term ).

From the 1990s, the expansion of nuclear power slowed significantly. While in some years more than 30 nuclear power plants went into operation, it was seldom more than six after 1990 and zero in 2008 for the first time since the 1960s. The installed capacity rose from 328 GW to 369 GW between 1990 and 2005. As a result of the low expansion rate and the decommissioning of reactors, especially after the meltdown in Fukushima (Japan), the installed capacity worldwide in 2011 was 366 GW.

In the 00s, a further expansion or a new entry into nuclear energy was considered in some countries. Proponents of the technology expected a worldwide renaissance of nuclear energy . For example, the industry association “ World Nuclear Association ” assumed in 2008 that the installed capacity of nuclear power plants in Germany would increase from 20 gigawatts (2008) to 20 to 50 gigawatts by 2030. Whether there will be a renaissance from a global perspective was, however, controversial. So came z. B. Prognos 2009 to the contrary. Despite the increased construction activity, the number of nuclear power plants will decrease by 22% by 2020, and Prognos is even anticipating a decrease of 29% by 2030. US President George W. Bush signed the Energy Policy Act in 2005, as a result of which 13 new nuclear power plants were planned. However, only the investment ruin Watts Bar 2 was completed and 4 new reactors started, the construction of which ended in a disaster that led the builder Westinghouse to bankruptcy. Only the 2 reactors in Georgia are still being built, the construction of Virgil C. Summer was stopped in 2017. This did not take into account the effects of the Fukushima nuclear accidents, as a result of which several countries revised their expansion plans or subjected them to a review. In contrast, the management consultancy Roland Berger forecast in March 2014 an increase in installed nuclear power to 470 to 637 GW in 2030.

The European Commission supports the economic use of nuclear energy. She has presented plans for a major overhaul of the EU energy market and in 2007 believed nuclear energy to be one of the driving forces that would lead Europe into a low-carbon era through a “third industrial revolution”.

Overview of the development of nuclear power plant capacity

year	Reactors	Power (GW)
1960	15th	1
1965	48	6th
1970	84	18th
1975	169	70
1980	245	133
1985	363	246
1990	416	318
1995	434	341
2000	435	350
2001	438	353
2002	439	357
2003	437	360
2004	438	365
2005	441	368
2006	435	370
2007	439	372
2008	438	371
2009	437	371
2010	441	375
2011	435 *	369
2012	437 *	372
2013	437 *	372
2014	438 *	379
2015	441	383
2016	447	390
2017	448	392
2018	450	396
2019	443	391
2020
2021

• After the meltdown in Fukushima on March 11, 2011, in which 4 reactors were destroyed, all the remaining 50 Japanese reactors - with a brief interruption while two reactors were connected to the grid - went offline. By 2019, 8 reactors were back on the grid, 21 were finally shut down and 25 are officially in operation, although most of them will never be connected to the grid again. For example, Fukushima II has been out of service since March 2011, but was not officially shut down for good until September 30, 2019.

Overview

30 of 195 countries worldwide (including Taiwan ) use nuclear energy. Almost half of all reactors in operation are located in three countries: USA (98), France (58) and Japan (38). Almost all past forecasts for the expansion of nuclear energy did not materialize later; they turned out to be excessive. In 1976, for example, the IAEA expected the installed capacity of nuclear power plants to expand to 2,300 gigawatts by the year 2000. This number was continuously reduced in the following years. In fact, only 350 GW were installed in 2000.

The following table provides an overview of all countries that use, have used or want to use nuclear energy or have started and canceled a nuclear program ( as of June 27, 2020 ).

country	Electricity generation ( 2019)		Reactors				status
	in TWh	proportion of	in operation	switched off	under construction	in planning
Argentina	7.9	06%	3	0	1	1	Construction of new reactors
Brazil	15.2	03%	2	0	1	0	Construction of new reactors
Finland	22.9	35%	4th	0	1	1	Construction of new reactors
France	382.4	71%	57	13	1	0	Construction of new reactors
India	40.7	03%	22nd	0	7th	14th	Construction of new reactors
Iran	5.9	02%	1	0	1	1	Construction of new reactors
Pakistan	9.1	07%	5	0	2	1	Construction of new reactors
Russia	195.5	20%	38	8th	4th	24	Construction of new reactors
Slovakia	14.3	54%	4th	3	2	0	Construction of new reactors
United Kingdom	51.0	16%	15th	30th	2	2	Construction of new reactors
United States	809.4	20%	95	38	2	3	Construction of new reactors
People's Republic of China	330.1	05%	48	0	11	44	Construction of new reactors
Bulgaria	15.9	38%	2	4th	0	1	Planning of new reactors
Romania	10.4	19%	2	0	0	2	Planning of new reactors
Czech Republic	28.6	35%	6th	0	0	1	Planning of new reactors
Hungary	15.4	49%	4th	0	0	2	Planning of new reactors
Bangladesh	0	00%	0	0	2	0	Construction of the first reactors
Turkey	0	00%	0	0	1	2	Construction of the first reactors
United Arab Emirates	0	00%	0	0	4th	0	Construction of the first reactors
Belarus	0	00%	0	0	2	0	Construction of the first reactors
Egypt	0	00%	0	0	0	4th	Planning of the first reactors
Armenia	2.0	28%	1	1	0	0	no expansion
Japan	65.7	08th %	33	27	2	1	no expansion
Canada	94.9	15%	19th	6th	0	0	no expansion
Mexico	10.9	05%	2	0	0	0	no expansion
Netherlands	3.7	03%	1	1	0	0	no expansion
Sweden	64.4	34%	7th	6th	0	0	no expansion
Slovenia	5.5	37%	1	0	0	0	no expansion
South Africa	13.6	07%	2	0	0	0	no expansion
Ukraine	78.1	54%	15th	4th	0	2	no expansion
Belgium	41.4	48%	7th	1	0	0	With the nuclear phase-out
Germany	71.0	12%	6th	30th	0	0	With the nuclear phase-out
Switzerland	25.4	24%	4th	2	0	0	With the nuclear phase-out
Spain	55.9	21%	7th	3	0	0	With the nuclear phase-out
South Korea	138.8	26%	24	2	4th	0	With the nuclear phase-out
Republic of China (Taiwan)	31.1	13%	4th	2	2	0	With the nuclear phase-out
Italy	0	00%	0	4th	0	0	Nuclear phase-out completed
Kazakhstan	0	00%	0	1	0	0	Nuclear phase-out completed
Lithuania	0	00%	0	2	0	0	Nuclear phase-out completed
Ireland	0	00%	0	0	0	0	Plant construction canceled
Cuba	0	00%	0	0	0	0	Plant construction canceled
Austria	0	00%	0	0	0	0	Turnkey plant not put into operation after referendum
Philippines	0	00%	0	0	0	0	Plant construction canceled
world	2586	10%	451	169	54	108

Definitions

1. ↑ The reactor is connected to the power grid.
2. ↑ The reactor was finally shut down or shut down.
3. ↑ The first concrete was poured for the reactor or major renovation work is being carried out on the reactor. Some buildings were started over 30 years ago, the completion remains uncertain.
4. ↑ Approval, funding or major commitments for the reactor have been completed, or construction of the reactor is well advanced but has been suspended for an indefinite period. Operation is usually expected within 8 to 10 years, provided there are no delays.

Color legend: The different background colors represent different situations in the respective country:
Construction of new reactors; Planning of new reactors / letters of intent for new reactors; Construction of the first reactors; Planning of the first reactors;	no expansion; When phasing out nuclear power; Nuclear phase-out completed; Plant construction aborted / finished plant not put into operation

• It is likely that not all nuclear power plants planned or under construction will also go online. In Austria and the Philippines, operational nuclear power plants were not put into operation:
  • The Zwentendorf nuclear power plant after a referendum on November 5, 1978
  • The nuclear power plant in Bataan after the overthrow of the dictatorial President Ferdinand Marcos . In February 1986 his democratically elected successor, Corazon Aquino , stopped the 98 percent completed nuclear reactor for safety reasons because the Philippines belong to the Pacific Ring of Fire , a tectonically very turbulent region with many earthquakes and volcanoes.

Egypt

In mid-November 2015, the director of the Russian Atomic Energy Agency Rosatom , Sergej Kirienko, and the incumbent Egyptian energy minister Mohammad Schaker signed a contract in Cairo for the construction of four 1,200 megawatt reactors on the Mediterranean in the El Dabaa region in the north of the country. A second contract was concluded for a 35-year loan to finance the construction of the power plant.

Argentina

Argentina gets around six percent of its electricity from a total of three nuclear power plant blocks - Atucha 1 (since 1974), Atucha 2 (since June 2014) and Embalse (since 1983). In September 2014, representatives of the Argentine and Chinese governments signed a framework agreement for the construction of a fourth reactor block at the Atucha site. The country also has some research reactors and exports nuclear technology.

Armenia

In Armenia there is an active pressurized water reactor from the Soviet type VVER -440 / 270 in the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant . In 2017/2018 the reactor is to be modernized so that it can run 11 years longer than originally planned by 2027. There are plans for a new building, which was tendered internationally in spring 2009.

Australia

Australia holds approximately 40% of the world's uranium ore reserves and is one of the largest uranium ore exporters.

From 1958 to 2007, the country operated a research reactor High Flux Australian Reactor (HIFAR) with 10 MW thermal output, the successor being the Open Pool Australian Lightwater Reactor (OPAL) with 20 MW.

The first and so far the only one planned was the commercial nuclear power plant Jervis Bay with an electrical output of 500 to 600 MW; however, it was not built. The official reports from the IAEA do not contain any information on nuclear power plants in Australia (as of June 2011).

The Conservative Prime Minister, John Howard , who was elected in 2007 , advocated the use of nuclear energy to reduce the production of greenhouse gases, but Australia under Howard did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol , which was one of the first acts of his successor. The then government had proposed building 25 nuclear reactors. The subsequent Labor Government under Prime Minister Kevin Rudd rejects the construction of nuclear power plants in their own country.

Bangladesh

The first work on the future Ruppur nuclear power plant should begin in October 2013 . It should consist of two reactors with a capacity of at least 1000 MW each. Commissioning was planned for 2018. In December 2015, Bangladesh instead signed a contract with Russia to build two 1200 MW reactors at the same location. The reactors are scheduled to go into operation in October 2023 and October 2024, respectively.

Brazil

Brazil has two active nuclear reactors at the Angra Nuclear Power Plant . Around four percent of domestic electricity - around 13,000 gigawatt hours per year - is produced there. A third reactor has been under construction at the same location since June 2010. Commercial operation was originally scheduled for 2016 and was postponed to 2019 in September 2014. The originally planned construction of four more nuclear power plants by 2030 is currently (September 2013) unlikely.

European Union

Nuclear power plants are operated in 13 of the 27 member states of the European Union . A total of 129 nuclear reactors are in operation, 58 of them in France alone (as of March 2016). 91 reactors have already been shut down in the EU, 29 of them in Great Britain and 28 in Germany. Three countries (Italy, Austria and Lithuania) have completed the nuclear phase-out and three countries (Belgium, Germany and Spain) have decided to phase out nuclear power. Nuclear power plants are under construction in three countries (Finland, France, Slovakia). In other countries there are plans for new nuclear power stations, some of which go back to the 1980s and their implementation is questionable. Attitudes towards nuclear power are very different in different countries, both in the governments and in the populations. It ranges from energetic rejection and the demand for a Europe-wide nuclear phase-out to general approval.

Belgium

→ Main article : Nuclear energy in Belgium

Bulgaria

Bulgaria operates two of the original six active nuclear reactors at the Kozloduy site . Four blocks were shut down as a condition for EU accession. Construction of the Belene nuclear power plant began in 1984, but construction was canceled after the fall of the Wall. In the meantime, the reactor blocks should be completed by the German energy company RWE and Russian investors. The groundbreaking ceremony for the 2000 megawatt Belene power plant took place on September 3, 2008. The new Bulgarian nuclear power plant was to include two VVER-1000 / 446B reactors of the third generation of Russian design. After the parliamentary election on July 5, 2009 and the associated change of government, the new, conservative government stopped the construction of Belene. The background is that Bulgaria should not become dependent on Russia for its energy policy and that it cannot and does not want to finance the nuclear power plant from its own resources.

Germany

→ Main article : Nuclear energy in Germany  and list of nuclear reactors in Germany

Denmark

Denmark finally decided against the use of nuclear energy in a parliamentary decision in 1985. There were disputes over a repository for the nuclear waste from three small, decommissioned test reactors in the Risø Laboratory , which went into operation between 1957 and 1960 and were decommissioned from 2002 to 2003. In 2010 about 35 percent of the electricity generated in the country came from renewable energies , the rest from the use of gas and coal. In 2015, according to a report by the EU Commission, 29.2% of gross final energy consumption came from renewable energies.

Finland

→ Main article : Nuclear energy in Finland

France

→ Main articles : Nuclear energy in France  and List of nuclear facilities in France

France gets around 80 percent of its electrical energy from nuclear energy and thus has one of the highest quotas in the world. Until the disaster in Fukushima, the use of nuclear energy in France was based on a decade-old bipartisan consensus that included all parties with the exception of the French Greens (EELV). In the meantime, however, the Socialist Party is also striving to significantly reduce the amount of electricity generated in nuclear power plants. The EELV aimed for a complete phase-out of nuclear energy based on the German model. In an annual representative survey by the French environment and energy agency ADEME in 2011, 96% of those questioned agreed to the expansion of renewable energies in France. None of the French nuclear power plants is plane crash proof, not even the EPR under construction in Flamanville . The Fessenheim nuclear power plant , less than 25 kilometers from Freiburg, is in Europe's most seismically active area.

Two weeks after the start of the Fukushima catastrophe, a majority of the French were still in favor of the continued use of nuclear energy, but opinion changed in the months that followed. According to a representative survey by the Institut français d'opinion publique at the beginning of June 2011, 62% of the French were in favor of phasing out nuclear energy within 25 to 30 years; another 15% wanted to get out faster.

Some of the electricity generated in the numerous nuclear power plants is exported, mainly to Italy and Germany. For this purpose, four pressurized water reactors were built from 1979 to 1991 at the Cattenom site near the French-German border (70 kilometers west of Saarbrücken) in a region that is economically relatively weak.

To test the replacement of the most advanced pressurized water reactors of type N4 in the Civaux nuclear power plant after 2020, a European pressurized water reactor (EPR) will be built in Flamanville . The aim is to gain operational experience and to find any problems that may arise in the reactor in order to make the transition to the next generation of reactors as smooth as possible.

In October 2013, EDF signed a contract with the UK, where two nuclear reactors of the type EPR to build. EDF did this despite the problems on EPR construction sites in Finland and in Flamanville.

In France (as in many other countries) an energy transition (“transition énergétique”) was and is being discussed. In July 2017, the French energy minister, Hulot, announced that it would close around 17 NPPs by 2025.

Italy

→ Main article : Nuclear energy in Italy

Ireland

The first nuclear power plant was planned in Ireland since 1968; it was to be built at Carnsore Point , County Wexford . Initially only one reactor was planned, later four. The plan was abandoned after strong protests by Irish opponents of nuclear power in the late 1970s. Ireland does not operate any nuclear power plants.

Croatia

Croatia and Slovenia operate a power plant, the Krško nuclear power plant . This was built at the end of the 1970s and is 50% owned by the energy suppliers in both countries. It is located in Krško , on Slovenian soil. The nuclear power plant covers around 15% of Croatia's and around 25% of Slovenia's electricity needs. There were plans to jointly build another nuclear power plant in cooperation with Albania, on Albanian soil. The possibilities of building another reactor in Krško were also discussed. However, all projects in this regard are currently on hold, as the country wants to focus more on renewable energies.

Latvia

Latvia does not have its own nuclear power plants, but produces a good two thirds of its electricity with three hydropower plants on the Daugava . The rest of the self-generated electricity comes from two large combustion power plants near Riga (TEC-1 and TEC-2), which burn a mixture of heavy oil, natural gas and peat. Latvia intended to participate in a planned new construction of a nuclear power plant in the Baltic States ( Visaginas nuclear power plant ) in order to make itself independent of Russian energy supplies. These plans are about to end after a referendum in which 2/3 of the Lithuanian population decided against the project.

Lithuania

The first block of the Ignalina nuclear power plant went into operation in 1983 when Lithuania was still part of the Soviet Union . Unit two followed in 1987. At the time of commissioning, the two units were the most powerful in the world with a gross output of 1500 MW each; later the output was reduced to 1360 MW each. Two more blocks were planned, but they were not implemented. In the course of the collapse of the Soviet Union , the nuclear power plant fell to the now sovereign state of Lithuania in 1991. As a result, along with France, Lithuania had the largest share of nuclear power of all countries in the world. As part of EU accession in 2004 , the Lithuanian parliament decided in May 2000 to shut down the nuclear power plant. Block one then went offline at the end of 2004, block two followed at the end of 2009. A referendum in October 2008 to extend the second block failed due to insufficient voter turnout. Together with Estonia and Latvia - Poland has since withdrawn from planning - Lithuania planned to build a new nuclear power plant next to the previous one, the Visaginas nuclear power plant . After the parliamentary elections in October 2012 , in which the opposition parties critical of nuclear power won, and a parallel referendum in which 64.8% of the voters voted against the power plant, the plans were about to end. On November 12, 2012, the then Prime Minister of Lithuania Andrius Kubilius canceled the construction of the nuclear power plant. In July 2014, Hitachi and the Lithuanian Ministry of Energy signed a letter of intent regarding the establishment of an interim project to realize the plant.

Netherlands

→ Main article : Nuclear energy in the Netherlands

The Dodewaard nuclear power plant was the first nuclear power plant to feed electrical energy into the public grid from 1968. However, the reactor had a relatively low output and was intended more as a research reactor. In 1997 Dodewaard was shut down again. From 1973 the much larger Borssele nuclear power plant was on the grid, which (with several modernizations) is still in operation today. In the years after the Chernobyl reactor disaster, there was an intensified discussion about nuclear power, which culminated in a parliamentary resolution in 1994 that provided for the decommissioning of the Borssele nuclear power plant in 2003. This did not happen, however, because the decommissioning decision was successfully challenged and the political weather situation changed - from 2002 a conservative-liberal government was again in power, which did not pursue the decommissioning procedure. In 2005, Borssele's term was extended to 2033.

In 2012, the electricity supplier Delta suspended plans for a further reactor at the only Dutch nuclear power plant to date.

nuclear waste

The following parts of this section seem since 2016 is out of date to be : If the final decision has been made about the nuclear waste storage?
Please help to research and insert the missing information .

In the 1970s, the Netherlands decided to reprocess the spent fuel rods from Dodewaard at the Sellafield MOX Plant , that of the Borssele NPP in La Hague .

In 1984 it was decided to establish a long-term interim storage facility (100 years) for all radioactive waste and the investigation of final solutions. To this end, the Central Organization for Radioactive Waste (COVRA) was founded in Borssele.

In 1992, an interim storage facility for low and medium level radioactive waste was opened in Borssele.

In 2001 a study by the Committee on Radioactive Waste Disposal (CORA) came to the conclusion that deep geological disposal is possible in several places in the Netherlands.

In 2006 it was decided that a final decision had to be made by 2016.

Austria

→ Main article : List of nuclear reactors in Austria

Austria took his only, in Lower Austria built nuclear power plant Zwentendorf never in operation since the start-up in November 1978 by a referendum was rejected. Subsequently, the Atomic Lockdown Act was passed in December 1978 and the Federal Constitutional Act for a nuclear-free Austria in 1999 . On July 9, 1997, the Austrian parliament decided unanimously to continue the country's anti-nuclear policy.

Today Austria is also campaigning against nuclear power in foreign policy, including the Czech Republic and the European Atomic Energy Community . In April 2012, the Austrian energy suppliers undertook to refrain from importing nuclear power for private customers from 2013 and for industrial customers from the end of 2015. From the beginning of 2015, a legal import ban on nuclear power will apply in Austria.

Poland

In Poland , the construction of two reactors that had started and two planned reactors at the Żarnowiec nuclear power plant was stopped in 1990 due to protests.

After Donald Tusk became Prime Minister in November 2007, his government decided to make a fundamental change in energy policy. Accordingly, two new nuclear power plants are to be completed by 2025. This is part of an energy action plan aimed at reducing Poland's reliance on coal and reducing its dependence on Russian energy imports. The high energy prices in 2008 - before the outbreak of the economic crisis in 2008/2009 , the oil price briefly reached 150 dollars per barrel - and the Russian-Belarusian energy dispute and the Russian-Ukrainian gas dispute were or are further motivations.

The Polish government has compiled a list of 27 potential locations for nuclear power plants. Żarnowiec was still considered the best location . Some of the locations are on the Oder , the border with Germany. The commissioning of the first two nuclear power plants, which together should cost around 100 billion zloty (December 2011: 22.2 billion euros), was initially planned for 2020. In the summer of 2010, the government announced a delay in planning: the first nuclear power plant should only go into operation in 2022, the second in 2023. In June 2013, Prime Minister Donald Tusk announced that construction would be further delayed. Media reported that the first power plant would be commissioned in 20 years, which would correspond to the year 2033. The main reason for this is the significantly higher cost of around 12.5 billion euros per power plant. In January 2014, the Polish Ministry of Economic Affairs specified the entry plans: According to this, the first nuclear power plant should produce electricity in 2024 and the construction of a second one should be completed in 2035. The costs per kiln are now estimated at around 12 to 14 billion euros.

newsweek.pl found that since Fukushima almost 60 percent of Poles have rejected the nuclear power plant plans. Before the Fukushima nuclear disaster , it was around 50 percent. At the end of May 2011, the Polish Minister of Economic Affairs questioned the planning of two nuclear reactors in view of the German nuclear phase-out and the accident in Fukushima.

The construction plans are operated by the Polish energy company Polska Grupa Energetyczna (PGE). The company was also involved in the planned Lithuanian nuclear power plant Visaginas , but withdrew from the project in December 2011. After a referendum in October 2012, in which 63 percent spoke out against building nuclear power plants in Lithuania, the Lithuanian project was completely abandoned. In a referendum in February 2012 in the Polish Baltic Sea municipalities that may have been affected by the construction of a nuclear power plant, around 95 percent rejected construction. The Polish government is still sticking to a nuclear program; a final decision on the location of the first Polish nuclear power plant was planned for 2017 or 2018.

The date for the commissioning of the first nuclear power plant was postponed by 14 years in 2018 to 2040.

Romania

→ Main article : Nuclear energy in Romania

Sweden

→ Main article : Nuclear energy in Sweden

Slovakia

Slovakia operates 4 nuclear power plant units that were commissioned between 1984 and 1999. These units, two each in the Bohunice nuclear power plant and two in the Mochovce nuclear power plant , have a total net output of 1711 MW (e) and cover around 54% of Slovakia's electricity requirements.

3 blocks have already been shut down. A block of the Bohunice nuclear power plant was decommissioned as early as 1979 after an accident with INES level 4 had previously occurred. In the course of the negotiations on accession to the European Union, two further units had to be shut down.

In the Mochovce nuclear power plant, two further blocks, each with 440 MW, were originally supposed to be completed in 2012 and 2013, respectively, the construction of which had already started in the 1980s but had been interrupted in the meantime. Delays in the course of construction after the resumption of construction in 2009 resulted in cost increases from 1.8 to 3.8 billion euros and a postponement of commissioning to 2014 or 2015. In August, the Slovak supreme court revoked the building permit in the last instance. Regardless of this, the Slovak nuclear supervisory authority issued an order that a construction freeze was excluded.

Used fuel rods are temporarily stored at the nuclear power plants, but some are also exported to Russia. The search for and construction of a repository is funded by Slovakia with around € 775 million.

Slovenia

In Slovenia, a pressurized water nuclear reactor is in operation at the Krško site . Half of it belongs to Croatia and half of Slovenia and covers around 25% of Slovenia's and 15% of Croatia's electricity needs.

Surname	block	Reactor type	status	Net power in MW	Gross power in MW	commissioning acceptance	Switching off processing (planned)	Einge- fed energy in GWh
Krško	-	Pressurized water reactor	In operation	666	730	2nd October 1981	(January 14, 2023)	116,406

After the collapse of Yugoslavia , there were multiple conflicts over the question of ownership of the NPP. It was jointly established by the republics of Croatia and Slovenia while they were part of the People's Republic of Yugoslavia , but it was on Slovenian soil. From 2001 an agreement was reached and both countries have a 50% stake. Since 2003, half of the electricity has been fed into the respective electricity industry.

The Krško nuclear power plant is expected to be shut down in 2023. In 2006 the operator announced that it wanted to build a new reactor. In 2013 the Slovenian Minister of Infrastructure announced that it would reconsider the plans for new buildings.

nuclear waste

The Petzen tunnel near Črna (near Carinthia) is being explored as a possible location for a planned nuclear waste storage facility.

Spain

→ Main article : List of nuclear facilities in Spain

Ten nuclear power plants were built in Spain in the past century. In 1983 a moratorium was passed. Nevertheless, several nuclear power plants were still completed. However, further new construction plans were repeatedly postponed and finally discontinued in 1994. In the same year, the Vandellòs 1 reactor was shut down for safety reasons. On February 15, 2011, the Spanish Parliament passed a change in the law, according to which the maximum operating time of 40 years for nuclear power plants will be lifted.

nuclear waste

In Spain there is neither a final repository for highly radioactive nuclear waste nor a plan of how the final disposal should look or which locations would be possible. In 2008 the IAEA urged Spain to find a solution to the repository issue. The Spanish NPPs hardly have any interim storage facilities at the NPP locations. The situation worsened in 2010 when nuclear waste from France was brought back from the Vandellòs nuclear power plant .

At the end of 2011, a new interim storage facility in Villar de Cañas was decided.

Low and medium-level radioactive waste is stored in El Cabril near Córdoba .

Location	location	Waste type	Capacity	status	Installation
El Cabril	Andalusia	Low and medium level radioactive waste	36,000 m³	In operation	1991

Czech Republic

→ Main article : Nuclear energy in the Czech Republic

Hungary

→ Main article : Nuclear energy in Hungary

India

→ Main article : List of nuclear reactors in India

India operates (as of February 2015) 21 reactors with a total of 5,302 MWel, six nuclear reactors are being built and 22 more are planned. In the future, are molten salt reactors ( liquid fluoride thorium reactor ) are being built.

Iran

The Iranian nuclear program dates back to the 1950s. Several nuclear facilities are in operation. The first reactor at the Buschehr nuclear power plant went into operation in August 2010. Iran is suspected by Western states of wanting to produce fissile material for nuclear weapons alongside the so-called peaceful use of nuclear energy .

Japan

→ Main articles : Nuclear Power in Japan  and List of Nuclear Reactors in Japan

Jordan

In October 2013, the chairman of the Jordanian Atomic Energy Commission, Khaled Toukan, announced the construction of a nuclear power plant with two reactor blocks and a total output of around two gigawatts in the desert not far from the Zarqa industrial zone . The first nuclear reactor should be commissioned in 2020, the costs would be 10 billion US dollars. The Russian nuclear power export group should be the client, operator, strategic partner and investor . The Jordanian government should hold 51 percent and the Russian partner 49 percent of the shares; the corresponding agreement should be signed in 2016.

Canada

→ Main articles : Nuclear Power in Canada  and List of Nuclear Reactors in Canada

Kazakhstan

In 1999, the Aqtau nuclear power plant in Kazakhstan was shut down, the only nuclear power plant in the country. It has been planned since 1998 to commission up to six reactor plants of the type WWER -640 / WPBER-600 in the north of the country at Lake Balchasch . Several other new construction projects are also being planned. However, the start of construction on a nuclear power plant in Kazakhstan has been delayed considerably.

Kenya

In September 2010, the then energy minister, Patrick Nyoike, announced that Kenya wanted to build a nuclear power plant with a capacity of 1000 MW by 2017. This should be built with South Korean technology and cost around 3.5 billion US dollars . As of September 2016, commissioning is planned for 2027. In 2010, Kenya generated around 65% of its electricity from hydropower . Dry periods, extensive deforestation and other factors have reduced the share of hydropower.

Mexico

In Mexico there is a nuclear power plant with two reactors, the Laguna Verde on the Gulf of Mexico. The two reactors were put into operation in 1990 and 1995 against popular protests. In 2005 the government decided to shut down the nuclear power plant without announcing a date. In 2007 it was decided to increase the output of the two reactors by around 20 percent by 2010.

Namibia

In Namibia, prior to 2011 (Fukushima), individual politicians had plans to build and operate a nuclear power plant with Russian and Finnish help.

The reasons for the planning were a shortage of electricity, the great dependency on neighboring countries and the large uranium deposits in Namibia (fourth largest uranium producer on earth). 2009 Atomic Energy Agency ( English Atomic Energy Board ) was established. At the beginning of 2011, the year 2018 was mentioned for commissioning for the first time. The plans are considered to be hardly feasible.

In September 2014, the responsible ministry for mining and energy rejected the plans.

New Zealand

New Zealand has been nuclear free since 1984. In 1987 the New Zealand Parliament passed the New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone Disarmament and Arms Control Act . This also prohibits the stationing of nuclear weapons and the navigation of New Zealand waters with nuclear-powered ships .

North Korea

In North Korea , two nuclear reactors were in operation at the Nyŏngbyŏn nuclear facility . On June 27, 2008, the demolition of the facility began by blowing up the cooling tower. The nuclear reactor was seen as instrumental in the North Korean nuclear weapons program .

Furthermore, the Kŭmho nuclear power plant was planned with two pressurized water reactors. Construction of the first reactor began in August 2002, but was canceled again in December 2003. Previously, four were in the same location VVER been planned -640. At the beginning of the 1990s work began on building the T'aech'ŏn nuclear facility with a Magnox reactor , which was supposed to be used to produce plutonium for nuclear weapons. This project was officially abandoned.

Pakistan

→ Main article : Nuclear energy in Pakistan

Philippines

In 2004, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proposed a new energy guideline in the Philippines . The guideline provides for a greater use of domestic oil and gas reserves, as well as the increased use of renewable energies , including coconut diesel. In addition, trading companies are to be formed with Saudi Arabia , China , Russia and other Asian countries . The nuclear power plant in Bataan , which was completed in 1984 but not yet commissioned in 2011 , may be converted into a gas-fired power plant .

The NPP was a project by President Ferdinand Marcos . After his fall in February 1986, his successor Corazon Aquino stopped the construction of the 98 percent completed nuclear reactor for safety reasons; the Philippines (like Java) belong to the Pacific Ring of Fire , a tectonically very turbulent region with many earthquakes and volcanoes. The Bataan region is dominated by the Mariveles , Natib and Pinatubo volcanoes . The latter erupted on June 12, 1991 after 611 years of inactivity (the preceding earthquake, e.g. of magnitude 7.8). Worldwide there was sulfuric acid fog in the atmosphere for months , and the temperature temporarily dropped by 0.5 degrees. The location of the nuclear power plant is in the possible catchment area of ​​a pyroclastic flow of the Natib.

Russia

→ Main articles : List of Nuclear Facilities in Russia  and List of Nuclear Power Plants in Europe # Russia

In 2008 nuclear energy covered around 16% of Russia's electricity needs.

On April 15, 2009, Vladimir Putin explained his country's future energy plans: The generation of nuclear power should be expanded, and 26 reactors should be built in Russia by 2030. They were supposed to be operated by a joint venture (consisting of the state-owned company Rosatom and the German technology group Siemens ). Putin announced state aid of 1.13 billion euros for Rosatom. Siemens and Rosatom pursued very ambitious goals: They wanted to conquer around a third of the entire world market for nuclear power plants. The first project considered was a kiln in the vicinity of Kaliningrad (formerly "Königsberg"); Siemens left the joint project in May 2011, and the Russian government suspended the project at the end of May 2013.

According to a press release from the Russian testing and licensing authority Glavgosexpertiza , the license for Russia's first floating nuclear power plant , the Akademik Lomonossow, was granted in early 2018 . At the end of April 2018, the Akademik Lomonosov was towed from its dock in St. Petersburg : the nuclear-powered ship is to be brought across the Baltic and North Sea and the North Atlantic to Murmansk on the other side of the Arctic Circle , where most of the Russian northern fleet is located , including most of the Russian nuclear power - submarines . The two floating nuclear reactors are to be equipped there with nuclear fuel elements. The project has been heavily criticized by environmentalists like Greenpeace because of the risks it poses to the oceans .

Saudi Arabia

In 2013, Saudi Arabia announced that it would have 16 nuclear power plants with a total output of 22 GW on the grid by 2030, which would then supply 20% of the country's electrical energy needs. The first reactor is expected to go into operation in 2023. The project is estimated to cost more than $ 100 billion.

Switzerland

→ Main articles : Nuclear energy in Switzerland  and List of nuclear reactors in Switzerland

South Africa

The Koeberg nuclear power plant in South Africa is the only one on the African continent. Construction began in 1976. These are two reactors with a gross output of 940 MW each, which have been supplying electricity since 1984 and 1985, respectively. In 2010 around 13 billion kWh were produced, which corresponds to around 5% of consumption.

There was also a uranium enrichment plant in Pelindaba in the country, but it was sold to China. With regard to nuclear energy, the country pursued an expansion policy for a long time. The planning of an EPR was canceled because the financing from the South African energy company Eskom was not secured. The planned construction of a high-temperature reactor was abandoned in early 2010 after an investment of € 1 billion.

In September 2014, the governments of Russia and South Africa signed a letter of intent to build up to eight reactor blocks with a total capacity of 9.6 GW by 2030. In July 2018 it was announced that this program had been put on hold. Südarfika's President Cyril Ramaphosa said the program was too costly to be implemented in view of tight budgets . In the future, however, he wants to negotiate again with Russia about a possible expansion of nuclear power plants in South Africa.

South Korea

→ Main article : Nuclear energy in South Korea

Taiwan

→ Main article : Nuclear power in Taiwan

In Taiwan (the Republic of China ), nuclear power has been used for power generation since the 1970s. Three nuclear power plants were commissioned in the 1970s and 1980s. An organized anti-nuclear power movement had also existed in Taiwan since the 1990s, which ultimately prevented the fourth nuclear power plant, which had already been largely completed, from being put into operation. The government of the Democratic Progressive Party , elected by a majority in 2016, plans to shut down all nuclear power plants in Taiwan by 2025.

Turkey

→ Main article : Nuclear energy in Turkey

The foundation stone was laid for the first Turkish nuclear power plant, Akkuyu , in 2015 and the start of construction was celebrated by Vladimir Putin and Recep Erdoğan in April 2018 . The construction, which is estimated at 16.2 billion euros, is managed by Rosatom. The first reactor is scheduled to go online in 2023, the fourth and final in 2025.

Ukraine

→ Main article : List of nuclear reactors in Ukraine

In the Ukraine there are currently (as of June 2011) 15 nuclear reactors with a total gross output of around 14 gigawatts (GW) in operation, four have been decommissioned, two with 1000 MW each (= 1 GW) are under construction. The electrical power generation from the nuclear plants amounted to 83.8 billion kWh in 2010.

United States

→ Main articles List of Nuclear Facilities in the United States and Nuclear Power in the United States As of August 2013, the United States has 100 more operating nuclear reactors than any other country. So far 32 have been shut down. Two reactors are currently under construction ( Vogtle-3 & 4 ). The original start of construction of Watts Bar-2 was in 1972, but construction was interrupted in 1985 and resumed in 2007. On June 3, 2016, just over 44 years after construction began, the kiln was synchronized with the power grid. The licenses for 54 reactors (as of June 2009) were extended to 60 years of operation by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission . License applications for a further 12 reactors are being processed.

Due to the nuclear disaster in Fukushima , Barack Obama ordered a safety inspection of all US nuclear power plants on March 17, 2011. US Secretary of Energy Steven Chu stuck to previous plans for new nuclear power plants. However, security experts expect delays due to security risks comparable to those in Fukushima. According to a survey commissioned by CBS News on March 22, 2011, 50% (2008: 34%) of the 1022 surveyed US citizens rejected the construction of new nuclear power plants in the USA, 43% (2008: 57%) agreed. In February 2012, the construction of two new nuclear reactors for the Vogtle nuclear power plant was approved for the first time since 1979. The reactors are to be connected to the power grid in 2016/2017. The nuclear regulatory authority NRC has received 20 further applications for the construction of nuclear reactors.

In 2013, operators announced that they would shut down 5 power plant units early for economic reasons (as of August 2013). These are the power plants Crystal River , Kewaunee , San Onofre 2 and 3 and Vermont Yankee with a total nominal output of around 4400 MW. The reason for this is low electricity prices, which stand in the way of the economic operation of the systems. In 3 of the 5 blocks, technical problems would also have required repair work.

In August 2015, Ameren Corporation withdrew its application for a construction permit for a reactor in Missouri (Callaway-2).

According to press reports from May 2018, the American space agency NASA has developed a mini nuclear power plant that works like a normal NPP. B. to supply future Mars and moon bases with electricity.

United Arab Emirates

In December 2009, a consortium led by the South Korean electricity supplier KEPCO was commissioned to build the Barakah nuclear power plant , consisting of 4 blocks, each with an output of 1,400 MW in the United Arab Emirates . In July 2012, construction began on the first APR-1400 unit . It should go online in 2019/2020.

United Kingdom

→ Main articles : Nuclear power in the UK  and List of nuclear reactors in the UK

People's Republic of China

See also : List of Nuclear Reactors in the People's Republic of China  and State Grid Corporation of China

In China there are two large nuclear power operators, the China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) and China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). In 2016, CNNC generated a total of 87.07 TWh of nuclear power.

The People's Republic of China has an increasing energy demand due to its enormous economic growth. Most of the energy is to be covered by coal and renewable energies. However, around 20 nuclear reactors are currently under construction, most of them self-made pressurized water reactors , a modification of the Westinghouse reactors. Four AP1000s and two EPRs are also under construction.

A floating NPP should be developed by the end of 2016 ^[obsolete] . The 100 MW unit is powered by an ACP100S reactor. The nuclear power plant can, for example, be used to supply energy to remote coastal regions.

After the Fukushima disaster, the focus was on the safety of Chinese nuclear power plants; the government imposed a moratorium on the construction of further nuclear power plants and ordered a safety review of the existing 41 power plants. A study by the Chinese Ministry of the Environment has shown that around 80 billion yuan (9.7 billion euros) will have to be invested in the expansion and conversion of the nuclear power plants by 2015. The large number of different building types is an obstacle.

The country plans to build nuclear power plants with an installed capacity of 58 GW by 2020. Due to problems with the complex EPR and AP1000 reactor types , none of which are on the grid worldwide, it is unlikely that this goal can be achieved. Instead, China is relying on the 1000 MW ACP1000 and ACPR1000 reactor types based on the French 900 MW design M310 . Both types were merged in 2015 to form the Hualong One reactor design . A total of 135 reactors are planned or proposed, including high-temperature reactors (HTR) developed in-house.

Belarus

Belarus is building the Belarusian nuclear power plant with two units of 1,200 MW each on the border with Lithuania. The construction of the NPP was supposed to start in 2009, but the contract was only signed on July 18, 2012. On October 3, 2014, the Russian government granted Belarus a loan of up to ten billion euros.

The Russian nuclear power plant builder Atomstroyexport is building two reactors with a net output of around 1,100 megawatts. Unit 1 is to go on line in 2019 ^[obsolete] and the second reactor in 2020. The Rolls-Royce subsidiary MTU provides ten emergency generators for the power plant. The system could cover the country's entire electricity needs. There are plans for a third reactor, through which Belarus could export electricity abroad for the first time. President Aljaksandr Lukashenka said he wanted to build another nuclear power plant in the east of the country.

Other countries

• Ghana currently covers 65 percent of its electricity needs with hydropower. After a drought there was a severe electricity supply bottleneck in 2006/2007. Against the background of high oil prices , delays in the construction of gas pipelines to use Nigerian natural gas and doubts about Nigeria's reliability as a gas supplier, the Ghanaian cabinet decided in 2007 to build a 400 MW reactor by 2018.
• Israel is not allowed to operate a nuclear power plant because it does not want the IAEA to monitor its nuclear facilities. From 2007 to 2011 it planned to build a 2000 megawatt nuclear power plant in the Negev desert .

See also

Portal: Nuclear Energy  - Overview of Wikipedia content on the topic of nuclear energy

• List of nuclear power plants

Web links

• Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) of the International Atomic Energy Agency
• Overview of nuclear energy use and exit debates in European countries, from the BUND for the Environment and Nature Conservation Germany
• Overview of nuclear energy in Europe with graphics (BBC site )
• Complete directory of nuclear power plants from the World Nuclear Association
• Sources of radioactive radiation, worldwide - Google Maps

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Power Reactor Information System (PRIS). the international atomic energy organization IAEA
2. ^ PRIS - Country Statistics. Retrieved June 29, 2015 . 
3. ↑ Atomic euphoria in the 1950s
4. ^ Number of Operating Reactors by Age. on: iaea.org
5. ↑ No rise in nuclear power in 2008 either. on: oekonews.at , January 11, 2009.
6. ↑ Peter Hennicke, Susanne Bodach: Energy Revolution . Increased efficiency and renewable energies as a new global challenge. published by the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy , Munich 2010, p. 25.
7. ^ WNA Nuclear Century Outlook Data. ( Memento of the original from December 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the World Nuclear Association website . (continuously updated) 
8. ↑ The Renaissance of Nuclear Energy? . (PDF; 593 kB) In: Prognos. September 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
9. ↑ https://www.nuklearforum.ch/de/aktuell/e-bulletin/usa-energiegesetz-oeffnet-weg-fuer-neue-kernkraftwerke
10. ↑ https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/13-neue-reaktoren-in-den-usa-ge-setzt-auf-kernenergie-seite-2/2701788-2.html?ticket=ST-2976246 -BxyZeBLea6GLUDfJdELu-ap2
11. ↑ China is now putting reactor construction on hold . In: FAZ. March 16, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
12. ↑ The issue of nuclear energy. A new debate about old problems ( Memento of the original from June 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.5 MB) Retrieved September 10, 2011. 
13. ↑ Italians say no to nuclear power - and to Berlusconi In: Spiegel-Online, June 13, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
14. ↑ Nuclear worldwide: Where we stood 3 years after Fukushima. (PDF) Retrieved June 2, 2014.
15. ↑ 'Energy Revolution': Commission supports nuclear energy. on: euractiv.com , October 3, 2007.
16. ↑ In the future without nuclear power. (PDF; 2.2 MB) on: global2000.at. P. 7.
17. ↑ ^{a b c d e} World Nuclear Power Reactors and Uranium Requirements , World Nuclear Association, as of June 27, 2020.
18. ↑ Under construction since 2005.
19. ↑ Under construction since 2007.
20. ↑ Under construction since 1987.
21. ↑ As of September 2013, no Japanese reactor was supplying any more electricity; as of October 2015, two reactors are supplying it again. Previously, only two of the 50 reactors had supplied electricity for about two years.
22. ↑ Completion uncertain. Under construction since 2007/2010.
23. ↑ The completion of two reactors was planned by October 2015, then the project with Russia was canceled.
24. ↑ tagesschau.de ( Memento from May 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
25. ↑ heise.de
26. ↑ Under construction since 1999. In mid-2016, the Taiwanese government decided to phase out nuclear power by 2025.
27. ↑ https://www.ausgestrahlt.de/blog/2016/06/01/taiwan-atomausstieg-bis-2025/ Robert Socha: Taiwan: Atomausstieg bis 2025, June 1, 2016, accessed: June 26, 2017
28. ↑ Badische Zeitung print edition, November 20, 2015: Akw for Egypt
29. ^ Dpa: Abroad: Briefly reported - First Akw from Russia. In: badische-zeitung.de. November 20, 2015, accessed December 30, 2016 . 
30. ↑ Argentina and China sign framework agreement for Atucha-3 . nuklearforum.ch, September 10, 2014.
31. ^ Armenian NPP life extension goes ahead. October 20, 2015, accessed July 30, 2016 . 
32. ↑ Armenia puts construction of nuclear reactor out to tender. RIA Novosti, February 23, 2009; accessed February 27, 2009 . 
33. ↑ Australia is gradually opening up to nuclear power
34. ↑ Rosatom lays the foundation stone for the first nuclear power plant in Bangladesh : RiaNowosti. 2nd October 2013.
35. ↑ The Financial Express: Rooppur nuclear deal signed with Russia from December 25, 2015 ( Memento of the original from December 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. accessed on March 16, 2016 
36. ↑ ANGRA 3 - Assinado contrato de Montagem from September 2, 2014 Retrieved on March 16, 2016
37. ↑ Blick.ch: Brazil is turning away from nuclear energy and relying on wind , September 15, 2013.
38. ↑ Bulgaria builds second nuclear power plant
39. ↑ RWE fails with nuclear plans. ( Memento from July 31, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) In: Financial Times Deutschland. August 7, 2009.
40. ^ After a change of government: Bulgaria puts two energy projects with Russia on hold. on: RIA Novosti. July 13, 2009.
41. ^ Nuclear power in Bulgaria . www.global2000.at Retrieved September 15, 2013.
42. ↑ Martin Dehli: energie-ffekten.de: The Danish energy industry - a model for Germany? ( Memento of the original from April 11, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Summary, July 27, 2006, updated July 2010) 
43. ↑ euractiv.de: Overview of the use of nuclear energy in Europe (February 24, 2015, "last update March 7, 2014")
44. ↑ diepresse.com: Nuclear power in Europe: who gets out, who stays with it
45. ↑ de.atomkraftwerkeplag.wikia.com: Denmark
46. ↑ World Nuclear Association (WNA), November 2014, world-nuclear.org: Nuclear Energy in Denmark
47. ↑ tagesschau.de , May 25, 2011: Nuclear power with Germany's neighbors
48. ↑ European Commission (ed.): Progress Report "Renewable Energy Sources". Brussels, 1 February 2017, p. 12.
49. ↑ cf. z. B. France and nuclear power A cloud to the Rhine In: sueddeutsche.de , April 5, 2011.
50. ↑ ^{a b} Press release ( Memento of the original from October 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Renewable Energy Agency 
51. ↑ zeit.de , May 9, 2011 / Karin Finkenzeller: Depending on the nuclear lobby. - In France, nuclear policy is determined by a small group of cadres. The powerful lobby prevents France from subjecting itself to a rigorous nuclear stress test.
52. ↑ Global Snap Poll on Earthquake in Japan and its Impact on Views about Nuclear Energy . ( Memento from April 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (PDF). WIN-Gallup International, April 19, 2011 (English), archived from the original (PDF; 509 kB) on April 21, 2011, accessed on April 21, 2011.
53. ↑ When the desire to leave grows . In: FAZ.net June 6, 2010.
54. ↑ Le nucléaire s'invite dans la campagne 2012 ( Memento of June 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved June 7, 2011.
55. ^ EDF va construire deux EPR en Angleterre
56. ↑ http://www.fr.de/wirtschaft/frankreich-paris-will-bis-zu-17-atommeiler-abschalt-a-1311472 Frankfurter Rundschau: Paris wants to switch off up to 17 nuclear reactors, July 10, 2017, accessed on July 13, 2017
57. ↑ http://www.zeit.de/wirtschaft/2017-07/energiewende-frankreich-atomreaktoren-verschaltung-nicolas-hulot Zeit: France wants to shut down up to 17 nuclear reactors, July 10, 2017, accessed on July 13, 2017
58. ↑ Croatia and Albania plan nuclear power plant, Montenegro affected (Croatian)
59. ↑ Lithuania votes against nuclear power . In: Frankfurter Rundschau . October 15, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
60. ^ Lithuanians say goodbye to the Ignalina nuclear power plant on New Year's Eve. RIA Novosti, December 31, 2009; accessed January 1, 2010 . 
61. ↑ Lithuania votes against nuclear power . In: Frankfurter Rundschau . October 15, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
62. ↑ Lithuania cancels the construction of the planned nuclear power plant . Solidbau.at, November 12, 2012.
63. ^ Lithuania and Hitachi moves on with nuclear power plant project. In: DELFI. July 30, 2014, accessed September 23, 2015 . 
64. ^ Nuclear power in the Netherlands. ( Memento of the original from November 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on: global2000.at 
65. ↑ the BUND on Austria's nuclear policy
66. ↑ Alpine country free of nuclear energy . In: taz.de , April 22, 2012, accessed April 23, 2012.
67. ↑ Russia turns Belarus off gas. on: dw-world.de June 23, 2010.
68. ↑ Poland relies on the first nuclear power plant. on: faz.net September 14, 2010.
69. ↑ The nuclear power plant location ranking of March 16, 2010 in Poland ( memento of the original of May 24, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 34 kB) (Polish original) ( Memento of the original from August 3, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
70. ↑ Poland is planning a nuclear power plant on the Baltic Sea
71. ↑ Poland relies on nuclear energy
72. ↑ Platts, June 11, 2010: Legal, workforce voids may slow Poland's nuclear plants: experts  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
73. ↑ Poland delays nuclear plant schedule  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Platts, August 13, 2010.  
74. ↑ First Polish nuclear power plant in 20 years? In: Polskie Radio (accessed June 19, 2013).
75. ^ Poland postpones construction of nuclear power plant , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung June 20, 2013.
76. ↑ Poland postpones its nuclear plans . In: Märkische Oderzeitung from June 30, 2013 (accessed June 21, 2013).
77. ^ World Nuclear Association : Nuclear Power in Poland (English).
78. ↑ Poland scoffs at German "nuclear panic"
79. ↑ Poland is considering nuclear entry . Focus Online, accessed May 30, 2011.
80. ↑ The dream of the Polish atom [DE] | Pol-Int. Retrieved March 29, 2017 . 
81. ↑ Poland's nuclear plans stall. Retrieved May 1, 2018 . 
82. ↑ Stop for the Mochovce nuclear power plant expansion . In: Wiener Zeitung . August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
83. ↑ Slovak Akw-Bau Mochovce continues despite a court decision . Focus Online , August 22, 2013. Accessed September 3, 2013.
84. ↑ Slovenia changes energy policy and plans new nuclear power plant.
85. ^ Slovenia: minister, Krsko nuclear plant plan to be reviewed . In: Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata . April 3, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
86. ↑ global2000.at Nuclear power in Slovenia. ( Memento of the original from November 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
87. ↑ La Vanguardia, February 15, 2011.
88. ↑ global2000.at: Nuclear power in Spain.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
89. ↑ Bright prospects for jobs . Spanish village celebrates bid for nuclear waste storage facility. In: SZ, December 31, 2011 .
90. ↑ Information Group on Nuclear Energy: The final storage of radioactive waste in Germany . Brandt GmbH printing company; Berlin July 2004, p. 5.
91. ↑ ^{a b} DBE GmbH: Worldwide activities ( Memento of the original from August 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 9, 2009. 
92. ↑ Iran puts first nuclear power plant into operation. on: world online. August 21, 2010.
93. ↑ October 28, 2013, de.sputniknews.com: Power plant construction in the Middle East: Jordan discovers nuclear power
94. ^ Spiegel.de , April 9, 2012, Claudia Mende: Power plant construction in the Middle East: Jordan discovers nuclear power
95. ↑ welt.de March 25, 2015
96. ↑ Kazakhstan. ( Memento of the original from February 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on: icjt.org 
97. ↑ Start of construction for nuclear power plant in Kazakhstan is delayed. on: RiaNowosti. February 23, 2009.
98. ↑ Kazakhstan's nuclear power plans - the mysteries only deepen , August 19, 2014
99. ↑ Kenya Aims to Build a Nuclear Power Plant by 2017 . bloomberg.com, September 20, 2010 (English)
100. ^ Kenya Signs Nuclear Power Partnership Deal With South Korea. Kenya Nuclear Electricity Board, September 3, 2016, accessed June 6, 2018 . 
101. ↑ Kenya seeks sites for nuclear power plant . reuters.com, November 26, 2010 (English)
102. ↑ Comenzó CFE el proceso para desmantelar Laguna Verde. ( Memento of April 27, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) In: La Journada. March 13, 2005.
103. ^ Nuclear Power in Mexico. July 2008.
104. ^ Website of the Atomic Energy Board
105. ↑ nation embarks on Nuclear Policy AllAfrica.com, January 5, 2011 accessed on March 11, 2011th
106. ↑ Article from May 20, 2011
107. ^ No nuclear energy for Namibia. The Namibian, September 25, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
108. ↑ legislation.govt.nz: Public Act 1987 No 86 / Date of assent 8 June 1987 / Commencement 8 June 1987
109. ↑ ^{a b} Janine Böhm, Tobias Hauser: Nuclear Mottenkiste. In: badische-zeitung.de, Nachrichten, Ausland , January 14, 2012 (January 14, 2012)
110. ↑ Handelsblatt: Siemens is getting out of nuclear technology May 22, 2011, accessed: February 11, 2013.
111. ↑ oekonews.at : Construction of the Russian nuclear power plant Kaliningrad canceled on May 28, 2013, accessed: May 30, 2013.
112. ↑ First floating nuclear power plant approved in Russia - russland.CAPITAL. Accessed on June 9, 2018 (German). 
113. ↑ Silke Bigalke: Russia is sending a nuclear power plant to the icy sea . In: sueddeutsche.de . 2018, ISSN  0174-4917 ( online [accessed June 9, 2018]).
114. ^ Heading for Murmansk: Russia's floating nuclear power plant sets sail . In: Spiegel Online . April 28, 2018 ( online [accessed June 9, 2018]).
115. ↑ Nuclear power: Russia launches floating nuclear power plant . In: ZEIT ONLINE . ( Online [accessed June 9, 2018]).
116. ↑ Silke Bigalke: Putin's floating nuclear power plant . In: Tages-Anzeiger, Tages-Anzeiger . May 29, 2018, ISSN  1422-9994 ( online [accessed June 9, 2018]).
117. ↑ 16 nuclear reactors to be ready by 2030 Arab News of August 25, 2013, accessed: September 3, 2013.
118. ↑ Official information from the IAEA
119. ↑ South Africa cancels nuclear power plant plans
120. ↑ Russia should build nuclear power plants in South Africa . In: FAZ. September 22, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
121. ^ South Africa tells Putin it can't afford nuclear plants now . In: ABC News , July 27, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
122. ^ South Africa's Ramaphosa Says to Discuss Nuclear With Putin in Future . In: The New York Times , July 27, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
123. ^ Robert Socha: Taiwan: Atomausstieg bis 2025. ausgestrante eV, June 1, 2016, accessed on January 19, 2017 . 
124. ↑ Taiwan passes bill to end nuclear power by 2025. (No longer available online.) NHK World, January 11, 2017, archived from the original on January 19, 2017 ; accessed on January 19, 2017 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
125. ↑ Putin in Ankara: Starting signal for the first Turkish nuclear power plant orf.at, April 3, 2018, accessed on April 3, 2018.
126. ^ Official list of the IAEA
127. ^ PRIS - Country Details - United States of America. IAEA , September 14, 2013, accessed September 15, 2013 . 
128. ↑ Nuclear Forum Switzerland - USA: Another 20 years of operation for Vogtle  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
129. ↑ Washington Post, March 17, 2011: Obama delivers a statement on Japan - Speech Transcript ( Memento from July 14, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
130. ↑ julieann McKellogg: US Nuclear Renaissance Further Crippled by Japan Crisis . Voanews, March 18, 2011. Frank N. von Hippel: It Could Happen Here . In: New York Times . March 23, 2011.
131. ^ CBS News, March 22, 2011: Poll: Support for new nuclear plants drops
132. ↑ Tagesschau ( Memento from February 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
133. ^ Activists hail San Onofre nuclear power plant reactor shutdown . In: The Guardian . June 7, 2013. (Accessed September 14, 2013)
134. ↑ nuklearforum.ch
135. ↑ Patrick Illinger: NASA is testing nuclear power plants for space . In: sueddeutsche.de . 2018, ISSN  0174-4917 ( online [accessed June 9, 2018]).
136. ↑ China National Nuclear Power 2016 power generation up 17pct , sxcoal.com, January 13, 2017
137. ↑ Nuklearforum.ch , June 11, 2015, MB according to NucNet: Floating NPP in operation until 2019 ( accessed: May 25, 2016)
138. ↑ China has to invest billions in nuclear power plant safety . In: zeit.de
139. ↑ Steve Thomas: China's Nuclear Power Plans Melting Down . In: The Diplomat . October 29, 2016 ( online ).
140. ↑ Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors , World Nuclear, updated December 2016
141. ^ Nuclear Power in Belarus. World Nuclear Association (WNA), October 2017, accessed April 22, 2018 . 
142. ↑ mtu-online.com ( Memento of the original from December 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
143. ↑ Russia is planning another nuclear power plant abroad. on: atomstrom-info.de May 29, 2009.
144. ^ IAEA : Assessment of nuclear power technology in Ghana. (PDF; 174 kB) November 20, 2008, pp. 5–10 , 13 , accessed on July 17, 2009 (English). 
145. ↑ Israel is not alone with its nuclear plans - article dated August 7, 2007
146. ↑ Israel's Netanyahu says rethinking nuclear power (March 17, 2011) ( Memento April 12, 2011 on WebCite )