Nuclear energy in Sweden
Currently (as of December 2017) eight reactor units with a gross installed capacity of 8,545 MW are operated at three locations in Sweden . The first commercially used reactor block went into operation in 1971. Nuclear energy contributed over 40% of total electricity generation in Sweden in 2018.
history
In Sweden, the Ågesta reactor block was the first to go into operation on May 1, 1964. With its four reactor blocks and an installed gross output of 3,697 MW, the Ringhals nuclear power plant is the most powerful. The Forsmark 3 reactor block is the most powerful with a gross output of 1,212 MW.
After the partial meltdown of the US nuclear power plant Three Mile Island 2 in 1979, Sweden held a referendum on the future of nuclear energy in March 1980. With 58.1 percent, the voters spoke in favor of a further limited expansion of nuclear power plants. As a result, the Swedish Parliament decided in 1980 that no further nuclear power plants should be built. The six reactors under construction at the time were nevertheless completed. The nuclear phase-out should be completed by 2000. This deadline was extended to 2010 and abolished entirely in 2009.
After the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, the risks of nuclear energy were discussed again. In 1997, the Swedish Reichstag decided to shut down one of the two reactors of the Barsebäck nuclear power plant by July 1, 1998 and the second before July 1, 2001, provided that energy production is balanced by then. Unit 1 in the Barsebäck nuclear power plant was shut down on November 30, 1999 and Unit 2 followed on June 1, 2005.
In 1998 the government decided not to build any more hydropower plants to protect the domestic water resources.
The exit from nuclear energy continues to be a controversial issue in Sweden. When the conservative government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt took office in 2006, it tried to cancel the exit, but initially had to abandon it after protests.
On February 5, 2009, the government then passed an energy program which, in addition to the massive expansion of wind energy and a reduction in overall energy consumption, should again allow the construction of new nuclear power plants. New reactors may only be built as a replacement for decommissioned power plants at existing locations. Contrary to what has been reported in some German media, there are no concrete new construction plans. With the program, the government also excluded state support for the construction of new nuclear power plants. On June 17, 2010, the Swedish Parliament confirmed the decision.
In June 2014, Sweden announced an increase in the fee payable by nuclear power plant operators for the final disposal of nuclear waste . According to the plans, this should increase by 73%. The background to this is that the costs for final disposal have been significantly underestimated so far. Since October 2014, the country has been governed by a coalition of the Swedish Social Democratic Labor Party and the Environment Party / The Greens . Although this party has not yet politically reintroduced the nuclear phase-out, the so-called "effect tax", which taxes nuclear reactors according to their theoretical and not their actual capacity, has been increased by a sixth. After the largest Swedish electricity providers Vattenfall and e.On announced a market-related shutdown of four reactors at the Oskarshamn and Ringhals sites by 2020, it looked as if the signs in Sweden were again pointing to nuclear phase-out. In 2016, however, the same coalition government decided to abolish the effects tax in 2019 and to replace up to ten old reactors with new ones.
On June 17, 2017, the operator of the Oskarshamn nuclear power plant shut down Block 1 of the plant and announced on June 19, 2017 that the reactor block would be permanently shut down.
List of nuclear power plants in Sweden
In 2011, nuclear energy accounted for 40 percent of total electricity generation in Sweden; According to the IAEA, the proportion is currently 40.33% (as of December 2019).
Surname | block |
Reactor type | model | status | Net power in MW |
Gross power in MW |
start of building | First network synchronization |
Commercial operation (planned) |
Switching off processing (planned) |
Feed- in in TWh |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ågesta | 1 | PHWR | - | Shut down | 10 | 12 | December 01, 1957 | 05/01/1964 | 05/01/1964 | 06/02/1974 | 0.40 |
Barsebäck | 1 | BWR | AA-II | Shut down | 600 | 615 | 02/01/1971 | 05/15/1975 | 07/01/1975 | 11/30/1999 | 93.82 |
2 | BWR | AA-II | Shut down | 600 | 615 | 01/01/1973 | 03/21/1977 | 07/01/1977 | 05/31/2005 | 108.04 | |
Forsmark | 1 | BWR | AA-III, BWR-2500 | In operation | 986 | 1022 | 06/01/1973 | 06/06/1980 | December 10, 1980 | - | 266.40 |
2 | BWR | AA-III, BWR-2500 | In operation | 1116 | 1156 | 01/01/1975 | 01/26/1981 | 07/07/1981 | - | 260.78 | |
3 | BWR | AA-IV, BWR-3000 | In operation | 1159 | 1195 | 01/01/1979 | 05.03.1985 | 08/18/1985 | - | 284.05 | |
Oskarshamn | 1 | BWR | AA-I | Shut down | 473 | 492 | 08/01/1966 | August 19, 1971 | 02/06/1972 | 06/19/2017 | 110.27 |
2 | BWR | AA-II | Shut down | 638 | 661 | 09/01/1969 | 10/02/1974 | 01/01/1975 | 12/22/2016 | 154.00 | |
3 | BWR | AA-IV, BWR-3000 | In operation | 1400 | 1450 | 05/01/1980 | 03.03.1985 | 08/15/1985 | - | 276.07 | |
Ring neck | 1 | BWR | AA-I | In operation | 881 | 910 | 02/01/1969 | 10/14/1974 | 01/01/1976 | (2020) | 209.66 |
2 | PWR | WH 3LP | Shut down | 907 | 963 | 10/01/1970 | 08/17/1974 | 05/01/1975 | 12/30/2019 | 211.01 | |
3 | PWR | WH 3LP | In operation | 1062 | 1117 | 09/01/1972 | 07.09.1980 | 09/09/1981 | - | 244.28 | |
4th | PWR | WH 3LP | In operation | 1102 | 1171 | 11/01/1973 | 06/23/1982 | 11/21/1983 | - | 235.75 |
Forsmark repository
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Contribution of nuclear power to electricity generation in the EU by country in 2018. Accessed on July 31, 2019 .
- ↑ Der Spiegel - turning point in energy policy - Sweden is building nuclear power plants again (accessed on February 5, 2009)
- ↑ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung - Sweden builds new nuclear power plants - The exit from exit (accessed on February 5, 2009)
- ↑ A sustainable energy and climate policy for the environment, competitiveness and long-term stability. Government of Sweden position paper, February 6, 2009.
- ↑ http://www.dn.se/nyheter/valet-2010/riksdagen-rostade-ja-till-ny-karnkraft Article in the Swedish daily DN on the law, accessed on May 10, 2011
- ↑ Sweden withdraws from nuclear phase-out. on: Spiegel Online. June 17, 2010.
- ↑ Sweden plans big rise in fees to nuclear decommissioning fund . In: The Economic Times . June 27, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
- ↑ Tagesschau from June 10, 2016 - Sweden wants nuclear energy again
- ↑ http://www.nuklearforum.ch/de/aktuell/e-bulletin/schweden-oskarshamn-1-stell-betrieb-endgueltig-ein Oskarshamn-1 finally ceases operations, Nuklearforum Schweiz, June 23, 2017, access: June 26, 2017
- ↑ Nuclear Energy World Report 2011 (PDF 0.5 MB) atw - International Journal for Nuclear Power, p. 273 , accessed on December 6, 2019 .
- ↑ Sweden. IAEA , accessed December 9, 2019 .
- ↑ Avveckling av Ringhals 1 och 2 Vattenfall Homepage (Swedish)
- ↑ Vattenfall: Ringhals nuclear power plant, accessed on December 20, 2019