Nuclear power in Taiwan

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Nuclear power plants and nuclear waste  storage  facility in Taiwan:
Nuclear Plant Icon -red.svg Nuclear power plant in operation
Nuclear Plant Icon -green.svgPreviously in operation nuclear power plant currently shut down
Nuclear Plant Icon -blue.svg Further construction or commissioning stopped
Radiation warning symbol 4.svgInterim storage facility for low-level radioactive waste

The nuclear energy played an important role in energy supply Taiwan or since the late 1970s, the Republic of China . There are currently (2018) four nuclear power plants in Taiwan, of which three were still in operation until recently. The power plants together generated 30,461 GWh of energy in 2016 , equivalent to around 13.5% of the energy consumed in Taiwan. The commissioning of the fourth nuclear power plant has been highly controversial for decades. President Tsai Ing-wen, elected in 2016, and the government of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) have set themselves the goal of Taiwan's nuclear phase-out by 2025.

The beginnings of nuclear energy in Taiwan

In 1955, the Republic of China signed a bilateral agreement with the United States on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The government of Chiang Kai-shek called the Atomenergierat (AEC, Atomic Energy Council ) to life, which was to serve as an advisory and coordinating body of the government. Plans were made for a research reactor at Tsing Hua National University (NTHU). Construction of the Tsing Hua Swimming Pool Reactor (THOR) began in December 1959 and on April 19, 1961, the reactor became critical . In the period that followed, graduate and postgraduate programs for the training of nuclear engineers were established at the NTHU .

From the 1960s, Taiwan began to experience rapid and sustained economic growth. This was accompanied by a steadily increasing demand for electrical energy. A small part of the energy could be covered by hydropower plants. Most of the energy demand (over 95%) was initially covered by the import of fossil fuels, as Taiwan itself had hardly any significant deposits of coal, crude oil and natural gas. In order to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, the government encouraged the development of civilian use of nuclear energy. The planning for the civil use of nuclear energy was placed entirely in the hands of the state-owned Taiwan Power Company ("Taipower"). Since the early 1960s, Taipower, with the support of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and with the help of experts from the USA, has been developing detailed plans for four nuclear power plants to be built in Taiwan. In order to acquire the know-how required for the construction and operation of these plants , the company sent a total of 583 engineers and other specialists to universities, research institutions and suppliers of nuclear power plants abroad from 1968 to 1981, where they had the necessary knowledge for construction and operation of nuclear power plants. The nuclear engineering department at Tsing Hua National University played a key role in transferring the knowledge gained to Taiwan and establishing its own training program.

In November 1970, construction of the first nuclear reactor began. In 1978 this first commercial nuclear reactor went into operation in Chin Shan on the northern tip of the island of Taiwan . The Kuosheng and Maanshan reactors followed in 1981 and 1984, construction of which began in September 1974 and January 1978. In 1985, Taiwan obtained 52% of its energy needs from nuclear power. In the following years, however, the share of nuclear energy declined and by 2002 it had fallen to around 20%.

Nuclear power plants in operation or under construction

All of Taiwan's nuclear power plants were or are being planned, built and operated by Taipower. In public discussions, the power plants are also referred to as first, second, third and fourth nuclear power plants, depending on the time of their actual or planned commissioning. The annual utilization rate of the first three power plants was comparatively high in the last few years before 2015 and, for example, was 91.77% in 2013, placing Taiwan in third place worldwide among all 30 countries with nuclear power plants. The annual degree of utilization of the power plants has increased significantly since the 1980s, when it was still around 70%. The number of reactor shutdowns also fell from a peak value of 30 in 1984 to just one in 2004 and two to three in 2009 and 2010, which, according to experts, reflects increasing safety and professionalism in dealing with nuclear reactor technology.

All data were taken from the Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) of the IAEA (as of November 2018):

List of nuclear power plants in Taiwan (Source: IAEA, as of November 2018)
Surname block
 Reactor type model status Net
power
in MW
 Gross
power
in MW
 start of building First network
synchronization 		Commercial
operation
(planned)
 Switching off
processing
(planned)
 Feed-
in in TWh
Chin Shan 1 SWR BWR-4
(Mark 1)		 Shut down 604 636 1972-06-02 06/02/1972 1977-11-16 11/16/1977 1978-12-10 December 10, 1978 2018-10-03 03/10/2018 155.05
2 SWR BWR-4
(Mark 1)		 Shut down 604 636 1973-12-07 December 07, 1973 1978-12-19 December 19, 1978 1979-07-15 07/15/1979 2018-10-03 03/10/2018 167.36
Kuosheng 1 SWR BWR-6 In operation 985 985 1975-11-19 November 19, 1975 1981-05-21 05/21/1981 1981-12-28 12/28/1981 2021-12-27(27.12.2021) 243.80
2 SWR BWR-6 In operation 985 985 1976-03-15 03/15/1976 1982-06-29 06/29/1982 1983-03-16 March 16, 1983 2022-03-14(03/14/2022) 228.84
Lungmen 1 SWR ABWR Commissioning canceled in 2014 1300 1350 1999-03-31 March 31, 1999 - - - -
2 SWR ABWR Construction stopped since 2014 1300 1350 1999-08-30 08/30/1999 - - - -
Maanshan 1 DWR WH 3LP
(WE 312)		 In operation 936 951 1978-08-21 08/21/1978 1984-05-09 05/09/1984 1984-07-27 07/27/1984 2024-07-26(07/26/2024) 217.08
2 DWR WH 3LP
(WE 312)		 In operation 938 951 1979-02-21 02/21/1979 1985-02-25 02/25/1985 1985-05-18 May 18, 1985 2025-05-17(05/17/2025) 218.38

Development since the 1980s

Impact of the Chernobyl disaster and reactor accidents in Taiwan

Energy production in Taiwan by sector from 2001–2017. The relative share of nuclear energy was between 19.9 and 12.0 percent and was falling almost continuously.

After three nuclear power plants had already gone into operation, Taipower began planning the construction of a fourth nuclear power plant in the 1980s. The eastern Gongliao district of New Taipei (then Taipei district) was selected as the location . By 1983 Taipower had acquired the relevant building land. At the time, nuclear power was not a big issue in Taiwan. In a 1983 survey, 46.2% of respondents were unaware of the existence of a nuclear power plant in Taiwan. On April 26, 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear disaster occurred in Europe, which led to radioactive contamination of a wide area. On July 7, 1985, a fire caused by massive turbine damage broke out in the Maanshan 1 reactor unit. The fire could be brought under control quickly without large amounts of radioactivity escaping. However, both events led to a wider public in Taiwan becoming aware of the risks of nuclear energy. In a survey in 1983, 29 percent of those questioned stated that nuclear power plants were "dangerous" or "very dangerous"; in a similar survey in 1986 this was 63 percent. Conversely, in 1983 25 percent of those surveyed considered nuclear power plants "absolutely necessary" for Taiwan, and in 1986 it was only 8 percent. In 1987, as a result of the Chernobyl accident, Parliament did not approve the budget for the construction of the fourth nuclear power plant. Nevertheless, opinion polls from 1997 to 1994 showed that the general public's approval of nuclear energy was significantly higher than its rejection. The government and the state Taipower started several extensive campaigns in these years, in which the approval of nuclear energy was advertised with books, posters, leaflets, cartoons, information material, etc. Critics accused the government and the energy industry of propagating a naive belief in progress and unrealistic trivializing the dangers.

Radioactive waste problem

Entrance to the interim storage facility on the remote "orchid island" Lan Yu (場 存貯 嶼 蘭 = Yu Lan storage facility)

Since 1982, 90 percent of the low-level radioactive waste from the Taiwanese nuclear reactors (and other such waste from medical facilities, for example) has been temporarily stored on the "Orchid Island" Lan Yu off the east coast of Taiwan. The island is inhabited by members of the Tau ethnic group , one of the indigenous peoples or tribes of Taiwan . Originally, the Tau were not even asked about their attitude towards landfill. Taipower and the Taiwanese government later made compensation payments to the islanders. According to Taipower, in 2016 the company paid NT $ 60,000 (US $ 2,000) a year to each islander, and electricity on the island was free. Under these circumstances, some islanders resigned themselves to the repository, while others demanded its closure. In the opinion of the Atomic Energy Council, there is no evidence that the health of the islanders is in any way affected by the radioactive waste. During a visit to the island on August 17, 2016, President Tsai Ing-wen assured residents that the circumstances that led to Lan Yu being selected as a nuclear waste disposal facility would be investigated and that government agencies would work with the islanders to find a solution to the problem.

The problem of the final disposal of radioactive waste is still unsolved. It is now legally stipulated that the local population must agree to the establishment of a repository for low-level radioactive waste in a referendum. In July 2012, the Ministry of Economic Affairs suggested two possible locations: the village of Ljupetje / Nantian ( 南 田村 ) in Daren Municipality in Taitung County and the Wuqiu Archipelago in Kinmen County . Since then, talks have been taking place with the local authorities, which have so far not resulted in a final result. The planned referendum has not yet taken place in either of the two municipalities.

At present, burned-out, highly radioactive fuel rods are stored in appropriate facilities on the premises of the nuclear power plants. In September 2014, 16,852 containers (3,471 tons) of highly radioactive waste were stored in the three nuclear power plants. Since the storage capacities on site were exhausted and no additional storage space had been approved by the New Taipei city government, Taipower had to shut down reactor block 1 at Kuosheng on November 30, 2016. No license to continue operating the deposit was granted for Chin Shan either, so the Chin Shan 2 reactor block had to be shut down on March 6, 2017 (Chin Shan 1 had been shut down since December 28, 2014).

According to a plan approved by the government in 2011, the storage in deep rock formations is to be investigated. For this purpose, holes have already been drilled in granite rock at various locations. In Hualien County and Kinmen, however, these test wells encountered resistance from the local population and had to be stopped. Taipower's plans from 2005, which extended far into the future, stipulated that corresponding test drilling should be completed by 2017. In the years 2018 to 2028, different locations should be evaluated, followed by a test phase from 2029 to 2038. The construction of the actual repository (s) should take place in the years 2045 to 2055.

Radioactively contaminated homes scandal

Taiwan residents were also unsettled by reports that many of the apartments and houses built in the 1980s had abnormally high levels of radioactivity. The reason for this was identified as the use of cobalt -60-contaminated structural steel , which had been illegally produced partly from recycled steel scrap from nuclear power plants. Hsin Jung Steel & Iron Corporation was named as the steel company responsible for this . According to later surveys, around 180 houses with 1,700 apartments and around 10,000 residents were affected. The Atomic Energy Council had been aware of the problem of increased radioactivity in individual buildings since 1985, but the matter was not initially investigated further and the residents were not informed about it. Only when it became clear in July 1992 that one of the buildings in Taipei used by Taipower itself was also contaminated with 60 Co was the matter taken more seriously. The problem became known to a wider public through newspaper reports that first appeared in August 1992. Extensive investigations and measurements were carried out at the instigation of the Atomic Energy Council. Demolishing the affected buildings was not deemed necessary, but affected residents were offered financial compensation and free medical examinations.

So far, no negative effects on the health of the residents of these apartments have been proven. A study found a significantly below average cancer rate among the residents of these buildings. Not least, this calls into question the validity of the LNT model .

Anti-nuclear movement and the dispute over the fourth nuclear power plant

Construction site of the Lungmen nuclear power plant in 2006
Lungmen in 2009

The anti-nuclear and environmental protection movement in Taiwan - as in other countries - was very closely associated with a movement against the established power elites. In Taiwan this was the ruling Kuomintang . The opposition forces' collecting basin was the opposition Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), founded in 1986, in which the opponents and skeptics of nuclear power also gathered at the beginning. After the transition to democratic conditions and the first free democratic election to the legislative yuan in 1992 , environmentalists became increasingly disappointed with the tactical behavior of the DPP and accused them of this lack of principles in the nuclear energy issue. Against this background, the Taiwanese Green Party was founded in 1996 , although initially it was unable to garner a large number of votes.

In 1999, after long discussions, the construction of the fourth nuclear power plant in Lungmen began under a Kuomintang administration. The planned time of commissioning was the year 2004. After the DPP candidate Chen Shui-bian had surprisingly won the presidential election in 2000 , he announced on October 28, 2000 a construction freeze for Lungmen. He justified this with the fact that the power plant was unnecessary and brought with it unacceptable environmental and safety risks. The foreign investors involved were assured of compensation. After some legal battles, the government of Prime Minister Chang Chun-hsiung announced the resumption of operations on February 14, 2001. Due to the temporary construction freeze, there were considerable delays in the original construction plan and Taipower revised the planned completion date to July 15, 2006. Subsequently, problems with suppliers, legal disputes, public protests and demotivated Taipower employees did not result More believed that the project would be completed, and that the power plant would develop into a kind of Taiwanese variant of Berlin's BER airport . Several planned completion dates (the mentioned July 15, 2006, October 2008, July 15, 2009, December 15, 2010) could not be met and the originally planned budget was significantly exceeded. In 2015, the total costs more than doubled to over US $ 9 billion without the plant having produced a single kilowatt hour of energy.

Effects of the Fukushima disaster

Anti-nuclear power poster with the inscription 反核 不要 再 有 下 一個 福島 ("No nuclear power, no more Fukushima")
Demonstration by DPP MPs against the Lungmen nuclear power plant in the Legislative Yuan on February 27, 2013
Demonstration against a fourth nuclear power plant in Taiwan on September 30, 2013
Use of water cannons against anti-nuclear protesters in Taipei on April 28, 2014

The Fukushima nuclear disaster on March 11, 2011 had a serious impact on the nuclear energy debate in Taiwan. While the Chernobyl nuclear accident occurred in distant Europe and also in the technologically backward Soviet Eastern Bloc, in the case of Fukushima, Japan, a direct Asian neighbor of Taiwan, was affected, which had previously been assumed to have the highest technological safety standards. As in the case of Fukushima, all of Taiwan's nuclear power plants are located close to the coast and are therefore potentially threatened by tsunamis . In addition, Taiwan, like Japan, is an extremely earthquake region.

Even within the Kuomintang, which had previously been on a strict nuclear power course, a rethink began in some cases. In the 2012 presidential election , the nuclear issue also became an issue. The top candidate of the DPP, Tsai Ing-wen, spoke on behalf of her party in favor of stopping the construction of the fourth nuclear power plant and gradually phasing out nuclear energy. Her rival candidate and incumbent Ma Ying-jeou , on the other hand, continued to advocate the traditional course of the Kuomintang, according to which nuclear power is indispensable for Taiwan, at least for the foreseeable future. There were regular mass demonstrations, especially in the large cities of Taiwan, which put the Kuomintang government, which was in office until 2016, under pressure. Mass demonstrations on March 9, 2013, with more than 200,000 participants nationwide, led the government to promise a renewed safety inspection of Lungmen, which began in March 2013. In April 2014 the government announced that reactor 1 from the Lungmen nuclear power plant would initially be "mothballed" and would not go into operation as soon as the final safety tests were completed (this was the case in July 2014). The further construction of the second reactor in Lungmen was stopped completely for the time being.

On December 28, 2014, Chin Shan's Unit 1 was shut down due to an incident. The incident was comparatively minor and the Atomic Energy Council recommended restarting the reactor. However, the government prohibited the restart. According to opponents of nuclear power, the 38-year-old nuclear power plant posed a safety risk.

After the DPP, which is critical of nuclear power, achieved an absolute majority in the election for the legislative yuan in 2016 and the DPP candidate Tsai Ing-wen was also successful in the 2016 presidential election , the new government took an anti-nuclear course. After the Kuosheng Reactor Unit 2 had to be shut down due to a minor incident on May 30, 2016, the government did not allow it to be restarted. The Kuosheng Reactor Unit 1 also had to cease operations on November 30, 2016 after the DPP-dominated New Taipei City Council did not issue a permit for additional storage capacity for spent fuel. Since November 2016, Maanshan is the only nuclear power plant in Taiwan to be on the grid.

Planning to phase out nuclear power, energy bottlenecks

Result of the referendum on November 24, 2018 (question 16). The voters were asked whether the nuclear phase-out, which is mandatory by law in 2025, should be lifted again. Only three municipalities voted against: Lan Yu (interim storage facility ), Daren (potential final storage facility ) and Gongliao (site of the planned Lungmen nuclear power plant).

On October 20, 2016, Taiwan’s cabinet, the Executive Yuan , passed a plan to see Taiwan completely phase out nuclear power by 2025.

The plan envisaged almost doubling the capacity for solar power production from 800 MW in 2015 to 1.4 GW in 2017. By 2025, 20 GW of solar power and a further 3 GW of wind energy are to be generated in offshore wind farms. This should not only replace the almost 5 GW of nuclear power (in 2016), but also drastically reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. The previous monopoly company Taipower is to be split up into a company for the electricity grid and a company for electricity production by 2025. Private energy producers are to be added and the establishment of local supply networks is to be promoted.

Due to the premature shutdown of several nuclear reactors, Taipower's reserve capacities, which are kept available for peak loads or unexpected failures, fell to a very low level. On August 1, 2017, a large central overhead line pylon in Yilan County that was overturned by Typhoon Nesat and tropical storm Haitang caused the reserve capacity to slide below the critical limit of 900 MW. The following day, Prime Minister Lin Chuan (ierte 全) appealed to the public and industry to limit electricity consumption for the next two weeks until the mast was repaired. All air conditioning systems in government buildings had to be switched off for two hours every day at noon. On August 15, 2017, large parts of the entire island of Taiwan suffered a power outage of around 3 hours, affecting 6.7 million households. The cause was an operating error in the Tatan (大潭) gas power plant in Taoyuan , the largest of its kind in Taiwan, where the gas supply was accidentally cut off. This was the worst power disruption in Taiwan since the 1999 earthquake . As a result of the event, Secretary of Commerce Lee Chih-kung (李世光) resigned from his post. Subsequently, doubts were expressed in individual press organs as to whether Taiwan's energy supply was currently secured and whether the ambitious nuclear phase-out plan was really feasible. In Taiwan's important semiconductor industry in particular, even short-term power outages could have devastating consequences. Proponents of the nuclear phase-out, on the other hand, argued that it would be better to accept temporary restrictions in energy supplies than to take the risk of a nuclear accident.

A referendum took place on November 24, 2018 , in which the majority of voters spoke out against a mandatory phase-out of nuclear energy in 2025.

International treaty integration, nuclear weapons

Taiwan signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty under Chiang Kai-shek in 1968 and ratified it in 1971. After the country was excluded from the United Nations by Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly in 1971, the People's Republic of China took the place previously occupied by Taiwan in all UN sub-organizations, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Although the United States does not formally have diplomatic relations with Taiwan, informal relations remain close, and in this way the United States ensured that Taiwanese nuclear power plants continued to be visited by the IAEA regulators.

In the 1970s, under President Chiang Ching-kuo , the Taiwanese side was considering starting its own nuclear weapons program, as it felt threatened by the People's Republic of China as a nuclear power on the one hand and betrayed by the USA and other Western allies on the other. The US put considerable pressure on Taiwan to stop this. On January 9, 1988, Chang Hsien-yi (張憲義), deputy director of the Taiwan Institute for Nuclear Research, left for the United States, where he provided the CIA with information on the state of Taiwanese nuclear research. As a motive, Chang stated that he wanted to prevent the development of Taiwanese nuclear weapons and an impending war with the People's Republic of China, which might have been unleashed by "ambitious politicians". In a later interview, Chang claimed that plans to equip Taiwanese fighter jets with atomic bombs were pursued in the 1980s. After Chang was discontinued, a team of US experts arrived on January 15, 1988 at the Lungtan Nuclear Research Center, Taoyuan County . A heavy water reactor there was rendered unusable. Funds put into this project by the Taiwanese military were estimated at NT $ 3 billion . Chang's actions are controversial in Taiwan today, and many consider him a "traitor".

The current Taiwan government stresses that it has no nuclear weapons, nor does it seek to own or build such weapons.

See also

Web links

Commons : Nuclear Energy in Taiwan  - Collection of Pictures, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

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