Berlin Brandenburg Airport

BER is a redirect to this article. For further meanings see Ber .

Berlin Brandenburg Airport "Willy Brandt"
Characteristics
ICAO code	EDDB
IATA code	BER
Coordinates	52 ° 21 '44 "  N , 13 ° 30' 2"  E Coordinates: 52 ° 21 '44 "  N , 13 ° 30' 2"  E
Height above MSL	47 m (154  ft )
Transport links
Distance from the city center	24 km south of Berlin ( town hall )
road
train	Long-distance regional transport : FEX , RE 7 , RB 14 , RB 22
Local transport	S-Bahn : S9, S45 Bus : BSV, X7, 163, 164, 171, 263, 734, 735, 736, 738, 741, 742, N7, N60
Basic data
opening	October 31, 2020
operator	Berlin Brandenburg Airport GmbH
area	1470 ha
Terminals	3 (T1, T2, T5)
Capacity ( PAX per year)	46 million (total) 28 million (Terminal 1) 6 million (Terminal 2) 12 million (Terminal 5 [formerly Schönefeld Airport])
Runways
North (07L / 25R)	3600 m × 45 m asphalt
South (07R / 25L)	4000 m × 60 m concrete
website
ber.berlin-airport.de

The Berlin Brandenburg "Willy Brandt" airport ( IATA : BER , ICAO : EDDB ; English Berlin Brandenburg Airport ) is a commercial airport in Schönefeld , south of the city limits of Berlin . It emerged from Berlin-Schönefeld Airport and will gradually open between October 25 and November 8, 2020. The newly built Terminal 1 opened on October 31, 2020. BER replaces the Berlin-Tegel international airport , which is to be closed in November 2020.

At the time of opening, the airport has a theoretical total capacity of 46 million passengers per year. Of this amount, 28 million are in Terminal 1, 6 million in Terminal 2 (completed but not yet opened) and a further 12 million in Terminal 5, the terminal building of the previous Schönefeld Airport. Extensions are planned by 2035 in order to be able to handle 58 million passengers annually.

The construction of Berlin Brandenburg Airport , which began on September 5, 2006, was one of the largest construction projects in Germany. The start of flight operations was initially planned for November 2011. The opening date has been postponed a total of seven times due to faulty construction planning, inadequate building supervision and extensive technical defects. Due to the bad planning and the exploding costs, most recently estimated at over seven billion euros, this construction project became a symbol of a major state project that got out of control. In April 2020, TÜV Rheinland was finally able to certify operational safety and the Dahme-Spreewald district administration approved the use of the airport so that the airport could open in the fourth quarter of 2020.

Airport facilities

Overview of the terminals of the BER

In the course of the airport construction, a total of 2.4 million tons of aggregates were processed and built into 3.4 million tons of concrete . The road network at the airport is around 20 kilometers. 33,000 m² of glass surfaces were used in the high-rise buildings.

Runways

Overview of the BER site with aprons, taxiways and airport facilities

Berlin Brandenburg Airport has two parallel runways , 07R / 25L and 07L / 25R. The distance between the runways is 1900 meters, the offset is 1250 meters. This means that both runways can be operated independently of one another without being affected by wake vortices . All taxiways, aprons and runways cover an area of ​​approximately 1.7 km².

The former northern runway of Schönefeld Airport was closed in December 2007 so that a missing 650 m long section of the Federal Highway 113 could be built. The previous southern runway 07/25 at Schönefeld Airport was adapted and renamed as the new northern runway: It was extended from 3000 to 3600 m in accordance with the ICAO standards. The name was changed on May 3, 2012, after the runway had been extended to 3,600 meters on April 23, 2012.

Passenger boarding bridges and apron at the main pier

In May 2011 the new 07R / 25L south runway was completed. In October 2011, the marking of the areas and tracks began. The new southern runway was implemented in the Aviation Handbook (AIP) on the AIRAC date May 31, 2012 , but initially closed by NOTAM . On June 29, 2012, the taxiways of the new BER operating areas were opened to traffic at Berlin-Schönefeld Airport. Further areas will gradually go into operation before the opening.

The date for the temporary closure of the current northern runway 07L / 25R and the subsequent exclusive handling of operations on the new 07R / 25L southern runway was May 2, 2015. Work on the renovation of the northern runway began on May 6, 2015 It has been back in operation since 2016.

By September 30, 2014, only 3,000 of around 4,000 noise protection measures had been approved. At the time, this date was still the end of the deadline, as six months in advance of the first flight were required.

Air traffic control

Tower BER

The German Air Traffic Control had built a new tower of business within the security area of the airport. The puristic design of the new control tower was adapted to the technical conditions and requirements of the airport. The newly developed elliptical tower pulpit with four supporting supports offers space for eleven employees and, at 72 m, is the third highest tower (after that of Düsseldorf Airport and Munich Airport ) in Germany. The cost was around 35 million euros.

In addition, the complex offers rooms for the branch administration, lounges, a relaxation room with two beds, changing facilities with shower, briefing and conference rooms and a fitness room for employees. For the first time in Germany, DFS is also operating apron control here , which is also housed in the tower cockpit. In order to be able to cope with any further expansion stages of the airport with the premises of the tower, additional control rooms have already been built below the tower pulpit as a precaution. Trial operation on the new tower began in early March 2012. In the night of March 24th to 25th, 2012, the new tower was put into operation, which controls the traffic of the Berlin-Schönefeld airport until the opening of BER.

Terminal 1

Main terminal T1, 2013

Main terminal T1 at night, 2020

Departure lounge, 2013

The terminal facilities and the gates are located in the middle between the two runways. The main building is 220 m wide, 180 m long and 32 m high, its gross floor area is 220,000 m². With the planned completion, the central building will have a capacity of 27–30 million passengers per year. In the final state, 150,000 m³ of concrete and 28,000 tons of steel will be used. According to the requirements of the ICAO standards, the terminal will be clad with glass that does not cause radar reflections. Initially around 25 million passengers a year are expected.

Construction of Terminal T1

The U-shaped terminal complex in the style of a midfield terminal includes the 715 m long main pier in front of the terminal (on apron B) with 16 parking positions for short and medium-haul aircraft and eight for wide-body aircraft. The main pier has 16 passenger boarding bridges, one of which is single-story and 15 two-story (one of which is specially enlarged for the handling of the Airbus A380 ). The south pier on apron C is 350 m long and has nine single-storey passenger boarding bridges.

The north pier (on apron A), which is just as long, has less equipment than the rest of the terminal and no passenger boarding bridges, in order to meet the cost-efficiency requirements of the low-cost airlines located there . In the future, easyJet and Eurowings, among others, will be handled at the north pier . Terminal 2, which was built beforehand, is optimized for the operation of the low-cost airlines, with automated baggage drop-off and baggage sorting independent of the main terminal, which is not intended for checking through connecting flights, which are also not available with the point-to-point connections of these airlines.

The north and south piers were not included in the original plans, but became necessary due to the greater than expected growth in passenger numbers. In the current configuration, five million more passengers can be handled. For this reason, the handling building at Berlin-Schönefeld Airport has been integrated into the new airport as Terminal 5 (formerly: Handling Terminal North ). In addition, the apron areas are prepared for the handling of the Airbus A380 (gates A17 / C17). The additional costs for the capacity expansion are 160 million euros. The terminal will initially be equipped with eight check-in islands, consisting of a total of 94  check-in counters and around 120 check-in machines. The area allocation is calculated in such a way that 6500 passengers per hour can be handled without distress and without large queues. According to the operators of Berlin Airports, the airport is planned for the future so that the forecast passenger volume can be managed for decades.

The departure area of ​​the main building is divided into six areas:

• A 01–25 or B 01–25 (main pier, level 1 - Schengen ),
• C 01–19 and D 01–17 (main pier, level 2 - Non-Schengen ) and
• A 30–38 (south pier) and B 30–45 (north pier; also Terminal 2).

Terminal 1 can be expanded to the west with two satellites if required. These future expansion modules have already been taken into account in the numbering and the control system. The first module will include departure areas E (south) and F (north) and the second module will include departure areas G (south) and H (north).

A chapel and a room of silence will be created in two rooms on level 2 in the terminal for travelers and airport staff . The architecture firm Gerkan, Marg and Partner (gmp) won the design competition. The premises serve as equal places of retreat for people from different cultures and religions. The black and white horizontal stripes play with light conditions, the chapel is equipped with a simple altar without a cross . Terminal 1 went into operation on October 31, 2020.

Terminal 2

To increase the airport capacity, Terminal 2 was built south of Terminal 1-North Pier, 240 meters long, 40 meters wide and 15 meters high. This addition has twelve check-in counters on the ground floor, eight security lines on the upper floor and has a direct connection to the north pier of Terminal 1. Since Terminal 2 does not have its own gates, but only serves as direct access to Gates B30-B45. together with the simpler equipment, it can be described as a low-cost terminal. When it goes into operation, Terminal 2 is expected to expand the airport's capacity by six million passengers a year. The construction of Terminal 2 was decided in summer 2017 and completed in summer 2020. However, due to the generally low volume of air traffic in connection with the corona pandemic at that time, it is not due to go into operation until 2021.

Terminal 3/4 (planned)

The planned extensions are to expand the passenger handling facilities again to the east - in the north (Terminal 3) with a connection to the north pier of Terminal 1/2 and in the south (Terminal 4) with a connection to the south pier of Terminal 1. In an initial expansion phase until the end of the 2020s Terminal 3 is expected to expand passenger capacity by 15 million passengers over the years. The construction of Terminal 4 has not yet been scheduled, but it can increase capacity by a further six million passengers.

Terminal 5

The passenger terminal of the former Schönefeld Airport has been part of BER under the name Terminal 5 since October 25, 2020. Only low-cost airlines are handled there. The airport company's corporate design , with signage and general appearance, was already there in the same way before. The use of this terminal is only planned temporarily until Terminal 3 is operational and is intended to expand the total capacity of the airport by eight to ten million air travelers annually during this time. There are connections to the S-Bahn and bus to Terminal 1.

Ground handling

Check-in counter, 2013

Check-in islands with 118 counters are available for check-in. Check-in and boarding are carried out by GlobeGround Berlin, WISAG Transport Services, Acciona Airport Services and AHS , among others . The person and baggage checks are to be carried out by Securitas Germany . 36 security gates with liquid scanners are available for this.

Ground handling is to be carried out by GlobeGround Berlin, Ground Service International (both belong to the WISAG Group) and Acciona Airport Services Berlin , the catering by LSG Sky Chefs . The fuel is supplied by Shell and Total . Other ground services such as cleaning and on-site passenger transport are to be carried out by AHS, BAS and Acciona Airport Services Berlin .

Military part

The flight readiness of the German Ministry of Defense , which was previously located at Tegel Airport , will have an area of ​​16 hectares in the north near the old Schönefeld Airport (apron 2)  . From there both the government flights of the German politicians and the receptions of state guests by the Foreign Office should take place. The original government plan included the creation of a representative terminal as well as the infrastructures required for flight readiness, such as administration and technical buildings, with an initial budget of 125 million euros. The government terminal was to be built south of Terminal D at Schönefeld Airport based on a design by the Berlin architecture firm Busmann + Haberer and was to go into operation at the end of 2011. Without the construction of the terminal having started, the cost forecast had increased to 310 million euros by 2012, while commissioning was not expected before 2016.

Due to the emerging capacity bottlenecks for the opening of the civil part of the airport, the facilities of the old Schönefeld airport are to be used on a temporary basis. The planned areas are therefore not available for the government airport for the time being. Therefore, in 2016, it was decided to build an interim terminal for 79 million euros, which was completed in 2018. Initially, it was planned to build the final government terminal for 344 million euros by 2025. Following objections from the airport company and from state politics, the German government announced that it would postpone the construction of another government terminal until 2030.

The government terminal went into operation on October 21, 2020. Julia Klöckner was the first to land here .

Other areas

The northern part of the airport is mainly used for general aviation flights (teaching, private and business aviation). The areas of ramp 1, 3 (former terminal apron) and especially 4 (former maintenance center) are available for this. This is also where the General Aviation Terminal (GAT) is located.

A first module in the midfield area for an annual capacity of 100,000 tons has been created for the freight sector. Overall, the airport could be expanded to a planned capacity of up to 600,000 tons of freight per year if required; on an international scale, that would be a rather medium-sized figure.

Lufthansa Technik AG has set up a hangar at the airport for the maintenance of either five short or medium-haul aircraft or one wide-body aircraft of the type Airbus A340 . On the neighboring site, the now insolvent airline Air Berlin built a maintenance hangar with 12,000 m² of space for up to four Airbus A320 aircraft .

traffic

Air traffic

The airport is around an hour's flight away from destinations in Eastern Europe , Asia and the Pacific region than the more western hubs Paris and London . Accordingly, longer flight times result in a westerly direction, especially to North America .

Passenger traffic

The numbers of the two Berlin airports Tegel (TXL) and Schönefeld (SXF) together:

Air traffic (2019)	Flight movements	Change to the previous year	Passenger numbers	Change to the previous year	Cargo (tons)	Change to the previous year
Line bus traffic	257.909	- 1.1%	34,795,327	0+ 2.6%	029,956	0- 9.0%
Occasional traffic	019,661	+ 2.8%	00.837.825	0+ 5.2%	003,596	- 40.5%
transit	n / A.	n / A.	00.011,853	+ 12.9%	001,302	0+ 3.1%
total	288,979	- 1.5%	35,645,005	0+ 2.7%	034,854	- 13.3%

In 2016, Tegel and Schönefeld airports had an official capacity of 22 million passengers and carried a total of 32.9 million passengers. This makes Berlin the third largest airport location in Germany in terms of passenger volume, behind Frankfurt (60.7 million) and Munich (42.3 million). In 2019 Tegel and Schönefeld airports had a passenger volume of 35.6 million, an increase of around 2.6% compared to 2018.

On October 30, 2008, the Berlin-Tempelhof central airport was closed for flight operations; the last used capacity of around 300,000 passengers per year could be taken over by the other two airports.

Development of passenger numbers at Berlin airports from 1991 to 2019

The technical capacity of the BER runways is 426,000 flight movements per year, which theoretically enables over 50 million passengers to be handled, provided the existing terminals are expanded accordingly. Already for 2020 more than 30 million passengers are expected, which is why the airport is to be expanded step by step with additional modules to a capacity for up to 50 million passengers ^{[out of date]} (45 million previously approved) (already secured by planning law ).

In terms of domestic German flight routes, the Berlin location as a whole ranks second in 2016 behind Munich and ahead of Frankfurt . The route with the highest number of passengers leads to the aviation hub in Frankfurt . In the course of the opening of the German Unity Transport Project No. 8 (Nuremberg – Berlin), however, increasing competition from rail transport and thus a tendency towards falling passenger numbers on domestic German routes can be expected. The original number of passengers (the number of passengers without transferring passengers is counted here) at the Berlin airport is the highest in Germany.

Freight traffic

The airport's air freight terminal has been in operation since 2013. From here there are connections to Cologne / Bonn , where UPS operates its European hub. There are also connections to Liège and Paris , where FedEx and its subsidiary TNT operate their hubs. The focus is on express freight. In addition, the German Red Cross operates a center for relief supplies at the airport.

Rail connection and public transport

Connection to BER since October 25, 2020

→ Main articles : BER airport train station - Terminal 1-2  and BER airport train station - Terminal 5 (Schönefeld)

The airport can be reached via two train stations: the airport BER train station - Terminal 1-2 at the new main terminal and the airport BER train station - Terminal 5 in the north at Terminal 5, the former Schönefeld Airport. Both stations are served by the S9 and S45 S-Bahn lines, and the station at Terminals 1-2 is also served by regional and long-distance transport. In particular, the Airport Express FEX connects Berlin's main train station with the train station at Terminals 1-2 in 30 minutes with stops at Gesundbrunnen and Ostkreuz train stations every 30 minutes . Express buses connect both terminals with the Rudow ( U7 ) and Alt-Mariendorf ( U6 ) underground stations .

With the completion of the Dresden Railway, the travel time of the FEX from the main station is to be reduced to 20 minutes and a 15-minute cycle introduced. However, due to delays in the reconstruction of the Berlin – Dresden railway line in Berlin's urban area, this will not happen before December 2025. The Anhalter Bahn, which runs further to the west, does not currently have sufficient capacity to accommodate the Airport Express. There are also plans to extend U-Bahn line 7 from Rudow to the airport. The Berlin Senate is currently (as of October 2020) carrying out a feasibility study.

Since the airport is south of Berlin, its wider catchment area extends via long-distance rail traffic to Dresden , Halle (Saale) and Leipzig . As a completed upgraded line , the Anhalter Bahn connects Berlin with Leipzig and Halle (Saale) in just over an hour's journey. Dresden could be connected to the airport with travel times of around one hour if the Dresden railway is expanded for speeds of up to 200 km / h. In long-distance traffic, only the IC connection between Dresden and Rostock has so far stopped at BER. In the long term, however, the airport train station is to be served by several ICE , IC and EC single trains (e.g. in the direction of Hanover and Krakow ).

Road connections and private transport

Integration of BER in the Berlin road network

The public part of the new airport can be reached from the east via the A 113 , which has been given a new junction north of the Waltersdorf motorway triangle . A connection between the old airport site and the new airport feeder will also be established. This generous, four-lane road is intended, among other things, to ensure that the airport can be reached in the event that the A 113 is completely closed. It connects to the airport feeder from the A 113 to the east of the airport.

The central six-lane airport feeder leads directly to the passenger terminal. It leads into a terminal driveway on two levels (level 0: arrival, level 1: departure). The right of way levels will have separate areas for individual traffic (e.g. short-term parking spaces) and public transport (bus stops, taxi waiting areas, etc.). There are also plans to build multi-storey car parks in a premium location right next to the terminal building. These are also connected via the terminal driveway.

The traffic concept provides for an early separation of passenger and freight traffic. Freight traffic is diverted from the feeder in a distribution hub east of the airport. All essential traffic is routed through the airport premises in a ring-shaped one-way traffic. Delivery traffic, operational services, but also users of long-term parking spaces away from the terminal are routed to their destinations via a distribution ring. Passengers and guests who have to go to the terminal building are guided directly from the feeder via a separate terminal ring. The entire traffic routing is designed in such a way that all destinations on the airport premises can also be reached within as short a distance as possible. Much emphasis was also placed on forwarding wrong-way drivers to their actual destinations.

In connection with the new airport building, state road L 75 was relocated from Selchow to the west of the airport site. For this purpose, a section was rebuilt as a bypass Selchow. This new section of the L 75 also serves to connect the western operating areas of the airport to the public road network.

Parking facilities

At the airport, 10,000 parking spaces are available to the public in five parking garages and 13 other parking spaces, and another 5,000 parking spaces are provided for airport employees.

In addition, there are several long-term parking spaces operated by other providers, often cheaper (from 8 days parking time), parking spaces in the surrounding hotel parking garages and valet parking in the vicinity . This almost doubles the offer.

Infrastructure

Trade fairs and events

Site plan of the Berlin ExpoCenter Airport

From August 2011 on, the Berlin ExpoCenter Airport of Messe Berlin was built on the western edge of the airport . After ten months of construction, the symbolic handover of the keys took place on July 3, 2012. Among other things, the world's third largest aerospace exhibition ILA , which takes place every two years, is held on the site . For this purpose, an exhibition area of ​​around 250,000 m² was created and connected to the southern runway of the airport by extending the Bravo taxiway .

Commercial space

There are commercial areas around the airport. Shopping centers and other companies should be able to settle there close to the airport. To the east of the airport building, Airport City has been a 16 hectare office, hotel, park, restaurant and retail area since 2009. Around 60,000 jobs are to be created there by around 2040.

The BER Business Park Berlin is to be marketed between the street Am Seegraben at the Grünbergallee (Bohnsdorf) S-Bahn station and northeast of the airport . The 109 hectare area, which is mainly located in Berlin, offers space for commercial and industrial settlements of various sectors on the areas purchased in the 1990s. In January 2008, 35% of the space was sold to the British business park operator Segro . In addition, an option for a further 22% was agreed. Development work in BER Business Park Berlin began at the end of 2008, and work on the first access roads began in April 2009. The area was further developed in sections after the respective marketing.

In October 2008 an Irish investor consortium led by Bulberry Properties Ltd. acquired an area of ​​59 hectares directly at the airport. Investments in the construction of hotels, logistics locations and conference rooms amounting to 1.1 billion euros are planned.

Corporate Design

Corporate design of the airport with pictograms , key colors, house font and logos

The corporate design of the airport and its umbrella brand , the airport company FBB (logo, fonts, pictograms, etc.) was designed by Realgestalt (formerly: Schindler Parent Identity ) and the associated building guidance system (especially the signage) by Moniteurs Berlin , in June 2011 publicly presented and introduced in June 2012. The dominant colors are orange-red, used mainly for airport print items, and purple-red, used primarily for signage. Secondary colors are white (e.g. background color for street signs) as well as gray tones and blue as the accent color.

The more than 3000 signs are incorporated into walls or implemented as standing signposts. In contrast to many other airports, the planners here decided against hanging elements. In Terminal 1 - Nordpier (Pier B30 – B45), there is no complex signage in favor of more cost-effective space on the walls, which also limits the spread of advertising in the low-cost flight sector. The road signs in the area of ​​the airport are also included in the uniform appearance with pictograms and colors. The agency Realgestalt designed a complete typeface family for the typographic appearance of the airport in collaboration with Alexander Branczyk for the corporate typeface , BER Sans and BER Serif , which are used in the print media as well as in the signage and display boards.

The airport follows the principle of the so-called "Silent Airport", i. H. Announcements over loudspeakers are reduced to a minimum and almost exclusively take place directly at the gate. This is intended to keep the stress of stay as low as possible due to redundant / irrelevant announcements for the passengers.

Controversy

Location decision

See also : "Location selection" in the article "Construction of Berlin Brandenburg Airport"

In addition to Schönefeld, Sperenberg and Jüterbog-Ost were the preferred locations for the airport . Although Schönefeld was rated the worst of seven locations examined in a search procedure within the framework of spatial planning in 1993, the federal government and the state governments of Berlin and Brandenburg decided on this location on May 28, 1996.

Shortly after the location was determined, four citizens' initiatives from Berlin and the surrounding area were founded to oppose plans to expand the airport on the outskirts of Berlin into a new major airport. From 2010 onwards, further citizens' initiatives were formed that were directed against the airport construction. They did not consider the exposure to aircraft noise and pollutant emissions to be adequately taken into account and therefore assessed the new airport building as unsuitable. With the support of the citizens' initiatives, several residents and four affected communities, Großbeeren , Eichwalde , Schulzendorf and Blankenfelde-Mahlow , sued against the planning approval decision for the new construction of the airport as the only international airport in the region. In March 2006, the majority of the model actions were dismissed by the Federal Administrative Court. According to the Federal Association of the German Aviation Industry, around 225,000 Berliners are affected by aircraft noise before the opening of BER, and around 65,000 after the opening.

Night flights

4,000 residents brought an action against the expansion of Schönefeld Airport at the Federal Administrative Court (BVerwG) in Leipzig . In its judgment of March 16, 2006, the court confirmed the choice of location for Schönefeld subject to conditions regarding night flight operations . The airport operator's noise protection concept has been repealed. The court found:

"The planning approval authority has ignored the fact that the group affected in Berlin-Schönefeld is smaller, but the sacrifice required of this group is noticeably greater than with regard to the situation in Tegel and Tempelhof."

- BVerwG, judgment of March 16, 2006 - 4 A 1073/04, Rn. 321

The court prohibited flight operations in the night core time from midnight to 5 a.m. and banned take-offs and landings in the peripheral hours of night from 10 p.m. to midnight and from 5 a.m. to 6 a.m., without any "recognizable necessity, especially during this period - and thus outside of the less noise-related problematic daytime hours - be laid ".

After the supplementary plan decision on which this decision was based had been improved, the Federal Administrative Court on October 13, 2011 also permitted regular flights during so-called “off-peak times”. That means: flight operations can take place from 5 a.m. to midnight.

Flight routes

In September 2010, Deutsche Flugsicherung published the planned departure routes for BER for the first time. The previous documents, which also formed the basis of the approval process and the lawsuits against the approval, gave the impression that the planes were taking off from the runways in a straight line. According to the planning of the German air traffic control, three of the four departure routes should deviate from the straight line by about 15 °. The northwest route should lead along the Berlin city limits near Lichtenrade , Teltow , Stahnsdorf , Kleinmachnow and Steglitz-Zehlendorf as well as via Potsdam . These flight routes are met with resistance from residents in the surrounding area, who have come together in 27 local citizens' groups (as of October 28, 2010). A warning is also given that there are two nuclear facilities within the planned flight path that could pose a particular risk to the population in the event of a plane crash: the nuclear research facility of the Helmholtz Center (shut down since 2019) and a storage facility for radioactive waste in Berlin-Wannsee .

In order to advise the licensing authority as well as the Federal Supervisory Office for air traffic control and the air traffic control organization on measures to protect against aircraft noise and air pollution from aircraft, as for every commercial airport that is connected to scheduled air traffic and for which a noise protection area is to be established according to the law for protection against aircraft noise, There is also an aircraft noise commission in Schönefeld in accordance with Section 32 of the Aviation Act (LuftVG). This was able to achieve some changes to the flight routes originally planned by the German air traffic control, such as a waiver of the overflight of Potsdam; however, other demands of the citizens' initiatives were not met. These demands of the citizens' initiatives were either safety-relevant or not feasible for flight operations. On the initiative of this aircraft noise commission, the new, controversial “Müggelseeroute” was introduced, as a double burden on the citizens of Erkner is to be prevented. On January 26, 2012, the Federal Supervisory Office for Air Traffic Control announced the final departure routes for the airport.

On July 7, 2011, 1,500 people protested against the flight route over the Müggelsee . They are also examining a lawsuit for violation of EU law. On July 31, 2012, the Federal Administrative Court dismissed complaints by several residents against the planning approval decision for the construction of the airport. The end of May 2013, headed European Commission an infringement procedure against Germany. According to a preliminary assessment, Germany is violating two EU environmental regulations because the environmental impact of the new flight routes has not been sufficiently taken into account. At the beginning of 2017, eight constitutional complaints in connection with the airport and the flight routes were pending at the Federal Constitutional Court . Of these, four complaints regarding the definition of flight routes were not accepted by the Federal Constitutional Court at the end of 2017, and another three complaints against provisions on night flights were not accepted in July 2018.

economics

There are concerns about the airport's profitability.

Frank Welskop, former chairman of the economic committee of the Brandenburg state development company, assumed in 2009 that ongoing operations would cause permanent losses and drew a comparison with the Berlin banking scandal .

In 2011, the state government of Brandenburg responded to a major inquiry from the Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen parliamentary group on economic efficiency: "The information on the economic efficiency of Berlin Brandenburg Airport, which this major inquiry is aimed at, partly falls under the business secrets of the FBS."

The former project developer Wilfried von Aswegen came to the conclusion in his report “Considerations on the profitability of BER Airport” published on May 12, 2014 that “there is no longer any possibility of bringing the previous new building into the zone of profitability or even profit. "

In June 2014, an expert report by the economist Friedrich Thießen et al. Was commissioned by Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen . published: “If one assumes that the aviation and non-aviation revenues could be increased by 50% per traffic unit (1  PAX or 100 kg freight), then the airport would come out of the illiquidity situation. But he would still have ongoing losses. A return on equity or repayment of equity would be excluded. "

Michael Cramer , transport policy spokesman for the Greens in the European Parliament , demanded in 2014 “reliable economic efficiency calculations”.

In December 2015, the federal government responded to the small question from the Bündnis90 / Die Grünen parliamentary group: “The point in time at which profits are generated is the subject of FBB's business plan. This is subject to the confidentiality of trade and business secrets. "

Naming

Berlin Brandenburg Airport Willy Brandt , 2012

The working title for the airport was originally Berlin Brandenburg International (BBI) . From 2007 there was a debate between the Berlin parties about the final name. Michael Müller ( SPD Berlin ) suggested Willy Brandt as the namesake, the CDU Berlin favored Marlene Dietrich or Albert Einstein . In the FDP one spoke out in favor of a designation after Gustav Stresemann . Alliance 90 / The Greens proposed Otto Lilienthal , who is already the namesake of the Berlin-Tegel airport to be closed. The suggestion for the Airport of German Unity came from the CDU Brandenburg .

On December 11, 2009, the Supervisory Board of Flughafen Berlin-Schönefeld GmbH determined the new main name Berlin Brandenburg Airport . Berlin Brandenburg Airport is used for international marketing . The airport was given the nickname Willy Brandt . The IATA code was set to BER . The abbreviation already serves as the Metropolitan Area Code for the existing Berlin airports. The long sought- after abbreviation BBI was already assigned to the Indian airport Bhubaneswar .

Emergence

→ Main article : Construction of Berlin Brandenburg Airport

Airport expansion plans at the Schönefeld site from 1960 to 2020

 existing airfields
 Location options for the new major Berlin airport

Plans to expand Schönefeld Airport have existed since the 1960s, but have only been implemented to a very limited extent. The need to expand capacities and the call to build a competitive, modern large airport for the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan area only became stronger after German reunification in 1990.

In 1992, seven possible locations for a new major Berlin-Brandenburg airport were compared according to traffic, economic and environmental aspects. The Schönefeld site performed worst.

From 1993 to 1994, the two best-rated locations Sperenberg and Jüterbog-Ost and - under political pressure - Schönefeld were examined in a spatial planning procedure and it was determined that the airport could be built at the first two locations, but not in Schönefeld.

Regardless of this, the states of Berlin and Brandenburg as well as the federal government agreed in May 1996 in a so-called consensus resolution on the Schönefeld location.

The basis for the expansion decided at the beginning of the 21st century was the consensus resolution from 1996 and the resulting procedures, such as the state development planning based on it, the planning approval decision of the Brandenburg Ministry of Infrastructure and Regional Planning of August 13, 2004 as well as the plan supplementary decision "Noise Protection Concept BBI" of October 20, 2009. Both the consensus resolution and the planning approval resolution from 2004 included the expansion of Schönefeld Airport, subject to the closure of the two other Berlin airports, Tempelhof and Tegel .

At the groundbreaking ceremony in 2006, the opening was expected in October 2011. In 2010 this forecast was postponed to June 3, 2012.

On May 8, 2012, just four weeks before this date, it was announced that the opening would have to be postponed due to problems with the fire protection system. In the following years, mismanagement, bad planning and botched construction as well as construction errors became known.

Due to more and more security-related problems with the building technology of the main terminal, the opening date was postponed several times and the airport could not go into operation for a long time. Since April 2020, all official approvals have been available, but the opening by the end of October 2020 ^{[out of date] is} assumed.

In an initial calculation in 1995, costs of 1.112 billion marks were forecast (adjusted for purchasing power in today's currency, around 797 million euros).

When construction began on the terminal in summer 2008, costs of 2.4 billion euros were calculated.

In the year of the planned opening in 2012, costs of at least 4.5 billion euros were stated, in July 2015 the forecasts approached the mark of 6 billion euros. At the beginning of 2018, the total costs were estimated at 7.3 billion euros.

Relocations

Resettlements have been carried out for the villages of Diepensee and Selchow , as some of the villages were located on the planned airport site. All 335 residents had to leave Diepensee, the village was relocated to a specially newly built district of Königs Wusterhausen . 35 residents moved from Selchow to Großziethen . The resettlements of Diepensee and the affected Selchow districts were carried out until December 2004 and July 2005, respectively.

In particular, the relocation of the Diepensee location made it possible to research the 14 hectare area for two years, which revealed the medieval Dypensey , a rural village from the 13th and 14th centuries, the history of which was previously largely unknown.

Construction work

Terminal under construction, March 2010

The planning community Berlin-Brandenburg International (pg bbi), a joint venture consisting of the architects Gerkan, Marg and Partner , the JSK and the IGK-IGR Ingenieurgesellschaft Kruck mbH , was commissioned as general planner to implement the project . The largest contractors and construction companies include a. Siemens , Bosch , T-Systems , Rome , Caverion .

The groundbreaking ceremony for the central construction site facility took place on September 5, 2006. First of all, construction roads and the construction infrastructure were built and the taxiway connections to the BER Northern Railway were established. In 2007, the construction of the railway tunnel, the tunnel station and the new southern runway as well as the closing of the gap on the federal highway 113 began . The new section of the A 113 was opened in May 2008.

Construction work on the main terminal began on July 11, 2008 . The fire station was first put into operation in 2010.

The construction of Berlin Brandenburg Airport has developed into one of the biggest scandals in German construction history since 2012. During the construction work, accidents were known up to the end of 2012, in which four people were killed, 46 were seriously and 197 were slightly injured.

Feeder structures

Construction work on the western tunnel entrance of the future airport train station (July 2010)

As part of the airport construction, around 18.5 kilometers of long-distance and regional railway lines were created. The extension of the S-Bahn from the existing Berlin-Schönefeld station to the new airport station , with an additional stop in Waßmannsdorf , measures 8.6 kilometers. On the airport site, both routes are routed in a 3009 m (long-distance) or 2425 m (S-Bahn) long tunnel in an east-west direction.

The project was divided into the planning sections West , Middle and East . The shell construction was carried out by a consortium (ARGE) made up of medium-sized Berlin construction companies. Construction work on the reception building began in summer 2007 and in July 2008 had progressed so far that the area could be built over. The tunnel station is about 14.5 m below ground level as the bottom floor of the new terminal.

In November 2007, the contracts for the structural work on the western rail connection as well as the superstructure work and the platforms of the future airport train station were awarded. The two orders include 2.4 kilometers of trough structures, three railway and four road bridges. Around 330,000 m³ of earth had to be moved and around 87,000 m³ of reinforced concrete had to be installed. A total of 33 kilometers of track with 23  points will be laid.

Construction work on the underground airport train station, October 2011

The construction was divided into nine sections, which were carried out at different times. Most of the construction pits were created to protect the groundwater from being lowered so that conventional excavation could be carried out. In the construction pits, the structures are then erected as reinforced concrete structures ( white tank ) using in- situ concrete . At the beginning of July 2008, the shell of the first 185-meter-long section of the station was completed to the point where the terminal building could be erected. The planning approval decision for the east connection was only issued in spring 2010.

The rail connection including the airport train station has been electrically accessible since June 7, 2011 and has been operational since October 30, 2011. The S-Bahn Berlin carried out route knowledge training trips until July 2014 and discontinued these until an opening date was foreseeable. The "anti-mold" ventilation runs will continue.

A total of around 636 million euros will be invested. The federal government contributes 576 million euros, the federal states of Berlin and Brandenburg each 30 million euros. Between 2007 and 2010 alone, 405 million euros were invested. The costs for the shell construction of the rail connection (tunnel and train station) amount to 285 million euros according to railway information, but according to media reports they should not exceed 160 million euros.

Installation

In order to ensure a problem-free, seamless relocation from Schönefeld and Tegel to BER, the decision was made to test the airport with all its processes and procedures intensively before it opened. In this six-month trial run (November 2011 to May 2012), check-in , baggage drop-off and sorting, security and passport control and boarding , right through to baggage collection and transfer , were run through with around 500 (negative) scenarios. 15,000 test cases were available for this. Around 300,000 pieces of baggage were processed in around 100,000 check-in processes before the opening. The test phase also included night trial operations, emergency exercises or mass trial operations as well as separate trial operating days for and with people with disabilities.

The basic trial operation began on November 24, 2011, at the same time as the technical acceptance by the TÜV (safety and emergency systems of the energy supply, fire extinguishing systems, smoke and fire protection systems, elevators and so on - especially the interaction of the systems). This was followed by two months of internal tests carried out by employees at the airport, the airlines, the authorities and the ground handling services. In the period of January 26 to 16, 2012 after had as part of the integration test operation all interested citizens the opportunity on a voluntary basis, to test the airport after a successful online application. Around 10,000 extras were required for this , spread over several weekly appointments (a total of 47 test days with an average of 200 to 250 extras per round), which simulated the passenger handling processes in the terminal at various levels (number of extras). The trial operation was canceled on May 8, 2012 due to the postponement of the opening date and was continued from April to October 2020. Another 20,000 extras were planned for a total of 30 dates.

At the end of August 2012, the “reception center for asylum seekers” was opened as the first building. On July 3, 2013, the new cargo center was opened as the first step in the partial opening of the airport. The first handling of a cargo aircraft took place on August 1, 2013.

In April 2020, airport boss Engelbert Lütke Daldrup stated in the special committee of the Brandenburg state parliament that all necessary documents had been handed over to the building supervisory authority , including previously open test certificates from TÜV. Until then, the latter still had to check cables for the safety power supply and safety lighting. At this point in time, the ORAT trial operation also started, but due to the corona pandemic with significantly fewer extras than originally planned. At the end of the last day of trial operation with extras on October 15, 2020, a total of 28 test days were completed with 9,000 volunteers.

The official operating license for BER was issued on October 1, 2020 by the Joint Upper Aviation Authority Berlin-Brandenburg.

On October 25, 2020, the IATA abbreviation SXF was replaced by BER and accordingly the old Schönefeld Terminal was renamed from “Flughafen Schönefeld” to “BER Terminal 5”. Commercial passenger traffic at Tegel Airport is to be officially terminated on November 8 and then kept operational for a further 6 months. The airport train station was also opened on October 25, although scheduled service with the S9 did not start until the following day. The S45 followed on October 29, and regional and long-distance services from November 1.

In contrast to the originally planned commissioning, there is no overnight move. Instead, the lower capacity utilization of Tegel Airport due to the corona pandemic (approx. 30% compared to the previous year) made it possible to gradually relocate most of the technology and material during the trial run. In the period from October 31st to November 8th, the final move will take place in three stages. a. the representatives of all 59 airlines as well as all ground handling services and their vehicles will be relocated from Tegel to Schönefeld.

Passenger handling at Terminal 1 of BER officially began on October 31, shortly after 2 p.m. with the landing of two A320-200neo from Easyjet (flight 3110 from Tegel) and Lufthansa (flight 2020 from Munich), which is the opening date. Originally, Easyjet was supposed to touch down on the not yet opened southern runway for a parallel landing with a special permit, but landed on the northern runway because the cloud base was too low in front of Lufthansa. The first commercial flight at the new terminal was Easyjet Europe flight 5924 from Puerto del Rosario at 8 p.m. The following morning, November 1, 2020, the Easyjet Airbus, which was the first to land at the opening the day before, took off at 6:45 a.m. as the first commercial flight (Easyjet flight EJU 8210 to Gatwick ) from Terminal 1. On November 4 then the southern runway put into operation, officially initiating the procedural end of TXL. The last flight from Tegel will be on November 7th with an Air France plane. The handover of the buildings and areas of the old airport is planned for May 2021.

Building scandal

→ Main article : Construction of Berlin Brandenburg Airport

As a result of the cancellation of the opening of the airport in June 2012 , more and more construction deficits and deficiencies as well as management failures in connection with the construction project emerged, which would later develop into one of the biggest scandals in German construction history. Continuously newly published opening dates and their cancellations followed one another in constant succession throughout the 2010s, while construction costs multiplied and the airport in Germany was then generally synonymous with government mismanagement and major government projects that got out of hand.

Planned expansions

Map of Berlin Brandenburg Airport at the time of opening including preliminary expansion package and future expansions according to the planning approval decision and feasibility study for the extension of the U7 underground line (as of 2020)

The following parts of this section appear for some time out of date to be : The capacity can be further expanded today than indicated here (45 million passengers).
Please help to research and insert the missing information .

The airport capacity is to be expanded to 58 million passengers per year in the 2030s. If necessary, the expansion modules that have already been designed can be arranged in the form of upstream satellites parallel to the main terminal. A380 handling should then also be possible at some positions .

In addition to the capacity of the planned airport, according to the judgment of the Federal Administrative Court of March 16, 2006, the existing portfolio of today's Berlin-Schönefeld airport can also be used. This means that the airport would already have considerable capacity reserves when it went into operation. In this area, however, the military area with a government terminal is planned, for which the old Terminal A will be used temporarily until its completion.

There is the theoretical possibility of building a third runway south of the current facilities. Field measurements for this are already available. Politicians have spoken out in favor of medium-term planning of the building - provided that the occupancy rate increases. However, the two existing runways should be sufficient for the stated capacity of up to 45 million passengers.

On September 25, 2015, the airport company presented a preliminary expansion plan, which is intended to expand capacities at the time of opening. The plan is to expand the terminal in Schönefeld, build a dedicated terminal for low-cost airlines east of the north pier, and build a temporary government terminal on apron 1. In addition, aprons A and E will be expanded to include additional parking spaces for aircraft provide. The expansion package, which will run until 2023, also includes the construction of additional taxiways and operational buildings. The package has an investment volume of 65 million euros and should secure the capacity to 40 million passengers per year in the medium term.

However, this capacity planning means that the old terminal at Schönefeld Airport will continue to operate. This became Terminal 5 at BER Airport. However, the previously used capacity of 12.7 million passengers (2018) will drop to around eight million passengers if part of the site is taken over by the government airport in the 2020s. A further extension is planned to replace the new BER airport. This will have a capacity of 12 to 18 million passengers. Terminal 3 is being built opposite Terminal 1 and is to be opened for winter operations in 2025/2026.

literature

• Hans von Przychowski: false start or crash landing? Berlin-Brandenburg Airport Policy. Lost years - lost millions. The struggle for the BBI, 1990–2000, a timetable with comments. NoRa, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-935445-26-1 .
• Frank Welskop: BBI - a new Berlin banking scandal? Kai Homilius Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-89706-835-3 .
• Meinhard von Gerkan : Black Box BER. From Berlin Brandenburg Airport and other major construction sites. How Germany is building its future. Quadriga, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-86995-060-0 .
• Matthias Roth: The capital's airport. Politics and mismanagement. An insider reports. To Klampen Verlag, Springe 2013, ISBN 978-3-86674-228-4 .
• Rainer W. During: Laughing number BER. The debacle over the capital's airport. A chronicle. Rotbuch Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-86789-187-5 .
• Martin Delius , Benedict Ugarte Chacón: Stay down - interim report of the pirate faction on the commission of inquiry BER . Pirate faction in the Berlin House of Representatives , 2013, ISBN 978-3-7657-2222-6 .
• Andreas Otto , Harald Moritz : That had to go wrong - An interim report to the investigative committee BER. Group Alliance 90 / The Greens in the Berlin House of Representatives, 2014 ( otto-direkt.de [PDF, 3.4 MB]).
• Benedict Ugarte Chacón: Overburdened Populists. The parliamentary groups of FDP and AfD in the Berlin House of Representatives and their contribution to airport policy. 1st edition. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-8305-3918-6 .
• Benedict Ugarte Chacón: Outside the city. A little history of a major airport . In: Benedict Ugarte Chacón, Michael Förster, Thorsten Grünberg: Inquiry committees: The sharpest wooden sword of parliamentarism? Selected Berlin political scandals . Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2020, ISBN 978-3-8305-5005-1 , pp. 199–242.

Web links

Commons : Berlin Brandenburg Airport  - Collection of images

• Berlin Brandenburg Airport
• Berlin-Brandenburg, joint site on BBI airport environment development ( Memento from January 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
• Departure routes for BER Airport (PDF; 4 MB) at the Federal Supervisory Office for Air Traffic Control (undated)
• News and information about BER at RBB / rbb24
• 3D model at the Tagesspiegel
• Report of the 1st committee of inquiry of the Berlin House of Representatives - 17th electoral term - to clarify the causes, consequences and responsibility for the cost and deadline overruns at the Berlin Brandenburg Airport Willy Brandt (BER), which is under construction. (PDF; 18.8 MB) In: parlament-berlin.de. June 14, 2016(1269 pages). 

Remarks

1. ↑ Berlin distance measuring point: According to Article Berlin , the point of the geographic location of Berlin corresponds to the location of the Berlin City Hall (Rotes Rathaus, May 28, 2012).
2. ↑ Air routes are not part of the planning approval.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Michael Fabricius: The BER opening can hardly be prevented. In: The world. January 24, 2020, accessed August 7, 2020 . 
2. ↑ ^{a b} Dyrk Scherff and AndreasPein (photos): The miracle of Berlin. May 3, 2020, accessed August 7, 2020 . 
3. ↑ Where is my flight going? Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH, accessed on November 2, 2020 . 
4. ↑ ^{a b} Airport boss Lütke Daldrup wants to name a new start date for the airport after December 24th. In: Potsdam's latest news . August 30, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017 . 
5. ↑ BBI: Wowereit at the first groundbreaking. (No longer available online.) In: berlin.de. Press and Information Office of the State of Berlin, September 5, 2006, archived from the original on May 3, 2014 ; accessed on May 10, 2019 . 
6. ↑ ^{a b c d} Christoph Spangenberg: The BER opening dates: 2007, 2011, 2012, 2013… In: Der Tagesspiegel . September 5, 2012, accessed August 7, 2015 . 
7. ↑ Dahme-Spreewald district gives BER the green light. In: rbb24.de. Retrieved April 28, 2020 . 
8. ↑ BBI work in full swing . In: Fliegerrevue . October 2008, p. 48 .
9. ↑ Capital Airport BBI: Milestone reached: southern runway finished. ( Memento of February 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Press release. Berlin Brandenburg Airport GmbH, berlin-airport.de, May 10, 2011.
10. ↑ Berlin Airports: Nordbahn from Schönefeld is demolished. In: Der Tagesspiegel . December 14, 2007, accessed August 7, 2020 . 
11. ↑ Numbers - data - facts. In: berlin-airport.de. Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH, accessed on September 15, 2015 . 
12. ↑ Klaus Bischoff: Luminous pearls in the paint pot airport. Draw lines: 120 kilometers of markings are being created on the runway and the aprons of the new Schönefeld Airport. In: Märkische Allgemeine . October 6, 2011, accessed August 7, 2020 . 
13. ↑ AIP GERMANY AIRAC AMDT 4/12 and 5/12
14. ↑ NOTAM ED A2078 / 12
15. ↑ BER taxiways go into operation. ( Memento from February 13, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) airliners.de, June 29, 2012.
16. ↑ BAnz AT 03/09/2015 V1
17. ↑ Mühlenfeld believes that BER will open in 2017 - BER needs a provisional expansion to start. (No longer available online.) In: rbb-online.de. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015 ; accessed on May 10, 2019 . 
18. ↑ BER starting shot in March. Retrieved October 10, 2014 . 
19. ↑ BER: DFS puts tower into operation. In: airliners.de. March 26, 2012, accessed December 15, 2012 . 
20. ↑ ^{a b} Topping-out ceremony for the new terminal at Berlin Brandenburg Airport. In: aero.de. Aviation Media & IT GmbH, May 6, 2010, accessed December 15, 2012 . 
21. ↑ The BBI gets its face. ( Memento of January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Press release. berlin-airport.de, Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH, September 4, 2009.
22. ↑ BBI Terminal: Starting signal for construction work. ( Memento from February 10, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Press release. Berlin Brandenburg Airport GmbH, berlin-airport.de, July 11, 2008.
23. ↑ ^{a b c d} Thomas Fülling: BER airport: Topping-out ceremony for low-cost airline terminal. In: Berliner Morgenpost. July 30, 2019, accessed August 7, 2020 . 
24. ↑ Berlin Airport will have space for more passengers. In: Berliner Zeitung . January 24, 2008, p. 19 , accessed August 7, 2020 . 
25. ↑ Peter Neumann: Not yet built and already more expensive. In: Berliner Zeitung . July 10, 2008, accessed August 7, 2020 . 
26. ↑ Klaus Kurpjuweit: BER report: Doubts about the size of the new airport. In: Der Tagesspiegel . November 27, 2012, accessed December 15, 2012 . 
27. ↑ Klaus Kurpjuweit: BBI: major airport is even greater. In: Der Tagesspiegel. January 16, 2008, accessed December 15, 2012 . 
28. ^ Lecture by Sibylle Schlaich and Heike Nehl. In: stylepark.com, accessed August 30, 2013.
29. ↑ Andreas Wassermann, Michael Kröger, DER SPIEGEL: Berlin Brandenburg Airport opens: Landing in dreariness - DER SPIEGEL - Economy. Accessed November 1, 2020 . 
30. ↑ ^{a b c} expansion phases. (No longer available online.) Berlin Brandenburg Airport, archived from the original on February 3, 2020 ; accessed on January 27, 2020 . 
31. ↑ BER Terminal 2 finished on time: It won't open until 2021. In: welt.de. September 25, 2020, accessed September 29, 2020 . 
32. ↑ Berlin Brandenburg Airport Handbook. (PDF; 2.92 MB) (No longer available online.) In: berlin-airport.de. Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH, October 8, 2012, formerly in the original ; accessed on October 10, 2019 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  
33. ↑ Katrin Schoelkopf: Ready to fly: Why the federal government is harmful to the environment . In: Berliner Morgenpost . July 27, 2008 ( online, for a fee [accessed December 15, 2012]).
34. ↑ Ralf Schönball: Expensive Terminal: Government Airport for 125 million euros. In: Der Tagesspiegel . April 6, 2009, accessed August 7, 2020 . 
35. ^ Andreas Wassermann: State guests in the container. In: Spiegel Online . August 24, 2014, accessed December 9, 2019 . 
36. ↑ Costs for the Berlin government terminal are increasing. In: Airliners.de. December 30, 2010, accessed December 15, 2012 . 
37. ^ Projects detail: Reception building for state guests at BBI Airport. (No longer available online.) In: bhbvt.de. Bachmann + Haberer, archived from the original on November 30, 2012 ; accessed on May 10, 2019 . 
38. ^ Andreas Wassermann: State guests at Easyjet . In: Der Spiegel . No. 51 , 2012, p. 42 ( online ).
39. ↑ ^{a b} Schönefeld-Alt remains open temporarily. September 19, 2014, accessed September 20, 2019 . 
40. Jump up again at BER - this time around the government terminal. In: tagesspiegel.de. December 2, 2016, accessed September 20, 2019 . 
41. ↑ Done! In time! Really! In: sueddeutsche.de. September 6, 2018, accessed September 20, 2019 . 
42. ↑ The federal government may do without a new government terminal. In: rbb24.de. September 13, 2019, accessed September 20, 2019 . 
43. ↑ Federal government stops government terminal at BER. In: rbb24.de. December 5, 2019, accessed September 20, 2019 . 
44. ↑ Julia Klöckner was the first to land at BER. In: spiegel.de. October 21, 2020, accessed October 22, 2020 . 
45. ↑ Berlin Airports and LogistikNetz Berlin-Brandenburg sign cooperation agreement. ( Memento from February 10, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Press release. Berlin Brandenburg Airport GmbH, berlin-airport.de, May 30, 2008.
46. ↑ Traffic statistics December 2019. In: berlin-airport.de.
47. ↑ Traffic statistics. In: berlin-airport.de. Retrieved January 21, 2020 . 
48. ↑ Air traffic at selected airfields - Fach Series 8 Series 6.1 - 2011. (PDF; 3 MB) (No longer available online.) In: destatis.de. Federal Statistical Office , March 28, 2012, pp. 191–193 , archived from the original on November 15, 2012 ; accessed on May 10, 2019 . 
49. ↑ Uta Schmidt: More passengers, more freight. In: Märkische Allgemeine . April 6, 2017, accessed October 1, 2019 . 
50. ↑ BER Express Center as of October 31, 2020.
51. ↑ Public transport. Retrieved November 2, 2020 . 
52. ↑ Public transport. Retrieved November 2, 2020 . 
53. ↑ Public transport. Retrieved November 2, 2020 . 
54. ↑ Public transport. Retrieved November 2, 2020 . 
55. ^ Deutsche Bahn AG, Passenger Transport Division , Marketing eCommerce: BauInfoPortal. Retrieved November 2, 2020 . 
56. ↑ Lichtenrade S-Bahn station construction work begins for the new Dresden railway. In: Berliner Zeitung . September 21, 2017.
57. ↑ Getting to BER by public transport will be difficult. In: Der Tagesspiegel . May 2, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2019 . 
58. ↑ Jessica Hanack: U-Bahn in Berlin: U7 to Heerstraße - study is about to be completed. October 19, 2020, accessed on November 2, 2020 (German). 
59. ↑ Jessica Hanack: U-Bahn in Berlin: U7 to Heerstraße - study is about to be completed. October 19, 2020, accessed on November 2, 2020 (German). 
60. ↑ ^{a b} Nikolaus Doll: Bahn is investing heavily in the Berlin network . In: Berliner Morgenpost . April 18, 2007 ( online, for a fee [accessed September 11, 2012]).
61. ↑ Answer of the federal government to the small question of the MPs Jan Mücke, Horst Friedrich (Bayreuth), Patrick Döring, other MPs and the parliamentary group of the FDP . Printed matter 16/5488. In: Negotiations of the German Bundestag / printed matter . June 8, 2007 ( online (PDF; 120 kB) [accessed December 15, 2012]).
62. ↑ Peter Neumann: It will not be possible to get to the airport quickly until 2020 . In: Berliner Zeitung . August 27, 2011 ( online ).
63. ↑ BER: Parking. In: ber.berlin-airport.de. 2020, accessed October 31, 2020 . 
64. ↑ Inexpensive parking at Berlin-Schönefeld Airport. In: parken-und-fliegen.de. April 15, 2020, accessed October 31, 2020 . 
65. ↑ ExpoCenter Airport completed in record time. Press release. (No longer available online.) In: berlin-expocenter-airport.de. Berlin ExpoCenter Airport, July 3, 2012, archived from the original on November 1, 2013 ; Retrieved August 3, 2012 . 
66. ↑ First groundbreaking ceremony for the new ILA site. ( Memento from February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 71 kB). Press release. Messeimmobilien Selchow GmbH, ila-berlin.de, August 18, 2011.
67. ↑ Joachim Fahrun: BER: Airport boss reckons with tens of thousands of jobs. November 21, 2017, accessed April 5, 2020 . 
68. ^ Business Park Berlin. ( Memento from October 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH, berlin-airport.de.
69. ↑ Schönefeld: Billion investment at the major airport BBI . In: Der Tagesspiegel . October 9, 2008 ( online [accessed December 28, 2012]).
70. ↑ Our brand. Logos. (No longer available online.) In: berlin-airport.de. Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH, archived from the original on June 14, 2013 ; accessed on May 10, 2019 . 
71. ↑ Creative Mornings Signage for Airports - Identity and Function. In: moniteurs.de. January 27, 2012, accessed on July 26, 2014 (presentation as part of Creative Mornings). 
72. ↑ Our brand. Fonts. (No longer available online.) In: berlin-airport.de. Berlin Brandenburg Airport GmbH, archived from the original on September 15, 2013 ; accessed on March 14, 2019 . 
73. ↑ ^{a b} Summary of the expert opinion “Results of the location search” phase 1 of the preparation of the regional planning procedure (Dornier study) . June 14, 1993 ( online [accessed July 19, 2020]).
74. ↑ List of citizens' initiatives. In: bertrug.de. J. Kornitzky, accessed January 2, 2013 . 
75. ↑ Bright green light for Berlin Brandenburg International (BBI). In: baulinks.de. ARCHmatic - Alfons Oebbeke, March 16, 2006, accessed December 28, 2012 . 
76. ↑ Aviation industry: We don't inform citizens enough . In: Der Tagesspiegel . January 9, 2012 ( online [accessed January 2, 2013]).
77. ↑ ^{a b} Ban on night flights during core time at Berlin-Schönefeld Airport. BVerwG, judgment of March 16, 2006 - 4 A 1073/04. (No longer available online.) In: gsup.de. Grawert Partnerschaftsgesellschaft, archived from the original on January 7, 2011 ; Retrieved January 2, 2013 . 
78. ↑ The court allows flights until midnight. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . October 13, 2011, accessed January 2, 2013 . 
79. ↑ Picture with the planned BER flight routes. (JPEG) Internet platform Fluglärm BBI, accessed on January 2, 2013 . 
80. ↑ Andreas Kilb: Arcadia smells of kerosene . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . September 29, 2010 ( online [accessed January 2, 2013]).
81. ↑ BBI aircraft noise internet platform. Spokesman's council of BI Stahnsdorf, accessed on October 28, 2010 (joint website of the citizens' initiatives against aircraft noise at BBI). 
82. ↑ ddp / mbd: Experts criticize the departure route from Schönefeld. In: Welt Online . October 12, 2010, accessed January 2, 2013.
83. ↑ Sebastian Höhn: Reactor in the approach lane . In: Berliner Zeitung . October 12, 2010 ( online ).
84. ↑ DFS presents flight routes for BBI. Press release. (No longer available online.) In: dfs.de. German air traffic control , July 4, 2011, archived from the original on June 3, 2012 ; accessed on May 10, 2019 . 
85. ↑ Klaus Kurpjuweit: Air traffic control presents proposal for flight routes . In: Der Tagesspiegel . July 4, 2011 ( online [accessed January 2, 2013]).
86. ↑ Local residents want to complain - Wowereit wants "some rest" . In: Berliner Morgenpost . January 26, 2012 ( online, for a fee [accessed January 2, 2013]).
87. ↑ Flight routes for the new airport officially confirmed. In: bündnissüdost.de. January 26, 2012, accessed December 7, 2019 . 
88. ↑ The East goes swimming. In: The daily newspaper . Retrieved July 12, 2014 . 
89. ↑ Lawsuits against capital city airport dismissed . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . July 31, 2012 ( online [accessed January 2, 2013]).
90. ↑ EU proceedings against Berlin airport construction . In: The world . May 31, 2013, p. 1 .
91. ↑ ch: There are several constitutional complaints against BER. In: Airliners.de. February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017 . 
92. ↑ Federal Constitutional Court rejects BER opponents. In: Spiegel Online . December 12, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2019 . 
93. ↑ Opponent of the night flight regulation failed. In: Spiegel Online . July 31, 2018, accessed September 23, 2019 . 
94. ↑ Frank Welskop: BBI - a new Berlin banking scandal? 2009, ISBN 978-3-89706-835-3 .
95. ↑ BER disaster predicted in 2009. Märkische Allgemeine, May 31, 2014.
96. ↑ Answer of the state government to the big question 13 of the BÜNDNIS 90 / DIE GRÜNEN parliamentary group of April 19, 2011 (printed matter 5/3119) "Economic efficiency of the airport Berlin Brandenburg International and the airport Berlin-Schönefeld GmbH" (printed matter 5/3819).
97. ↑ Wilfried von Aswegen: Considerations on the profitability of the airport BER. (PDF) 2014.
98. ↑ Study: BER never makes a profit. Märkische Allgemeine, May 23, 2014.
99. ^ Friedrich Thießen et al.: The BER airport. Analysis of the economic situation with alternative scenarios. Edited by the BÜNDNIS 90 / DIE GRÜNEN parliamentary group in the Brandenburg state parliament. Potsdam, June 2014, ISBN 978-3-9815807-4-7 .
100. ↑ Poor accounting at BER Airport - amateurism or blatant fraud? ( Memento from April 1, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Press release Bündnis90 / Die Grünen.
101. ↑ Answer of the Federal Government to the minor question from MPs Stephan Kühn (Dresden), Annalena Baerbock, Renate Künast, other MPs and the Alliance 90 / THE GREENS parliamentary group - printed matter 18/6121 - profitability of the airport project BER.
102. ↑ Debate about airport names . In: The daily newspaper . October 18, 2007 ( online [accessed December 28, 2012]).
103. ^ Berlin-Brandenburg Airport: Large-scale reunification project . History of Berlin Airports. In: Märkische Allgemeine . April 28, 2010 ( online [accessed January 2, 2013]). Berlin-Brandenburg Airport: Major reunification project ( Memento from May 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
104. ↑ From 2011: BBI becomes Berlin Brandenburg Airport. ( Memento from February 10, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Press release. Berlin Brandenburg Airport GmbH, berlin-airport.de, December 11, 2009.
105. ↑ Sabine Beikler, Klaus Kurpjuweit: Schönefeld: Berlin gets a Chancellor Airport . In: Der Tagesspiegel . December 12, 2009 ( online [accessed December 28, 2012]).
106. ^ Ernst Haas: Modern airports for civil air traffic . VEB Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin 1962, DNB  451745442 .
107. ↑ ^{a b c d} Planning approval decision for the expansion of the Berlin-Schönefeld airport. (PDF; 940 kB) In: mil.brandenburg.de. Ministry for Urban Development, Housing and Transport of the State of Brandenburg, August 13, 2004, accessed on December 13, 2012 . 
108. ^ Federal Administrative Court judgment in the name of the people. (PDF; 698 kB) BVerwG 4 A 1073.04. P. 86 , accessed December 28, 2012 . 
109. ↑ n-tv news television: first groundbreaking for BBI . In: n-tv.de . ( n-tv.de [accessed on March 24, 2018]).
110. ↑ Safety has priority: Technical problems with fire protection technology mean that the opening date for BER has to be postponed. In: berlin-airport.de. Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH , May 8, 2015, accessed on August 8, 2015 (press release). 
111. ↑ Passenger terminal at BER released for use. Press release of the Dahme-Spree district, April 28, 2020, accessed on May 3, 2020 . 
112. ^ Ewald B. Schulte: Sperenberg airport is priceless . In: Berliner Zeitung . November 17, 1995 ( berliner-zeitung.de ).
113. ↑ Silke Kersting: “The partial opening is coming” . In: Handelsblatt . June 14, 2013, p. 18-19 .
114. ↑ Silke Kersting, Jens Koenen: The start of the Berlin airport is postponed again . In: Handelsblatt . September 5, 2012, p. 18 .
115. ↑ Christian Fuchs, Stephan Lebert , Daniel Müller: The uncanny company. In: The time . July 16, 2015, pp. 17-19.
116. ↑ Berlin-Brandenburg Airport: costs for BER exceed seven billion euros. In: spiegel.de. February 23, 2018, accessed March 9, 2019 . 
117. ↑ Movers from Diepensee shouldn't have to do without anything . Relocation contract guarantees extensive rights. In: Berliner Zeitung . June 23, 1999 ( online [accessed December 28, 2012]).
118. ↑ Partial relocation of Selchow officially completed. Press release. In: stk.brandenburg.de. Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH, July 5, 2005, accessed on December 28, 2012 . 
119. ↑ A Nut Brown Tragedy . In: Der Spiegel , August 21, 2020
120. ↑ Sven Röbel, Andreas Wassermann: No longer controllable . In: Der Spiegel . No. 31 , 2012 ( online ).
121. ↑ Thorsten Metzner: This is how companies earn money from the BER disaster. In: Der Tagesspiegel . 23rd November 2017.
122. ↑ Stefan Jacobs: Ready to go for the terminal shell of the airport train station in Schönefeld ready . In: Der Tagesspiegel . July 3, 2008 ( online [accessed November 24, 2014]).
123. ↑ Farhad Dilmaghani: Small question from the MP Oliver Höfinghoff (Pirate Party Germany) from September 19, 2012 and answer. (PDF; 155 kB) Printed matter 17/10 984. In: parlament-berlin.de. The President of the Berlin House of Representatives, November 22, 2012, accessed on December 28, 2012 . 
124. ↑ Almost 250 work accidents at the future BER airport . In: Berliner Zeitung , May 5, 2013.
125. ↑ ^{a b c} DB ProjektBau GmbH (Ed.): Infrastructure projects 2010: Building at Deutsche Bahn . Eurailpress-Verlag, Hamburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7771-0414-0 , p. 14-26 .
126. ↑ Contracts for rail connection to BBI airport awarded. Press release. In: pressrelations.de. Deutsche Bahn , November 21, 2007, accessed on December 28, 2012 . 
127. ↑ First construction phase of the BBI completed. The groundbreaking for the terminal building of the new airport will follow on July 11th . In: The world . July 3, 2008 ( online [accessed December 28, 2012]).
128. ↑ Berlin / Brandenburg: New route to BBI airport ready . In: Railway magazine . No. 8/2011 . Alba Publication & Alba Fachverlag, Meerbusch 2011, p. 16 .
129. ↑ Berliner Verkehrsblätter. No. 8/14, p. 156.
130. ↑ Berliner Verkehrsblätter. No. 4/13, p. 67.
131. ↑ Berlin Brandenburg Airport: Fixed price is fixed price . In: Der Spiegel . No. 9 , 2007 ( online ).
132. ↑ Trial operation. In: berlin-airport.de. Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH, accessed on January 2, 2013 . 
133. ↑ BER: TÜV starts technical acceptance. In: airliners.de. November 28, 2011, accessed January 2, 2013 . 
134. ↑ BER trial operation starts. November 24, 2011, accessed January 2, 2013 . 
135. ↑ BER trial run. Berlin Brandenburg Airport, accessed on January 27, 2020 . 
136. ↑ Pirates protect Wowereit . In: Handelsblatt . August 30, 2012, p. 12 .
137. ↑ First part of BER Airport opened . In: Handelsblatt . July 4, 2013, p. 12 .
138. ↑ First machine brings air freight to the capital city airport BER . airliners.de, August 1, 2013.
139. ↑ ^{a b} fdi / dpa: BER boss thinks the opening in October is certain. In: Der Spiegel - Economy. April 20, 2020, accessed May 1, 2020 . 
140. ↑ Berlin Brandenburg Airport: BER receives operating permit. In: www.berlin-airport.de. Berlin Brandenburg Airport, October 1, 2020, accessed on October 14, 2020 . 
141. ↑ ^{a b} Sabine Beikler: This is how the BER move will take place around October 31st. In: https://www.tagesspiegel.de/ . October 14, 2020, accessed October 14, 2020 . 
142. ↑ rbb24: So Tegel moves to Schönefeld. In: www.rbb24.de. www.rbb24.de, October 14, 2020, accessed on October 14, 2020 . 
143. ↑ The first regular day at BER has started. In: aeroTELEGRAPH. October 31, 2020, accessed on November 1, 2020 (Swiss Standard German). 
144. ^ Federal Administrative Court judgment in the name of the people. (PDF; 702 kB) BVerwG 4 A 1075.04. P. 121 , accessed January 2, 2013 . 
145. ↑ PNN: Field survey for a third runway. Retrieved March 26, 2014 . 
146. ↑ Peter Danckert on the future of Schönefeld Airport, the euro crisis and its return to local politics . In: Märkische Allgemeine . November 17, 2011 ( online [accessed January 2, 2013]). Peter Danckert on the future of Schönefeld Airport, the euro crisis and its return to local politics ( memento from November 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
147. ↑ Wowereit: Capital Airport without a third runway . In: Frankfurter Neue Presse . November 15, 2011 ( online [accessed January 2, 2013]). online ( Memento from March 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
148. ↑ SXF and BER are getting bigger. In: berlin-airport.de. Retrieved September 26, 2015 . 
149. ↑ Peter Neumann: Schönefeld Airport After the renovation of Pier 3a there is more comfort for those waiting. In: Berliner Zeitung. Retrieved November 5, 2019 . 
150. ↑ Peter Neumann: More money for the expansion of Schönefeld Airport will remain until 2026 - and should grow. In: Berliner Zeitung . December 14, 2018, accessed August 7, 2020 . 
151. ↑ Annual Report 2018. (PDF) In: Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH. August 8, 2019, accessed August 7, 2020 .