Parking garage
A multi-storey car park is usually a multi-storey building with parking spaces for cars or motorcycles and, more rarely, for trucks or bicycles . Parking garages are mostly built in larger cities in order to make better use of the limited inner-city space and to relieve the street space of parked cars (so-called stationary traffic ). One floor of a parking garage is called a parking deck . A multi-storey car is a ramp accessible, not lying on the ground floor garage , a parking garage is a garage below the earth's surface.
functionality
A distinction is to be made in principle according to the type of development:
- Via ramps and half ramps (whereby the drivers almost always drive their vehicle to the parking space and pick it up there)
- A space-saving variant is the D'Humy system , also known as the split-level system.
- Parking garages that have parking spaces on parking ramps are very economical.
- by elevators (e.g. automatic parking garage ) or movement of vehicles by garage personnel - the drivers hand in their vehicle and key
A parking fee usually has to be paid for parking a vehicle. For security reasons, many parking garages are monitored by video cameras. In modern systems, an occupancy detection is usually installed that shows the user how many parking spaces are still free. This is often also linked to a parking guidance system. In some parking garages there are parking spaces specially reserved for women ; these are often wider, are usually located in easily visible places, close to the security guards or they are specially monitored by video cameras.
Related terms
The term “ large garage”, which is often used in parallel , also refers to garage systems that only include single-storey vehicle halls or a number of individual garages in combination with a workshop and a gas station - that is, they have little in common with a car park in today's sense.
Often referred to by the term car park and underground car parks , which are in contrast to high garages / parking garages underground. There are also combinations of the two.
History / development
The need to create parking facilities for automobiles on a larger scale probably first arose in the USA , where mass motorization began much earlier than in other parts of the world. The construction of multi-storey car parks in the metropolises began shortly after the First World War .
London's first multi-storey car park was built near Piccadilly Circus on May 5, 1901 and stretched over seven floors.
Situation in Germany
development
The first parking garages were built in Germany in the 1920s. Examples (without claim to completeness):
- Egro garage in Essen - Rüttenscheid (1924)
- Jungbusch garage in Mannheim (around 1925)
- Schwaben garage in Stuttgart (1926)
- Large garage Goldene Lute in Leipzig (1927)
- Stern-Garagen in Chemnitz (also Garagenhof Chemnitz ) (1928) (multi-storey despite the courtyard )
- Central garage in Fürth (November 1928) (two-story concrete building)
- Large Opel garage in Düsseldorf (around 1928)
- Large garage south (Halle) in Halle (Saale) (1929), Liebenauer Straße (was renovated from 2009-10, back in operation)
- Kant-Garage (also Kant-Garagen-Palast and Serlin-Rampenhaus ) in Berlin-Charlottenburg (1930)
- Opel garage in Aachen (also misleading Opel plant Aachen ) (1930)
- Cicero garage in Berlin-Charlottenburg (around 1930)
- Witzleben garage in Berlin-Charlottenburg (1931)
However, parking garages only became really popular in Germany after the Second World War , when mass motorization also began here.
- So in 1953 opened Dusseldorf the Haniel garage that by architect Paul Schneider Esleben as a motel , gas station and car repair shop was conceived. (1950–1953 overall planning and construction period; 1985 listed; 1994 renovation / restoration) The two external ramps were suspended from the cantilevered reinforced concrete structure and were heated. Today the used car dealership of the BMW branch and a McDonald’s branch are located there .
- The five-storey and first public car park Hauptwache in Frankfurt am Main was built in 1956 as a consequence of the increasing traffic density in downtown Frankfurt.
More recent developments are moving in the direction of technically complex, space-saving, fully automatic parking garages , where the user only has to put his car in a parking box, from where it is then moved to its parking position by the system.
operator
Many car parks in Germany are operated by specialized companies, the largest providers in Germany are APCOA with 200,000, Contipark with 130,000 and Q-Park with 86,000, B + B multi-storey car park with 21,000 and Vinci Park with 13,000 parking spaces (as of 2011).
Among other things, APCOA operates the multi-storey car parks at Düsseldorf (17,000 parking spaces) and Stuttgart (10,000 parking spaces) and Berlin-Schönefeld (5,900 parking spaces) as well as the Allianz Arena (11,350 parking spaces). Among other things, Q-Park operates the parking garages at Berlin-Tegel Airport. Contipark has a 49% stake in DB BahnPark , which operates multi-storey car parks at train stations.
Large parking garages
Only large, individual parking garages are listed here. Large complexes of several parking garages, such as B. at many airports, but sometimes have significantly more capacity.
| rank | Parking garage | local community | Levels | Parking spaces |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Frankfurt am Main airport - multi-storey car park T1 | Frankfurt | 14th | 12,000 |
| 2. | Allianz Arena - multi-storey car park | Munich | 4th | 9,800 |
| 3. | Daimler AG, Mercedes-Benz Sindelfingen plant - P307 | Sindelfingen | 6th | 8,000 |
| 4th | Zurich Airport - multi-storey car park 6 | Balls | 10 | 7,485 |
| 5. | Munich Airport - Parking garage P 20 | Erding | 11 | 6,400 |
| 6th | Hamburg Airport - multi-storey car park P2–4 | Hamburg | 3-9 | 5,900 |
| 7th | Audi AG - Parking garage Gate 6 | Neckarsulm | 7th | 5,700 |
| 8th. | Messe Frankfurt - Rebstock car park | Frankfurt | 5,400 | |
| 9. | New Munich Trade Fair Center - West car park | Munich | 7th | 4,600 |
| 10. | Frankfurt am Main airport - parking garage T2 | Frankfurt | 4th | 4,500 |
| 11. | Audi AG - Multi-storey car park T39 | Ingolstadt | 8th | 4,300 |
| 12. | Messe Stuttgart - multi-storey car park above the motorway | Stuttgart | 5 | 4,200 |
| 13. | Daimler AG , Mercedes-Benz Sindelfingen plant - P 305 | Sindelfingen | 7th | 4,000 |
| 14th | Cologne / Bonn Airport - multi-storey car park 3 | Cologne / Bonn | approx. 4,000 | |
criticism
The Auto Club Europa criticizes that only a few parking garages have so far widened their parking bays and thus adapted them to the increased width of many cars. The ACE requires a parking bay width of 2.50 meters instead of the 2.30 or 2.20 meters found in many places. For the disabled and families with children on board, seats 3.50 m wide are desirable.
The ADAC makes and publishes parking garage tests every year. In 2011 he checked 50 parking garages; he rated three as “very poor”.
literature
- Beatrice Haerig: In the eye of the double helix . In: Monuments December 2013. 23 Vol. 6, pp. 66–73.
- Jürgen Hasse : Overlooked spaces: On the cultural history and heterotopology of the parking garage. transcript Verlag , 2007, ISBN 978-3-89942-775-2 ( preview on Google Books )
- Joachim Kleinmanns: Parking garages. Architectural history of an unloved necessity. Jonas Verlag , Marburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-89445-447-0 .
- Madelaine Rose Mayer: Parking Lots: An Investigation of Public Space in the Contemporary American City (Dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology), Atlanta 2005
- Academy of the Hesse Chamber of Architects and Urban Planners, German Architecture Museum, Quantum AG, NH Group (ed.): More than just parking. Thinking car parks further , JOVIS Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-86859-282-5
See also
Web links
- Germany's first parking garage is approved (May 8, 1952) ( Memento of July 3, 2003 in the Internet Archive ), BR calendar May 8, 2003
- Goldgrube parking garage ( Memento from May 18, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) FTD from August 2, 2007
Individual evidence
- ↑ Duden | Parking deck | Spelling, meaning, definition, origin. Retrieved February 14, 2020 .
- ↑ Duden | Multi-storey car park | Spelling, meaning, definition, origin. Retrieved December 17, 2019 .
- ↑ Sven Bardua: Berliner Kant-Garagen, All around, that's not difficult , The amount of cars in the big cities to accommodate is a problem that has not yet been solved. But it can be alleviated by cleverly built parking garages. The Berlin Kant garages are not. Now they are threatened with demolition. FAZ from June 22, 2014
- ↑ Contipark company data
- ↑ Parking spaces in Germany - figures and information. Accessed July 2, 2013.
- ↑ Market position ( Memento of the original from May 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , q-park.de
- ↑ Apcoa goes to Eurazeo , manager-magazin.de
- ↑ Overview by operator ( memento of the original from May 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , parkhaeuser-in-deutschland.de
- ↑ https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.mercedes-benz-werk-sindelfingen-platz-fuer-4000-autos.16f9aefa-292c-4333-b691-37aaeb4fb6ff.html
- ↑ Parking spaces are too narrow , rp-online.de, 2011
- ↑ http://www.adac.de/infotestrat/tests/strassen/parkhaustest-2011/default.aspx?ComponentId=99072&quer=parkhaustest ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. adac.de
