Automatic parking garage
An automatic parking system parks vehicles vertically and / or horizontally with the help of conveyor technology . A distinction can be made here between partially automatic and fully automatic systems.
- Semi-automatic systems are equipped with a dead man's switch because the user is inside the system. The user has to control the parking process by constantly pressing a button. Examples of semi-automatic systems are double parkers or lifting systems, shifting lifting systems , driver replacement systems and simple turntable systems.
- Fully automatic systems do not offer access to the interior of the parking system. In such systems, also known as parking shelves , the functional principle and control logic are borrowed from automated high-bay storage systems . The vehicles are driven onto a movable parking platform in an entrance area , the driver receives a receipt for his vehicle with which he can later pick it up again. The parking platform or pallet is then automatically parked in a free parking area by the system with the help of shifting units and / or lifting cranes.
Types of automatic parking systems
The first parking paternoster was set up in Chicago as early as 1937. The system offered space for up to 22 vehicles. With such paternoster or circulation systems, the vehicles circulate until the desired vehicle is available in the entrance or exit. Today, such systems are particularly widespread in Japan , as the small footprint required accommodates the lack of space in Japanese cities. On a floor space of only four normal parking bays, such a parking tower with a height of approx. 50 meters can offer a capacity for up to 100 cars.
So-called transfer systems are a horizontal variant . A parking space is kept free on each parking level . The system now moves the parking pallets until the requested vehicle is available.
At Park shelving systems , there are different variants like most fully automated systems. So have radial systems a circular floor plan. In the middle there is a rotatable conveyor that moves the vehicle vertically into the free parking box with the help of a crane or a lifting device.
Alley systems have a rectangular floor plan. They use fixed shelves and a shuttle unit that moves the vehicle horizontally within an intermediate aisle and vertically with the help of a crane. The pallet with the vehicle is pushed into the shelf at the height of the corresponding parking box.
A combination of fixed and movable shelves uses a special parking system in Dresden . Here, as in the aisle system, fixed shelves are used. However, the tramline is not completely free of parking spaces. The space of the tramline is used to the maximum by sliding hanging shelves . These hanging shelves are one parking unit shorter than the fixed shelves. The system thus enables the transfer unit to be moved. This ensures the fastest possible access times to the respective vehicle or to the respective parking box. The transfer unit can transport and store vehicles vertically or horizontally. The system is currently the largest public automatic parking system in German-speaking countries.
Advantages and disadvantages of fully automated parking systems compared to conventional parking solutions
The main advantage of parking shelving systems is the very small development area required in relation to the parking area - the areas required for entry and exit, entry and exit, for parking and for pedestrians can be omitted, only the floor space required for the conveyor system remains. This is particularly low in the case of cylindrical parking rack systems, but even less in the case of paternoster systems. In addition, no lighting or air conditioning is required in the parking area, parking shelving systems can also be built very well underground without creating the fearful spaces that occur in underground garages , but also in normal parking garages .
In addition, the fact that only the area for dropping off and receiving vehicles is accessible at ground level means that automated parking bay solutions are handicapped accessible and very safe. The risk of attacks and property damage is also lower. There is less odor nuisance for those who park, and the elimination of traffic looking for a parking space and parking maneuvers means less emissions are produced (with 780 parking spaces up to 35% less CO 2 , 44% less benzene).
Park shelves are often used as a design element in the urban context, such as the well-known smart towers, where the focus is less on the parking function than on the function as a prominent exhibition area. Or the AutoTürme of Autostadt Wolfsburg , which dominate the site, visible from afar.
Disadvantages of previous parking racks are the high costs with relatively long cycle times per vehicle. The next vehicle can only be delivered when the conveyor carriage has sorted the pallet with the previous vehicle and is back at the entrance area. The same applies to the collection of vehicles. The long delivery times can be reduced if several conveyor systems are installed in parallel, which means that several entries and exits are possible. However, the costs for the conveyor technology are correspondingly higher and the control logic is more complex. The latest parking towers have double conveyor systems.
Current situation
Automatic parking systems are gaining in importance. One sees in them an opportunity to realize parking solutions in a small space and thus prevent the decentralization of the inner cities. Fully automatic neighborhood garages could alleviate the parking space shortage in residential areas.
Automatic parking garages - especially the paternoster version - have been around in Japan since the 1980s.
In 2001, the "first" fully automated multi-storey car park in Switzerland was opened on Hallenstrasse in the Seefeld district in Zurich . Due to technical problems (parking vehicles in and out of parking spaces took significantly longer than planned, vehicles were occasionally no longer released), however, it was only in operation for six weeks. At the end of 2010, the city of Zurich decided to demolish the parking garage.
On May 10, 1958, the first fully automated parking garage in Europe was opened in Basel near the Heuwaage. The parking garage was closed again in 1970 for reasons of profitability.
In Schaffhausen CityParking Schaffhausen is currently the only public automatic parking system in Switzerland into operation. This was first created in 1958 as a semi-automatic system and converted into a fully automatic car park in 1997.
The currently largest fully automated car park in Europe with space for around 1000 cars is located in Aarhus, Denmark .
Provider of automatic parking garages
The trend in automated parking garages is towards greater capacities and full automation. This requires a greater technological leap compared to semi-automatic systems. According to "The Mechanical Parking Business Directory 2011" and "The Parking Network", there are a limited number of providers who have significant experience in the design and construction of fully automated systems with greater capacity:
| providers | country |
|---|---|
| 5BY2 | Netherlands |
| Autopark Parking Solutions | Netherlands |
| Boomerang Systems Inc. | United States |
| Dong Yang | Korea |
| Fuji Hensokuki | Japan |
| Guangzhou Golri Automatic Parking Co. | China |
| Klaus Multiparking GmbH | Germany |
| Lödige Industries Group | Germany |
| MP System Co. | Korea |
| Otto Nussbaum GmbH | Germany |
| Otto Woehr GmbH | Germany |
| Parking Technologies GmbH - Palis | Germany |
| ParkPlus | United States |
| Precision Automation & Robotics India Ltd. (PAR) | India |
| Qingdao Bortome Import & Export Co., Ltd | China |
| Robotic parking | United States |
| Saalfelder Hebezeugbau GmbH (SHB) | Germany |
| Skyline Parking | Switzerland |
| STOPA Anlagenbau GmbH (Car Park Systems division operates under the name "stolzer") | Germany |
| Trevi Park | Italy |
| Unitronics Systems Inc. | United States |
| Westfalia Logistics Solutions Europe GmbH & Co. KG | Germany |
| XJ Parking System Co. | China |
Web links
- Article in Welt am Sonntag - "Parking with Autopilot"
- Article in “Die Welt”: Solving parking problems with automatic systems
- Article in KommunalDirekt "Building and Urban Planning - We Must Keep Our Cities Intact"
- Article in the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure
- Westfalia delivers the first fully automatic parking system
- Article in The World "The Lord of Smart Towers"
Individual evidence
- ↑ The first fully automated parking garage in Switzerland is demolished , Tages-Anzeiger, December 29, 2010
- ↑ The Pushbutton Garage , DER SPIEGEL, June 18, 1958
- ↑ Open car park doors day , Winterthurer Stadtanzeiger, May 6, 2014
- ↑ [1] , homepage of the operator
- ↑ a b Hamelink, Ir. Leon J. (2011), The Mechanical Parking Guide 2011, ISBN 1-466-43786-3
- ↑ Hamelink, Ir. Leon J. (2011), The Mechanical Parking Business Directory 2011, ISBN 1-466-43786-3
- ^ The Parking Network , September 4, 2013