Petrol station and garage operation

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Large garage in Hamburg 1926

Commercial filling stations and garages are known as large garages . Large garages are structural systems that are used for permanent parking of automobiles , i.e. for parking . In addition, the maintenance and supply of the motor vehicles with operating materials takes place here. However, larger, non-public collective garages such as company garages are also referred to as large garages .

Large garages are rental garages that usually consist of a series of individual garages or are designed as a hall with separate parking spaces. Large garages are usually low-rise buildings, but were also designed as underground garages ( basement garages ). Two-storey buildings, which have a basement in addition to the ground floor, are an exception here. Very few large garages with several upper floors, i.e. multi-storey car parks , have been realized in Germany.

History, function and designs

The first private individual garages were built around the same time as the automobiles. First of all, existing buildings on the property of the almost exclusively wealthy automobile owners were converted into a garage for horses or equipage .

Automobile depot at Villa Esche in Chemnitz, 1903

The first new garages were built in the USA, Great Britain, France and Germany also before the turn of the century. The spectrum of these buildings specially designed for the new vehicles included simple wooden sheds as well as elaborately designed, luxurious collective garages.

Around 1900, systems were built especially for motor vehicles around the world, in which car owners could rent individual and collective garages permanently. In Germany these commercial rental garages were generally referred to as large garages. The oldest, verifiable commercial enterprise of this kind in Berlin, for example, the large garage of Automüller GmbH was built in 1901 in Wilmersdorf . Similar rental garage systems were built a little earlier in the USA (1898 the Electric Vehicle Company Garage in Chicago ) and Great Britain (1900 Crystal Palace Garage in London ).

In addition to accommodation for motor vehicles , large garages have offered additional services since the beginning of the 20th century, such as the supply of fuel and lubricants ( petrol , benzene , oil , lubricating grease) and the sale of spare and wear parts (especially tires, batteries, coolers) , as well as work, leisure and accommodation rooms for the chauffeurs. This was indispensable because, well into the 1920s, automobiles required an immensely high level of care and maintenance for today's understanding, and automobile infrastructures such as repair shops and filling stations were not available back then to the extent that we are used to today .

  • Lister Groß-Garage GmbH , Hanover (Liebigstrasse), built around 1928, former gas station and row garages 2011

  • Lister Groß-Garage GmbH , built around 1928, garage yard 2011

  • Zschau-Garagen GmbH , Leipzig (Frankfurter Str.), Built around 1931, car hall

  • Zschau-Garagen GmbH , Leipzig (Frankfurter Str.), Built around 1931, petrol and oil pumps

Commercial garages thus fulfilled two main tasks: that of "subordination" and that of "supply". In sum, this facet of automobilism was generally referred to as garage economy or garage business .

One- and two-storey rental garages with gas stations and vehicle repair workshops have been the most common commercial designs for large garages in Germany since the 1890s. They were built exclusively in the form of row or indoor garages. Characteristic for this construction task was the "route system with surrounding rows of boxes" and the mostly public petrol station. Often, a low-rise building with a shop front or a facade mask closed off the entrance and exit to the street. In addition to the individual boxes, these companies also had car washrooms and repair shops. The head building on the street side housed offices and exhibition areas, as well as rooms for the porter and the chauffeurs . The spatial subdivision of the large garages into self-contained individual and collection boxes was common throughout Germany.

The spectrum in the construction of single-storey row garages ranged from pragmatic rows of sheds to sophisticated systems such as the truck stop at the Botanical Garden in Berlin designed by Fred Forbát in 1927 , the Ostend garage in Hanau built by Clormann & Deines in 1928 , and the Holtzendorff garage completed in 1929 by Walter and Johannes Krüger in Berlin or the large Hinsch garage in Bremen designed by Carl Grabau in 1929 .

  • Large Hinsch garage in Bremen, street facade

  • Large garage in Hinsch , entry and exit

  • Large garage in Hinsch , car hall

  • Large garage in Hinsch , porter's office with petrol and oil cabinet

Those established for similar patterns, garage equipment were also garage yard , truck stop or ground floor garage called. Indoor garages differ from the row systems in that the stands here were in a converted space under a common roof. The most prominent example of a car hall with individual boxes is the single- storey car hotel built in 1929/30 by Ferenc Domány (1899–1939) on Saldernstrasse in Berlin-Charlottenburg . The parking spaces lined up on the side walls were iron frame boxes open at the top with thin partitions and wire mesh doors. These prototypes, developed for single-storey row or indoor garages, were later transferred directly or combined with one another to above-ground multi-storey buildings, the multi-storey car parks . This can be seen in the most famous multi -storey car park in Germany, the Kant-Garagenpalast in Berlin.

See also

literature

  • Georg Müller: Garages in their importance for motor traffic and urban planning. Private and commercial garage construction in planning and design, Berlin 1937
  • Pierre Belli-Riz: L'Immobilier de l'automobile en France, 1890-2000: du garage à la ville (Thèse de doctorat, Urbanisme et aménagement), Université de Paris VIII. 2000 (Lille, Atelier national de reproduction des thèses, 2002)
  • Thomas Katzke: The big city garage. Influence of automobilization on the Berlin architecture of the twenties (thesis, Institute for Historical Studies, supplementary course in the history of the Berlin-Brandenburg cultural landscape), Humboldt University Berlin 2005
  • Shannon Sanders McDonald: The parking garage. Design and evolution of a modern urban form, Washington 2007
  • René Hartmann: The multi-storey car park as a new building task - buildings and projects in Berlin until 1933 (Master's thesis, Institute for Art Research and Historical Urban Studies), Technical University Berlin 2009
  • Kathryn A. Morrison, John Minnis: Carscapes. The Motor Car, Architecture and Landscape in England, New Haven / London 2012
  • John A. Jakle, Keith A. Sculle: The Garage. Automobility and building innovation in America's early Auto Age, Knoxville (Tennessee) 2013
  • René Hartmann: Architecture for automobiles - multi-storey car parks and multi-storey car parks in Germany. A car [mobile] vision in the 20th century (dissertation, Institute for Art History and Historical Urbanism), Technical University Berlin 2015

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Shannon Sanders McDonald: The parking garage. Design and evolution of a modern urban form, Washington 2007
  2. ↑ Kathryn A. Morrison, John Minnis: Carscapes. The Motor Car, Architecture and Landscape in England, New Haven / London 2012, p. 167
  3. ↑ Pierre Belli-Riz: L'Immobilier de l'automobile en France, 1890-2000: du garage à la ville (Thèse de doctorat), Université de Paris VIII. 2000
  4. ↑ René Hartmann: Architecture for Automobiles (dissertation), TU Berlin 2015
  5. ↑ René Hartmann: The multi-storey car park as a new building task (master's thesis), TU Berlin 2009
  6. ↑ Shannon Sanders McDonald: The parking garage, Washington 2007, p. 16
  7. ^ Kathryn A. Morrison, John Minnis: Carscapes, New Haven / London 2012, p. 167
  8. ↑ Georg Müller: "Garage building technology as the basis of the garage economy." , IN: Das Garagenwesen, 2/1926, p. 15
  9. ↑ René Hartmann: Architecture for Automobiles (dissertation), TU Berlin 2015
  10. ↑ Georg Müller: Garages in their meaning for motor traffic and urban planning. Private and commercial garage construction in planning and design, Berlin 1937, p. 82
  11. ↑ Landesarchiv Berlin, B Rep. 212/1931 and 212/1932, Hortensienstraße 64/67
  12. ↑ Georg Müller: Garages in their meaning for motor traffic and urban development, Berlin 1937, pp. 80–85
  13. ↑ Georg Müller: Garages in their meaning for motor traffic and urban development, Berlin 1937, pp. 158–159