Berlin Tegel Airport

Berlin-Tegel Airport "Otto Lilienthal"
Characteristics
ICAO code	EDDT (until 1995: EDBT)
IATA code	TXL
Coordinates	52 ° 33 '35 "  N , 13 ° 17' 16"  E Coordinates: 52 ° 33 '35 "  N , 13 ° 17' 16"  E
Height above MSL	37 m (121  ft )
Transport links
Distance from the city center	11 km northwest of Berlin ( town hall )
road	Saatwinkler Dam ,
Basic data
opening	1948/1974
closure	November 8, 2020
operator	Berliner Flughafen-Gesellschaft mbH
area	461 ha
Terminals	5 (A – E)
Passengers	24,227,570 (2019)
Air freight	25,065 t (2019)
Flight movements	193,615 (2019)
Capacity ( PAX per year)	12 million
Employees	6849
Runways
08R / 26L	2428 m × 46 m asphalt
08L / 26R	3023 m × 46 m asphalt

Aerial view of the airport

The Berlin-Tegel Airport "Otto Lilienthal" ( IATA code : TXL , ICAO code : EDDT ) is a commercial airport in the greater Berlin area with no scheduled flight operations. Tegel was one of Berlin's two international airports until November 2020.

In 2018, an aircraft took off or landed in Tegel between 6 a.m. and 11 p.m. on average every two minutes, handling 22 million passengers. In terms of passenger numbers in June 2019, the airport was fourth in Germany (behind Frankfurt , Munich and Düsseldorf ) and 28th in a European comparison (see: List of the largest airports in Europe , data for 2019).

The airport was operated by Berliner Flughafen-Gesellschaft mbH (BFG), a subsidiary of Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH (FBB). In the course of the planned completion of the expansion of Schönefeld Airport to Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER), Tegel Airport, Berlin's last commercial airport, was originally supposed to be closed on the evening of June 2, 2012. After numerous postponements of the opening of BER, which finally took place on October 31, 2020, Tegel Airport remained in operation until November 8, 2020. Tegel Airport will initially remain an airport and will be de-dedicated in May 2021 - six months after BER went into operation. Until the completion of the new government airport at BER, the helicopter flight operations of the Bundeswehr should be continued from Tegel Nord until 2029.

Ownership, location and transport links

Location of the active and former Berlin airports

Tegel Airport is eleven kilometers northwest of the Berlin city center in the district Tegel the district Reinickendorf , 37 m above sea level . However, the main entrance to the Tegel-Süd airport facilities, through which all civil air traffic was handled, was in the Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf district . Of the 461  hectares of the airport site, 302 belonged to the Federal Agency for Real Estate Tasks (= 66%) and 159 to the State of Berlin (= 34%).

With the closure of the airport, the TXL and X9 bus routes were discontinued. Line 109 will run from November 8, 2020 to "Urban Tech Republic". There is a feeder from the nearby federal motorway 111 ; the motorway itself is led north of it through a road tunnel next to the runway .

The airport has no connection to rail passenger transport. The airport was to be connected to the city center via a 2.7 kilometer long subway connection as line U5 with the Jungfernheide train station . The alignment has been in the updated land use plans (FNP) since 1965. 700 m of the route were completed by 1980 using tunnel construction and 450 m of it was used as a training facility by the Berlin fire brigade since July 14, 2003 . In 1995, a planned extension of the subway further north to Reinickendorf town hall and thus a connection to the U8 line was included in the traffic planning.

A Boeing 767-300ER of MIAT in Berlin-Tegel

Airbus A320 from Air Berlin , the largest airline at the time at Tegel Airport

The route can also be run as a tram, as shown in the Berlin public transport plan 2019-2023. Due to the decision to close Tegel Airport, the subway plans were not pushed further.

history

prehistory

The airport area was originally part of the Jungfernheide and served the Prussian kings as a hunting area. It was later used by the Prussian military as an artillery firing range. At the beginning of the 20th century, the 1st Prussian Airship Battalion was set up there, which experimented with various airship designs. The first airship hangar existed on the area, which was also known as the Reinickendorf airship port, since 1906 . Airships of the Groß-Basenach and Parseval types were tested here. With the outbreak of World War I , this battalion was transformed into an airship replacement department, which from now on served the training of field airship troops and taught battlefield reconnaissance with the help of a captive balloon . On August 20, 1914, preparations began to build a new airship port with a hangar.

After the end of the First World War, the German Reich was prohibited from rebuilding air forces due to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty . Therefore, the development of airships in Tegel was stopped and the airship hangar was demolished.

On September 27, 1930, the Tegel rocket firing range was opened under the direction of Rudolf Nebel . The experiments with liquid-powered rockets and missiles, in which Wernher von Braun was also involved, were continued after the first successes under secrecy, first here, later in Kummersdorf-Gut and from 1936 in Peenemünde . During the Second World War , the area was used as a military training area for anti-aircraft regiments of the Luftwaffe . In memory of the rocket pioneers of that time, there are relief portraits of Rudolf Nebel, Hermann Oberth and Wernher von Braun in the main hall of today's airport .

After the end of the Second World War, the Tegel site was littered with bomb craters and the buildings standing there were largely destroyed. Duds and remains of ammunition are still scattered in the ground. The district administration had originally planned to set up an allotment garden housing estate on part of the site to alleviate the housing shortage.

Airlift

→ Main article : Berlin Airlift

During the Soviet blockade of West Berlin , the French occupying forces, together with US specialists and German workers , set up a new airfield in 90 days to support the Berlin Airlift . On August 5, 1948, six weeks after the start of the blockade, the construction of what was then Europe's longest runway with a length of 2,428 m began on the site in Tegel; the necessary buildings and halls were initially erected as temporary arrangements with the simplest of means. On November 5, 1948, a Douglas C-54 landed the first aircraft at the airport, which was officially opened at the beginning of December. The flight operations took place largely with American and British aircraft, since the French air forces did not have a sufficient number of transport aircraft and were also tied up in the Indochina War . On December 16, 1948, the two transmission towers of the Tegel radio station , which was under the control of the Soviet military administration and used by Berlin Broadcasting , were blown up by French troops because they impaired flight operations.

Development of civil aviation

The separate occupation status of Berlin during the Cold War meant that only airlines from the states of the three western occupying powers ( USA , Great Britain , France ) were allowed to fly to the airports in the western sectors of Berlin , later West Berlin . For the overflight of the Soviet occupation zone , the later GDR , separate air corridors were set up, to which the Allied pilots had to adhere strictly. Furthermore, the aircraft crew on Berlin flights were initially also allowed to consist exclusively of citizens of these countries. Since at least the mid-1960s, the airlines have also employed local staff, albeit limited to flight attendants .

Air France added the first regular scheduled flight to Tegel from January 2, 1960 in its flight schedule. This was the beginning of civil air traffic in Tegel. Tempelhof had already been served before ; At this airport, however, the relatively short runway for the newly emerging jet aircraft was a problem.

On September 14, 1961 - in a very tense phase of the Cold War due to the construction of the Wall a month earlier - two F-84F Thunderstreak of the Bundeswehr Fighter Bomber Wing 32 landed at Tegel Airport after a random flight over the GDR area.

PanAm began in May 1964 as the second airline with regular scheduled flights, initially three times a week to New York 's John F. Kennedy Airport . The aircraft types used were Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 , which could not carry out transatlantic flights from Tempelhof because of the short runway . The connection was discontinued in October 1971.

Change to the most important airport in Berlin

Special postage stamp (Berlin) on the occasion of the opening of the airport in 1974

Original planning for the extension of the building and the location of the planned underground station

The terminal building and tower by Gerkan, Marg and Partner

From April 1968 on, all charter airlines moved from Tempelhof to Tegel because Tempelhof was overloaded and could no longer handle the passenger volume. At that time, a terminal-like building was built specially for charter airlines, which, like the original terminal used by Air France and PanAm, was north of the runway. Little by little, more and more airlines followed to Tegel, including Channel Airways , Dan-Air , Laker Airways and Modern Air , which also stationed their aircraft there. After the bankruptcy of Channel Airways in 1972, Dan-Air took over their charter contracts at the airport and thus expanded its own presence; later the British private airline became the third largest user of Berlin-Tegel Airport. Dan-Air not only operated flights to Great Britain, but also served domestic German and European destinations from Tegel.

The Tegel-Süd airport facilities were built between 1965 and 1975 according to plans by the Hamburg architects von Gerkan, Marg and Partners (gmp), which became internationally known as a result. In addition to Meinhard von Gerkan and Volkwin Marg , the team of architects also included Klaus Nickels . The groundbreaking ceremony took place in Tegel-Süd in 1969 , construction began in 1970 and the topping-out ceremony in 1972 . The hexagonal main terminal building, which is still in use today and is located at the southern end of the airport, was inaugurated on October 23, 1974 and opened on November 1, 1974. The four largest wide-body aircraft in the world at the time, a Lockheed L-1011 from British Airways, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 from Laker Airways, a Boeing 747-100 from PanAm and an Airbus A300- B2 from Air France were flown in at the opening. The first scheduled flight - operated by Dan-Air with a BAC 1-11 - reached the terminal at 6 a.m. from Tenerife. When the terminal opened, facilities north of the runway were closed to civil traffic. The costs for the new buildings amounted to 430 million marks . Since 1975 Tegel has developed into the most important passenger airport in Berlin.

The forerunner of what would later become Air Berlin , Air Berlin USA, began flight operations in Tegel in the late 1970s. In 1988, EuroBerlin France started flights to all of Germany with its fleet based in Tegel. In the late 1980s the establishment failed an additional terminal building (Terminal) at the veto of the Alternative List , the time together with the SPD in West Berlin Senate ruled. The underground station planned underneath was not built either, but there is an advance construction work for the planned extension of the U5 line ; When the U7 line was extended, the Jungfernheide underground station was designed as a transfer station with the U5 line, which is also to be extended. The missing tunnel to the terminal is around 2300 m.

In 1988 the airport was named after the aviation pioneer Otto Lilienthal .

After the reunification of Germany

With the German reunification on October 3, 1990, the allied special rights ended and all restrictions on Berlin air traffic were lifted. Tegel could also be served by German airlines. The Lufthansa began on 28 October 1990 scheduled flights and led initially twelve daily flights to different cities in Germany and to London by. For this purpose Lufthansa bought the Internal German Services (IGS) from PanAm for 150 million US dollars ; this included all of PanAm's traffic rights, as well as their gates and slots at Tegel Airport. Until 2017, Berlin-Tegel Airport was Air Berlin's home base , and until its liquidation it was the second largest airline in Germany.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, planning began for a new major Berlin Brandenburg airport , so Tegel was no longer to be expanded. The sharp increase in air traffic and the delayed construction of a major airport then required an expansion. The “Nebelhalle” (named after the rocket designer Rudolf Nebel ) was extended to Terminal B by adding check-in counters . An extension was added south of Terminal A, which now houses Terminals D and E. To the east of the terminal complex A / B, Terminal C was built in 2006/2007, another simple handling hall for an additional 2.5 million passengers.

Aircraft handling of a Swiss machine at Terminal A.

Despite the cessation of flight operations planned for June 3, 2012, Terminal C was expanded in 2011 by a 1200 m² extension. This was necessary because by the end of July 2011 Tegel had already recorded 15.5% more passengers than in the same period last year and the additional building will allow passengers to check in for up to three aircraft.

Closure and re-use of the airport site

After the deedication as an airport in May 2021, the site will be handed over to municipal land-use planning. In 2008, a Tegel project group was initiated to work out proposals for the subsequent use of the airport grounds. At a real estate symposium, the architect of the main airport terminal, Meinhard von Gerkan, suggested a future use as a “center for climate protection , renewable energies and sustainable building ”. In September 2009, the IHK Berlin spoke out in favor of the settlement of industrial areas and prepared the entire debate on subsequent use. Senator for Urban Development Ingeborg Junge-Reyer ( SPD ) also spoke out in favor of a research and industrial park with green future technologies on the site. Partly residential buildings could be built. The rest of the area should be preserved as a natural area, including with extended forest areas.

On June 9, 2011, the Berlin House of Representatives approved the goals of the land use plan and landscape program. Development planning procedures have been initiated, the first public participation took place in early 2012 and is currently being evaluated.

In September 2011 Tegel Projekt GmbH was entrusted with the upcoming management tasks for the further development of the location. In a multi-stage, discursive workshop process, six international teams of architects, urban and landscape planners, with the involvement of the Berlin public, concretized the corresponding usage concept.

On April 30, 2013, the TXL master plan was officially approved by the Berlin Senate. The zoning plan of Berlin was changed accordingly and the development plans for the subsequent use are in the process. After the closure of Berlin-Tegel Airport, an industrial and research park focused on urban technologies will be created at the location under the name Berlin TXL - The Urban Tech Republic , where a network of start-ups, universities, research institutions and industrial companies will settle .

The Berlin fire brigade is trying to be able to take over parts of the airport grounds as a training facility. Among other things, the old airport fire station , two large hangars, the tank farm and a larger administration building are to be taken over. This measure could give up the dilapidated former Wehrmacht location in Berlin-Schulzendorf .

Debate about the continued operation of Tegel

The Tegel Remaining Open Association set itself the goal of maintaining Tegel Airport as a commercial airport and bringing about a referendum on this . The Berlin FDP , which made keeping Tegel open to its main campaign topic in the 2016 parliamentary elections , launched a motion to initiate a referendum for the Tegel Airport to continue to operate indefinitely. A main argument of the initiative was that BER Airport already had insufficient capacity when it opened. BER airport boss Karsten Mühlenfeld , however, held that BER would have sufficient capacity with 35 million passengers (including Schönefeld airport) when it opened. In 2016, the number of air passengers at Tegel and Schönefeld Airports was 32.9 million.

With 23,562 signatures, the application reached the first hurdle for approval of the referendum in April 2016, which started in November 2016 and had to collect around 174,000 signatures (from 7% of the eligible voters) by March 2017 in order to then start a referendum. This quorum was also met with more than 204,000 valid signatures. At the same time, the FDP parliamentary group presented a bill to keep Tegel open in the Berlin House of Representatives. In the first reading , the project was clearly only supported by the AfD . Oliver Friederici of the CDU accused the newly elected Senate of wanting to hinder air traffic in the Berlin region and called for a renewed open-ended discussion on the locations of Berlin airports (without specifically mentioning Tegel's keeping open). All three government parties strictly rejected the draft, with reference to the noise pollution, the legal certainty of the planning approval decision and the impending incalculable economic and legal risks of such a project. Berlin's governing mayor Müller reiterated this statement on April 6, 2017 in a radio interview with the RBB .

The ballot for the 2017 referendum with the request to the Berlin Senate to ensure that it will continue to operate indefinitely. Possible answers to the question of consent were yes and no

On April 4, 2017, the regional returning officer announced that the number of necessary signatures had been exceeded by around 30,000. As expected, the Berlin Senate and the House of Representatives rejected the request to keep Tegel open, so that a referendum was required. The subject of the referendum, however, was not a specific draft law, but merely an expression of political will. The day of the federal election in September 2017 was chosen as the date for the referendum on the continued operation of Berlin-Tegel Airport . However, the question of the legal requirements under which Tegel could continue to operate remained controversial. The planning approval decision for the new BER airport named the closure of the two inner-city airports as a condition. According to legal experts, continued operation of Tegel could also threaten the legal basis of BER Airport. The wording of the referendum on September 24, 2017, however, wanted additions and discharge:

“The Berlin-Tegel Airport 'Otto-Lilienthal' complements and relieves the planned Berlin Brandenburg Airport 'Willy Brandt' (BER). The Berlin Senate is requested to immediately abandon the intention to close and to initiate all measures that are necessary to ensure the unlimited continued operation of Tegel Airport as a commercial airport! "

- Announcement of July 13, 2017

Finally close the Tegel citizens' initiative ! called for the airport to be completely closed as soon as possible. The reasons for this were u. a. the threat to safety, health and the environment and the high costs for taxpayers in keeping the airport open. In addition, the initiative calls for implementation of the court-confirmed BER planning decision, according to which Tegel must be closed to air traffic no later than six months after the new BER airport in Schönefeld has gone into operation .

Federal Transport Minister Alexander Dobrindt spoke out several times in favor of keeping Tegel open. The federal government itself, however, stuck to closing Tegel. In the run-up to the referendum, the airport in Eberswalde-Finow in Brandenburg was brought up again as a replacement for Tegel in August 2017 . The operating company announced that it would investigate a lawsuit if Tegel continued to operate beyond the opening of BER. The referendum resulted in a majority of 56.1% for the continued operation of Tegel Airport.

Any implementation of the Berlin referendum is, however, dependent on the approval of the two other owners of the airport operating company, namely the federal government and the state of Brandenburg. At a meeting in October 2017, both the federal government and the state of Brandenburg reaffirmed their position to close Tegel Airport after Berlin Brandenburg Airport was completed.

In June 2018, the Berlin House of Representatives decided that “the decision made by the Senate in the referendum 'Berlin needs Tegel' cannot be implemented.” By March 2019, the people's initiative 'Brandenburg needs Tegel' brought together only 16,000 of the 20,000 votes required View of the citizens' initiatives' close Tegel 'and' Brandenburg says no to Tegel '"crashed".

Closure in 2020

Berlin Brandenburg Airport opened on October 31, 2020 . Associated with this is the closure of Tegel Airport at the end of November 8, 2020, as the personnel required to operate an airport, e.g. B. at air traffic control, is ready. The move was carried out in three waves (October 31st / November 1st, November 3rd / 4th and November 7th / 8th) within a week. Tegel Airport will then be on standby for six months so that it can be reactivated at short notice in the event of problems at the new airport. The last regular scheduled flight took place on November 8, 2020 with an Air France flight to Paris CDG , as Tegel Airport in the then French sector of Berlin was opened with an Air France flight from Paris: after it had opened shortly after 10 p.m. the day before had made the last landing, the Airbus A320-200 took off as Air France flight 1235 as the only scheduled flight movement of the day after an extensive taxi round at 3:39 p.m.

future

After the closure, a new district will be created on the airport site, similar to the Messestadt Riem on the site of the former Munich-Riem Airport or the Seestadt Aspern , which was built in place of the Vienna-Aspern Airport . A new residential area for 10,000 people is to be built on the site. There are also plans to relocate part of the Beuth University to the existing terminals and to relocate companies, educational and research institutions. The resulting research and technology campus is advertised as the Urban Tech Republic . In addition, the Berlin fire brigade plans to move their training centers into the hangars and train their offspring there. The long-distance cycle route to Copenhagen will also run through the site.

Airport facility

General

Tower

The core of the facility is an ensemble of five terminal buildings and the 47.5 m high tower . The facility is surrounded by the runway and can only be reached by car through a tunnel; the apron borders the runways in the north, and in the south it is enclosed by cargo and maintenance hangars, galley facilities, and supply and operational buildings - such as the energy center. Overall, the civil part of Berlin-Tegel Airport has a passenger capacity of 11.5 million passengers per year or around 3175 passengers per hour. There are 80 check-in counters for aircraft parking positions near the building and 54 check-in counters for non-aircraft positions; there are a total of 44 aircraft parking positions. There is a night flight restriction between 11pm and 6am; During this time, only mail flights and special flights that require approval may be handled.

The airport also has an airport fire brigade , which, in conjunction with the other airport fire brigades at Berlin airports, has special equipment.

The airport as a whole has been a listed building since April 2019.

Runways

An Embraer starts on runway 08R

Berlin-Tegel Airport has two runways . 08L / 26R is 3,023 m long and 46 m wide, the surface consists of asphalt . On this runway, approaches are permitted in both directions according to all-weather flight operating level category IIIb and are therefore also permitted in very bad weather. 08R / 26L is 2,424 m long and 46 m wide, the surface is also made of asphalt. In approach direction 08R there is only an approach procedure according to operational level CAT I, in main approach direction 26L an operational level CAT II.

Commercial airport

Overview of the buildings in Tegel-Süd (status 2009)

Of the was used the French sector lies the city airport in the scheduled air services originally from the French Air France American as well as British and airlines. After the fall of the Allied special rights, this restriction no longer applied.

Central building

An event area and conference rooms are located in the central building of Berlin-Tegel Airport. Passengers will find airport information, luggage storage, post office, travel agencies, sales and information counters for airlines, police, customs and a gallery with restaurants there. Various administrative facilities are also housed in the central building.

Terminal A

Aerial photo of the main building (Terminal A and B) and the southern extensions (Terminal D and E) from 2005

Airbus A320 of British Airways , shortly after pushback at Terminal A

Terminal A is a hexagonal linear terminal - a building to which the aircraft can dock directly via 14 passenger boarding bridges and which are arranged next to each other on a corridor - with a front length of 620 m. Taxis can drop passengers on the driveway in the inner courtyard of the terminal directly in front of the respective check-in counter, which is only separated from the driveway by a glass facade; There is a parking garage in the center of the terminal for cars. Buses no longer go inside the ring, but stop at the bus platforms in front of the main hall, which is adjacent to the gate ring at positions A0 and A14. Directly behind the check-in counters and the adjoining security controls there is a waiting room that leads to two passenger boarding bridges, so that the waiting room can either be used for the passengers of two smaller aircraft or one large jet. The area for arriving passengers with a baggage return belt and, if necessary, ID and customs control is located between two waiting rooms. Compared to other major airports, arriving passengers benefit from above-average waiting times for baggage return. Due to the increasing number of flights from the Schengen area , there are fewer and fewer piers with passport control boxes. As a result, flights from third countries can only be handled in the terminal at positions A1 to A7 and at positions A12 to A14 .

The service point, which is occupied by the Berlin police and the federal police , is located in the main hall of the airport, directly behind the display boards . Information on entry regulations, aviation security issues or the issuing of passport replacement documents are provided by the Federal Police.

Typical of the architecture of the 1960s and 1970s is the attempt to translate functions into geometric shapes and use them as a leitmotif. The grid of triangles and hexagons instead of rectangular rooms is characteristic of Tegel. The vestibules at the entrances have triangular floor plans, as do the bay-like porches of the waiting rooms that lead to the passenger boarding bridges. The plan and cross-section of the building and the concrete pillars are hexagonal. Originally, the seating furniture and floor tiles were also shaped accordingly, but conventional substitute materials were used in many places during renovation work. In 2008, the old tiles were still visible on the bus platform in front of the building.

Terminal C

Exterior view of Terminal C

Connecting corridor between terminals A (rear) and C (right)

Terminal C opened on May 24, 2007. It is structurally based on Terminal D at Berlin-Schönefeld Airport and offers a capacity of 2.5 million travelers per year. The construction just a few years before the planned closure of the airport was justified by the BFG with reduced capacities of the existing handling facilities due to increased security requirements, which are to be bridged until the opening of the new Berlin Brandenburg Airport. On September 10, 2009, the expansion of Terminal C2 went into operation, which further increased the airport's capacity.

The check-in counters in the new terminal were given the numbers C40 to C57 and later in Terminal C2 the numbers C60 to C67. Flights within the Schengen area and, since the opening of the C2 extension, also non-Schengen destinations can be processed. The terminal does not have any passenger boarding bridges , but still offers apron positions for bus or walk boarding and capacities for handling large-capacity aircraft such as the Airbus A330 . There are a total of 26 check-in counters and currently 16 parking positions for aircraft. Visitors who want to pick up passengers from Terminal C can park for a short time free of charge in the specially created parking lot for the new terminal, which is not the case with the other parking spaces. The walk to Terminal A (bus stop / connecting flights) is around 350 m and is now mostly covered and equipped with lifts.

In October 2011, nine months before the airport is due to be closed in June 2012, Terminal C was expanded to include a 1,200 m² lightweight extension. He was once again at checkpoints and additional boarding gates expanded C80 to C89.

Terminal C was mainly used by the now insolvent Air Berlin until August 2017 ; easyJet was the main user until the airport was closed .

Terminal B, D and E

Terminal B

View of Terminal D and E.

The constantly increasing number of passengers made additional check-in counters necessary. With the opening of the new terminal, the positions in Terminals B and D have been renumbered. In the main building (in the so-called “Nebelhalle”), today's Terminal B was set up in a former waiting area with counters 20–39. To the switches 70-91 it is necessary to the terminal at the southern starting at position 14 and left direction parking 2 run - there was the upper floor to the terminal D and the lower for terminal E expanded.

Energy center, freight and technical building

Terminal West with a view of the cargo area

To the southwest of the terminal are the freight halls and the catering kitchen, to the south of which are the airport company's operating buildings and the energy center. These buildings are based on a modular system so that all buildings appear to be composed of individual containers. The individual modules are reminiscent of telephone booths from the 1980s, but are all orange in color. The windows in the gate ring are constructed similarly, but have red frames. Only the gray maintenance hall with its visible steel skeleton to the west of the terminal and the pyramid-shaped noise protection cabin made of steel girders and corrugated sheets do not really fit into the design concept, but they do serve their purpose. A noise protection cabin with a gross floor area of ​​2230 m² is available for engine tests.

The cargo building has a gross floor area of ​​11,428 m² and a capacity of 40,000  tons of cargo / year. Inside the building there is a quarantine station for animals and an area for the temporary storage of radioactive materials.

Government airport

Visit of the Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte to Germany in June 2012, reception at Tegel Airport (military part, the government terminal in the background)

The handling facilities north of the runways border on the Tegel district and were first used as a military airfield by the victorious French power at the time . The "détachement Air (DA) 04.165" unit of the French Air Force operated some DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft that were used as courier and liaison aircraft. Since the withdrawal of the French armed forces in 1994, Tegel Airport has been a government airport and can also be used for military operations by Germany and its partners. The Federal Government's flight readiness , headquartered at Cologne / Bonn Airport, has a branch office at Tegel Airport. The 3rd Air Transport Squadron has stationed its three Eurocopter AS 532 Cougar helicopters here for VIP passenger transport. Until 1997, the Mil Mi-8 helicopters, which were taken over by the NVA , were also operated from Berlin-Tegel.

Architecture and art

The facility has some similarities with the Cologne / Bonn Airport, which was opened by Paul Schneider-Esleben five years earlier , as both are exemplary of the architecture of the 1960s and the concept of the drive-in airport. In fact, the architects' office gmp ( see above ) presented a hexagonal gate ring in a similar shape as early as 1964 in their (unrealized) design for Hanover Airport . The gmp proposal for Moscow's Sheremetyevo 2 airport also looked similar, but in Hanover as in Moscow (almost identical) systems were built according to plans by the Hanover office wilke & partner . The newer gmp airports such as Hamburg and Stuttgart show no resemblance to Tegel.

Meinhard von Gerkan - one of the architects - was mainly concerned with giving passengers the quickest and shortest possible route from the airport entrance to the aircraft.

“The concept of Berlin-Tegel Airport - according to almost unanimous assessments, it is still the best functioning airport today - consisted of pure aviation space in the first few years. [...] It was 20 m from the taxi entrance to the check-in counter, and 15 m from the counter through the waiting room to the aircraft door. That is the only real convenience for a frequent flyer. "

- Meinhard von Gerkan : Black Box BER

Sculpture The Fall of Daidalos and Ikaros by Rolf Scholz, which also alludes to Otto Lilienthal

At and in Tegel Airport there are several works of fine art within the framework of Art in Architecture and Art in Public Space , including works by Karlheinz Biederbick (Before the Start) , Heinrich Brummack (Cloud Gate) , Chryssa (Flight of the Birds) , Hubertus von der Goltz (man between heaven and earth) , Rolf Lieberknecht (L'Albatros) , Erich Fritz Reuter (3 relief portraits), Hein Sinken (Balance IV) .

Traffic figures

Berlin-Tegel Airport was the busiest airport in Berlin until it was closed. For many airlines, Tegel was the more popular of the two airports compared to Schönefeld Airport due to its central location, so that there were hardly any free slots for new flight connections or the stationing of new aircraft . This also explains why in the years before the closure there was a higher number of passengers than the official capacities for the terminal buildings. This figure is given as 11.5 million passengers per year.

Traffic figures from 1991

Berlin-Tegel Airport - traffic figures

Year of operation	Passenger volume	Air freight [ t ]	Airmail [t]	Flight movements
1991	6,715,402	13,585	16.002	120,344
1992	6,641,634	16,493	18,705	96,896
1993	7,000,168	16,060	17,672	90,750
1994	7,234,345	16,625	16,869	93.103
1995	8,186,512	17.131	16,229	112,521
1996	8,298,736	17,836	17,525	117,247
1997	8,622,359	19,043	16,465	117,495
1998	8,810,476	15,183	15,639	115.092
1999	9,543,437	15,349	15,887	118.188
2000	10.268.325	17.096	26,792	127,668
2001	9,863,870	17,578	15,977	125,484
2002	9,055,002	13,787	14,258	111,334
2003	11.055.303	12,800	4,665	134,395
2004	11,014,062	12,009	8,044	131,875
2005	11,500,454	11,246	3.125	137.288
2006	11,787,960	13,490	5,522	134,322
2007	13,345,188	14,830	4,823	145.423
2008	14,486,610	28,427	5,143	161,237
2009	14.180.084	25,057	2,651	156.262
2010	15,025,600	31,766	5,476	158,570
2011	16,919,820	26,578	667	169.384
2012	18.164.203	26,933	4,226	171.114
2013	19,591,838	27,870	5,454	174,763
2014	20,688,016	35,560	5,348	182.197
2015	21.005.196	35,108	4,522	184,457
2016	21,253,959	37,926	4,574	185,500
2017	20,460,688	39,997	4,364	173.713
2018	22,000,430	27,931	4,436	187.292
2019	24,227,570	21,624	3,441	193,615

Flight movements

Passenger volume

Air freight

Busiest flight routes

All in all

Busiest flight routes from TXL

rank	target	Passengers 2018	change	Passengers 2017	Starts 2018	change	Starts 2017
1	Frankfurt	1,146,911	▲ 16.8%	981.975	8,434	▲ 26.56%	6,664
2	Munich	0 989.451	▲ 0.68%	982.731	7,958	▲ 9.37%	7,276
3	Stuttgart	0 614.407	▲ 18.92%	516,673	5,820	▲ 27.94%	4,549
4th	Dusseldorf	0 599.076	▲ 4.5%	573.260	5,540	▲ 16.02%	4,775
5	Zurich	0 587.865	▲ 19.83%	490.600	5,261	▲ 42.69%	3,687
6th	Cologne / Bonn	0 579.256	▼ -5.53%	613.167	5,346	▼ -1.37%	5,420
7th	Vienna	0 461.391	▲ 30.09%	354.673	4,312	▲ 51.4%	2,848
8th	Paris Charles de Gaulle	0 420.056	▼ -1.78%	427,669	2,782	▼ -4.69%	2,919
9	Palma de Mallorca	0 407.039	▲ 74.18%	233,688	2,848	▲ 79.8%	1,584
10	London Heathrow	0 401,583	▲ 4.48%	384,370	3,340	▲ 2.42%	3,261
Only starts are included in this statistic. (No landings)

National

Busiest national flight routes from / to TXL

rank	Start finish	Passengers 2018	change	Passengers 2017	Flight movements in 2018	change	Flight movements in 2017
1	Frankfurt	2,291,823	▲ 17.15%	1,956,370	16,886	▲ 26.52%	13,346
2	Munich	1,988,444	▲ 0.79%	1,972,901	15,942	▲ 9.41%	14,571
3	Stuttgart	1,243,154	▲ 19.84%	1,037,326	11,651	▲ 27.86%	09.112
4th	Dusseldorf	1,198,377	▲ 4.68%	1,144,793	11,095	▲ 16.12%	09,555
5	Cologne / Bonn	1,174,845	▼ -4.7%	1,232,847	10,650	▼ -1.36%	10,797
6th	Nuremberg	00 87,832	▼ -58.6%	0 212.159	01.937	▼ -38.82%	03,166
7th	Saarbrücken	00 78,864	▼ -16.05%	00 93,940	01,804	▼ -5.4%	01,907
8th	Karlsruhe / Baden-B.	00 40,454	▼ -43.37%	00 71,433	00 914	▼ -41.75%	01,569
9	Hamburg	000 1,216	▲ 17.94%	000 1,031	000 20th	▼ -23.08%	000 26th
10	Berlin Schoenefeld	00000732	▼ -74.72%	000 2,896	000 11	▼ -57.69%	000 26th
This statistic includes take-offs and landings.

Continental

Busiest continental routes from TXL

rank	target	Passengers 2018	change	Passengers 2017	Starts 2018	change	Starts 2017
1	Zurich	587.865	▲ 19.83%	490.600	5,261	▲ 42.69%	3,687
2	Vienna	461.391	▲ 30.09%	354.673	4,312	▲ 51.4%	2,848
3	Paris Charles de Gaulle	420.056	▼ -1.78%	427,669	2,782	▼ -4.69%	2,919
4th	Palma de Mallorca	407.039	▲ 74.18%	233,688	2,848	▲ 79.8%	1,584
5	London Heathrow	401,583	▲ 4.48%	384,370	3,340	▲ 2.42%	3,261
6th	Amsterdam	326.970	▲ 11.08%	294.354	2,388	▲ 11.75%	2.137
7th	Istanbul Ataturk	274,000	▲ 5.56%	259,565	1,579	▼ -5.22%	1,666
8th	Helsinki-Vantaa	233.391	▼ -5.41%	246.730	1,819	▼ -5.36%	1,922
9	Madrid	173,562	▲ 53.38%	113.161	1,163	▲ 49.1%	0 780
10	Copenhagen	170,673	▼ -8.83%	187.210	1,498	▼ -2.73%	1,540
11	Brussels	165.961	▲ 4.11%	159,412	1,481	▼ -4.14%	1,545
12	Paris-Orly	160,250	▲ 781.12%	018,187	1,038	▲ 565.38%	0 156
13	Rome Fiumicino	149,880	▲ 8.95%	137,567	1,080	▲ 7.57%	1.004
14th	Stockholm Arlanda	141,711	▼ -31.63%	207.278	1,133	▼ -31.21%	1,647
15th	Antalya	120,783	▲ 21.6%	099,330	0 764	▲ 20.13%	0 636
16	London Gatwick	086,077	Route new	00000 0	0 591	Route new	000 0
17th	Barcelona	083,355	▼ -7.77%	090.379	0 530	▼ -11.22%	0 597
18th	Dublin	081,685	▲ 10.93%	073,634	0 611	▲ 4.98%	0 582
19th	Lisbon	081,558	▲ 12.72%	072,357	0 614	▲ 10.43%	0 556
20th	Milan Malpensa	074,234	Route new	00000 0	0 488	Route new	000 0
These statistics only include take-offs (no landings).

Intercontinental

Busiest intercontinental flight routes from TXL

rank	target	Passengers 2018	change	Passengers 2017	Starts 2018	change	Starts 2017
1	Doha	101,253	▲ 3.73%	97,611	365	▲ 0.55%	363
2	Tel Aviv	072,799	▼ -16.49%	87,170	515	▼ -7.37%	556
3	Newark	067,510	▲ 21.04%	55,776	335	▲ 7.72%	311
4th	Beijing	049,935	▼ -0.32%	50.097	218	0000%	218
5	Hurghada	048,715	▲ 54.83%	31,463	341	▲ 64.73%	207
6th	New York-JFK	043,074	▼ -53.83%	93.297	224	▼ -47.91%	430
7th	Singapore	029,647	Route new	0000 0	108	Route new	000
8th	Amman	018,588	▼ -19.46%	23,078	211	▼ –9.05%	232
9	Toronto	016,610	▲ 2.54%	16.198	073	0000%	073
10	Monastir	008,453	Route new	0000 0	053	Route new	000
These statistics only include take-offs (no landings).

According to states

Busiest flight routes to states from TXL

rank	target	Passengers 2018	change	Passengers 2017	Starts 2018	change	Starts 2017
1	Germany	4,045,506	▲ 4.55%	3,869,369	36,253	▲ 10.53%	32,798
2	Spain	0 923.141	▲ 49.25%	0 618,521	06.319	▲ 53.11%	04.127
3	Great Britain	0 628.403	▲ 25.9%	0 499.143	05,598	▲ 12.73%	04,966
4th	Switzerland	0 617.111	▲ 23.46%	0 499,862	05,668	▲ 40.71%	04,028
5	France	0 613.246	▲ 31.13%	0 467,658	04,085	▲ 24.58%	03,279
6th	Turkey	0 530,597	▲ 12.86%	0 470.125	03,343	▲ 6.06%	03.152
7th	Austria	0 505.515	▲ 13.58%	0 445.093	05,044	▲ 22.16%	04.129
8th	Italy	0 402,944	▲ 22.37%	0 329.292	02,836	▲ 7.34%	02,642
9	Netherlands	0 327,682	▲ 11.12%	0 294.903	02,396	▲ 11.81%	02.143
10	Finland	0 233.391	▼ -5.41%	0 246.730	01,819	▼ -5.36%	01,922
11	Greece	0 220,000	▲ 66.65%	0 132.013	01,578	▲ 80.55%	00 874
12	Denmark	0 173,512	▼ -8.37%	0 189,371	01,536	▼ -3.4%	01,590
13	Belgium	0 165.965	▲ 4.05%	0 159.501	01,483	▼ -4.2%	01,548
14th	Sweden	0 164.364	▼ -50.28%	0 330,565	01,359	▼ -50.56%	02,749
15th	Russia	0 133.174	▲ 56.4%	00 85.147	01,246	▲ 54.21%	00 808
16	Portugal	0 132,549	▲ 6.94%	0 123.943	00 973	▲ 8.47%	00 897
17th	United States	0 110,584	▼ -57.47%	0 260,000	00 559	▼ -55.28%	01,250
18th	Qatar	0 101.257	▲ 3.74%	00 97,611	00 366	▲ 0.83%	00 363
19th	Ireland	00 81,685	▲ 10.93%	00 73,636	00 611	▲ 4.62%	00 584
20th	Croatia	00 81,148	▲ 44.02%	00 56,344	00 664	▲ 34.41%	00 494
These statistics only include take-offs (no landings).

Airlines

In the last two years of operation (as of March 2019) 65 airlines flew to and from Tegel Airport to 127 domestic, European and intercontinental destinations in 45 countries. Air Berlin was the most important operator in Tegel until autumn 2017 . The now insolvent airline had its home airport here and operated a hub in Tegel. It offered long-haul connections from Berlin-Tegel to Abu Dhabi , Chicago , Los Angeles , New York, Miami and San Francisco , which were canceled in September 2017.

Most recently , the largest airline was easyJet , followed by Lufthansa , Eurowings , Ryanair and Swiss .

There were regular intercontinental flights to Doha , New York , Ulan Bator , Toronto (seasonal), Beijing and Singapore .

American Airlines announced that it would fly four times a week to Philadelphia for the summer of 2019 .

Criticism of the airport

Strengths and weaknesses of the plant

Public area of ​​Terminal A; on the right in the picture the right of way, on the left the decentralized security controls in front of each gate

By 2020, Berlin-Tegel had handled eight times as many passengers as the 2.5 million a year from which the original planning for the new building opened in 1974 was based. In 2014 around 21 million passengers were handled. This unusual capacity of the system to cope with such a large load is partly due to the architecture of the short and clear paths (see architecture ). Nevertheless, queues regularly formed in front of the check-in counters in the gate ring, which obstructed the passage to the other positions. Small checkpoints slowed down the passage, and at the same time separate security personnel were required at each of the waiting rooms that were not connected to one another. The waiting rooms themselves were often too small for modern aircraft; in addition, the parking positions had to be chosen so that Schengen and non-Schengen passengers do not use the same waiting room. Transfer passengers could only transfer within Terminal C without a new security check. The airport did not have a central baggage handling system ; Incoming transfer baggage was taken to a hall built especially for this purpose, where it was manually sorted and made available for the connecting flight.

The road layout in the terminal was also problematic. The central arrival and departure under the main building represented a bottleneck in terms of traffic technology. With less traffic than at the time of planning, however, this route made it possible to travel to and from the hotel quickly and comfortably by bus or local public transport.

Since Berlin-Tegel Airport was designed according to the principle of short distances, there were only comparatively small areas for restaurants and shops. In addition, these were usually no longer open after 8 p.m. when the evening aircraft arrived. This distinguishes this airport from the more modern shopping mall airport concept, which enables a long-distance principle with routes and opportunities for intensive advertising along the retail outlets. However, from the point of view of many travelers, the short distances and short stay times according to this "old-fashioned" concept were desirable and a comfort feature that many more modern airports do not have.

Aircraft noise

Noise map of Tegel Airport with the population density of the affected residential areas

Airplane approaching Tegel over Kurt-Schumacher-Platz in Berlin-Reinickendorf

Many critics and residents complain about the aircraft noise, as the approach lane of Berlin-Tegel Airport is located over densely populated areas in Reinickendorf , Wedding , Pankow , Niederschönhausen , Heinersdorf , Haselhorst , Spandau , Falkenhagener Feld and Falkensee .

In Germany, Tegel is the airport with the most residents affected by environmental noise , although it only ranks fourth in terms of the number of flight movements. A total of 240,500 residents are affected by a day-evening-night noise index of over 55 db (A), 54,100 residents are affected by a night-time noise index of over 50 db (A). A 2015 forecast for the new BER airport is only 38,900 residents affected during the day and 6,200 residents at night.

There are also 211 school and 38 hospital buildings in the noise zone with a level range above 55 db (A), where according to the current aircraft noise law (without taking into account the protection of existing buildings) such vulnerable facilities may only be erected in exceptional cases.

In 2002 there were a total of 5101 flight movements between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m., in 2016 there were 9633. Most of them occurred between 10 p.m. and 11 p.m., almost one in ten was registered between 11 p.m. and midnight. These were mainly commercial flights.

The law on protection against aircraft noise regulates that residents must be protected from dangers, significant disadvantages and considerable nuisance caused by aircraft noise. Since 2007, an amendment to this law has defined that the noise levels around civil airports must be reduced for this. However, an exception has been made in the law: airports that will be closed in the next ten years are exempt from the regulation. Since Tegel Airport is the only airport affected by this regulation, the corresponding paragraph 7 in Section 4 of the Act is also called "Lex Tegel". Should the airport still not be closed, the exemption would lapse in 2017 or 2019, depending on the interpretation of the law. Affected residents are entitled to adequate noise protection measures, the cost of which, according to estimates by the Bild newspaper, would add up to around 2.5 billion euros.

Affected residents based on the noise index LDEN (6 a.m. to 10 p.m.)
Level range LDen in dB (A)	> 55 to 60	> 60 to 65	> 65 to 70	> 70 to 75	> 75
Number of people affected	0131,200	0088,800	0018,800	001,700	00

Affected residents based on the LNIGHT noise index (10 p.m. to 6 a.m.)
Level range LNight in dB (A)	> 50 to 55	> 55 to 60	> 60 to 65	> 65 to 70	> 70
Number of people affected	0045,200	008,700	000200	00000	00

The ambient noise is seen as a decisive argument against the continued operation of the inner-city Berlin-Tegel Airport and for a quick shift of traffic to the Schönefeld airport location , which is far less harmful to residents , which was confirmed not least in the judgment of the Higher Administrative Court of Berlin-Brandenburg on November 24, 2005 .

Deviating from the specified noise reduction routes

Comparison of departure lanes on a Monday (left) and Sunday (right) with operations in the east. The flight tracks on Monday already bend from an altitude of 5000 feet above the city center.

Departure lanes for operations heading west

It is also often criticized that aircraft taking off deviate from the specified noise reduction routes early on and that aircraft noise is distributed across the entire city by using abbreviations. Deviations from the flight routes are only permitted for larger aircraft from an altitude of 5000  feet (approx. 1500 m) with the approval of the responsible air traffic control unit. Flight track analyzes showed, however, that such deviations from 5000 feet are the norm rather than the exception. A stipulation was therefore made for Tegel that at least after 10 p.m. and only on Sundays from 8000 feet, the flight routes to the east (i.e. over the city area) may be deviated from.

Bad customer ratings

Both Berlin airports Tegel and Schönefeld regularly score relatively poorly in international review portals for air travel. In a study by the travel company eDreams , which evaluated 50,000 customer reviews worldwide in 2018, Tegel Airport came in third among the worst airports in the world. In an evaluation of the airport portal Sleeping in Airports 2014, Tegel was ranked 4th among the worst airports in Europe. The main criticisms were the limited seating, the long queues and the overcrowded restaurants. On the review page flightdiary.net , Tegel and Schönefeld also do very poorly and are far behind compared to the other major German airports. At Tegel, the points lounge , baggage claim, customs, restaurants and shopping facilities as well as the general equipment of the terminals were given poor ratings . In a 2018 study for national airports, based on around 70,000 online reviews by passengers, Tegel and Schönefeld airports came in penultimate and last place. In the same study, Schönefeld Airport took penultimate place in the Europe-wide ranking.

On a website of the management consultancy Skytrax , 184 customers rated the airport with an average of 2 out of 10 stars (as of June 26, 2019).

Kerosene transport

Another point of criticism associated with the lack of rail links is that all of the kerosene used in Tegel has to be transported by road by tanker truck . In 2016 this was an average of 1,375 m³ per day, which corresponds to 40 tank trucks per day. The supply of kerosene comes mainly from the refineries in Schwedt and Leuna . In 2004 a tanker truck with kerosene crashed on Autobahn 114 near Pankow , which led to a debate about the safety of these transports. An investigation carried out by the Senate in 2006 showed that a rail connection for the transport of kerosene by tank wagons would be very costly and would take about four to five years, which in view of the (at that time still assumed) remaining operating time of Tegel Airport of one to two years would be “not effective “Was deemed.

Security flaws

In the airport check regularly carried out by Vereinigung Cockpit , it was criticized (as of 2016) that some runway guard lights are missing, which mark the transition from the taxiway to the runway and are thus intended to prevent accidental rolling onto the runway when visibility is poor . The visual docking system , which is not redundant , and the insufficient visibility of the windsocks for assessing the wind conditions were also criticized .

Furthermore, in the vicinity of the runways, so-called wake turbulences during landing damage roofs and parts of residential buildings. According to Roland Bley, a member of the aircraft noise protection commission for Tegel, it is “a miracle” that the falling parts have not caused any personal injuries.

Delays and cancellations

According to a study by the AirHelp passenger portal in 2017, Berlin-Tegel is the airport with the most delays in Germany: more than one in four flights does not start as planned. The airport also took first place in flight cancellations.

Poor connection to public transport

Tegel Airport has no connection to the rail network and therefore has no direct connection to the Berlin underground, S-Bahn or tram, it is only served by buses on various lines in local public transport. The TXL bus is an express line to the airport that is used by around 11 million of the 22 million passengers. However, this tends to be unpunctual due to the generally high volume of traffic on the road. Traffic accidents on the access roads can paralyze all traffic to and from the airport.

Due to the strike of the Berlin public transport company and accidents on the only access road, there were up to 2 hours of delays in the journey to the airport on April 1, 2019. The airport company recommended that passengers walk the last 3 kilometers from the subway station.

Even a few days later, on April 10, 2019 and later, on November 10, 2019 and March 3, 2020, the airport could only be reached by foot due to protests.

On May 23, 2019, traffic around Tegel Airport almost came to a standstill due to an unannounced construction site. There were long traffic jams, the TXL bus line could not go to the airport, and the X9 and 109 lines were each very late. Many passengers walked to the airport, many missed their flight.

The situation was similar one day later when, as a result of a demonstration, travel to and from the airport was severely restricted and now completely closed.

The bus, as the only public transport at the airport, also causes problems with luggage: the TXL bus line also only runs standard buses that do not offer any separate storage space for luggage, but usually only have two multi-purpose areas. Buses specially equipped for airport traffic were no longer allowed to enter the airport shortly before the originally planned closure due to excessive axle loads.

All in all , according to a report by the Berliner Morgenpost , the connection of the airport to local transport is "a disaster", since the trip with the TXL bus is neither fast nor comfortable, the bus regularly gets stuck in traffic and the departure times are not adhered to. Due to the lack of a luggage rack, the passenger compartment is often blocked.

Incidents

November 15, 1966 in the crashed Döberitz Heath , East Germany , a post office machine of the Pan Am of the type Boeing 727 -21 ( air vehicle registration : N317PA) landing at Tegel Airport on a military training area of the GSSD . The cause was officially stated by the NTSB as unexplained as a final clarification without flight recorder , voice recorder and other essential wreckage was not possible. These were not returned by the Soviet authorities. All three crew members were killed (see: Pan-Am flight 708 ) .

miscellaneous

• On November 20, 2008, the quarantine station for people located in the northern part - which was empty at the time - burned down.
• In 2009, a total of 415 baggage theft and pickpockets were registered at Berlin-Tegel Airport.
• At the exit of Terminal A in the direction of Terminal D and E, there is a former DR series ET 165 railcar of the Berlin S-Bahn . This is now used as a snack stand.
• In the extreme southwest of the company premises ( 52 ° 33 ′ 16.6 ″  N , 13 ° 15 ′ 33.4 ″  E ) there is a parked Boeing 707 (D-ABOC) aircraft within the security area , a gift from Boeing for the 200th order from Lufthansa . Because West German aircraft were forbidden to fly over the GDR at the time , the aircraft was camouflaged in November 1986 and flown in with a US aircraft registration number and parked. The aircraft was originally supposed to be sold to the Deutsches Museum , but there was no parking space there.

See also

• List of commercial airports in Germany
• List of Berlin airports
• Unfinished structures

literature

• Hans von Przychowski, Rainer W. During: The Berlin Airports. Johannisthal, Tempelhof, Gatow, Tegel, Schönefeld . GeraMond, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-86245-303-0 .
• Evelyn Csabai, Julia Csabai: Tegel last call! Stories from the greatest airport in the world . be.bra, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-8148-0214-5 .
• Peter Ortner: The Essence of Berlin-Tegel. Taking Stock of an Airport's Architecture . With a comment by Florian Heilmeyer. Jovis, Berlin 2020, ISBN 978-3-86859-631-1 (German, English, 100 color images).
• Claudia Schwartz : Adieu, TXL! There will never be an airport like Berlin-Tegel again . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . October 22, 2020, ISSN  0376-6829 ( nzz.ch [accessed October 25, 2020]).
• Jürgen Tietz , Meinhard von Gerkan , Volkwin Marg : TXL. Berlin Tegel Airport . With an afterword by Christoph Rauhut. Ed .: Jürgen Tietz. Park Books, London 2020, ISBN 978-3-03860-202-6 .
• Rainer W. During: Bye and thank you TXL: Flight operations in Tegel are suspended. In: FliegerRevue , No. 12/2020, pp. 12-14

Web links

Commons : Flughafen Berlin-Tegel  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Official website of Berlin Airports (German, English and Polish)
• Map of the airport (PDF)
• Tegel Airport as a future space (PDF; 20.2 MB)
• Airport data on World Aero Data ( 2006 )
• Bye, bye Tegel Airport - Hello monument! on YouTube , Landesdenkmalamt Berlin

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Berlin distance measuring point: According to Lemma Berlin , the point of the geographic location of Berlin corresponds to the location of the Berlin City Hall (Rotes Rathaus, May 28, 2012).
2. ↑ Basic investigation . (PDF) SenStadt, p. 7.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d} Traffic report Berlin-Tegel January - December. (PDF; 36 kB) Berlin Brandenburg Airport, accessed on May 24, 2020 . 
4. ↑ 11 p.m. - 6 a.m. Night flight ban with approx. 10,000 aircraft movements, 190,000–10,000 = 180,000 movements / year / 17 hours / day / 365 days / year = 30 movements / hour
5. ↑ ADV monthly statistics 06/2019. (PDF) Working Group of German Airports , accessed on August 15, 2019.
6. ↑ ^{a b} Berlin-Tegel Airport: Exemption from the operating obligation. October 2, 2020, accessed November 8, 2020 . 
7. ↑ The Federal Government will hold onto Tegel Airport until 2029 . In: Der Tagesspiegel . March 25, 2020.
8. ^ Re- use of Tegel Airport. Basic investigation . (PDF) of the Senate Department for Urban Development, brochure.
9. ↑ Land use plan 1965, work plan 1986 (PDF) Senate Department for Urban Development and Housing. 1965/1986. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
10. ↑ New announcement of the land use plan 2015 (PDF) Senate Department for Urban Development and Housing. 2015. Accessed April 8, 2019.
11. ↑ Planning of the Tegel airport subway connection in 1995 , no longer part of today's planning.
12. ↑ Local transport plan 2019-2023 (PDF)
13. ↑ 1907: 50 m, 2,800 m³ second configuration test airship in Parseval shed at Berlin-Reinickendorf; Photo 1 ( Memento of November 21, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Photo 2 ( Memento of November 21, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) and Photo 3 ( Memento of November 16, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) on EarlyAviator.com.
14. ↑ The legend of the airship battalion "Stollwerck". Luftschiffharry.de, accessed on August 26, 2008 ( memento from November 28, 2015 in the web archive archive.today ).
15. ^ Art at Tegel Airport. In: frankkoebsch.wordpress.com , accessed on October 11, 2014.
16. ↑ Katrin Schoelkopf: Duds in Tegel will be cleared in spring. In: Berliner Morgenpost , January 22, 2009.
17. ↑ Ann Tusa, John Tusa: The Berlin Blockade . Coronet Books, 1989 edition, 557 pages, ISBN 0-340-50068-9 .
18. ↑ Berlin Airlift Prehistory .
19. ↑ Monthly Timetable Booklets for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports. Berlin Airport Company, West Berlin, various editions April 1968 - October 1990.
20. ↑ Special Report on Air France's 25th Anniversary at Berlin Tegel. March 1985 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports. Berlin Airport Company, West Berlin 1985.
21. ↑ Beer Order 61 . In: Der Spiegel . No. 19 , 1962 ( online ).
22. ^ Hot route in the Cold War. In: Time of July 3, 1964.
23. ↑ June 1964 and October 1971 Monthly Timetable Booklets for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports. Berlin Airport Company, West Berlin, 1964 and 1971.
24. ^ ^{A b} April and August 1968 Monthly Timetable Booklets for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports. Berlin Airport Company, West Berlin, 1968.
25. ^ April 1972 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports. Berlin Airport Company, West Berlin, 1972.
26. ↑ Space for everyone . In: Der Spiegel . No. 24 , 1974 ( online ).
27. ^ April 1980 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports. Berlin Airport Company, West Berlin, 1980.
28. ↑ Heiko Schützler: October 23, 1974: Tegel Süd is inaugurated . In: Berlin monthly magazine ( Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein ) . Issue 6, 2001, ISSN  0944-5560 , p. 131-133 ( luise-berlin.de ).
29. ↑ Berlin Return boosts Lufthansa's bid for Interflug , Operations: Air Transport, Flight International, 7. – 13. November 1990, p. 10.
30. ↑ Berlin-Tegel Airport gets a terminal extension. aero.de, August 17, 2011, accessed on August 17, 2011 . 
31. ↑ Tegel Airport: Clear the way for re-use. In: Die Welt from August 9, 2008.
32. ↑ ^{a b} 1st location conference: TXL future space - documentation. (PDF; 1.7 MB) Senate Department for Urban Development, October 1, 2008, accessed on February 23, 2009 . 
33. ^ Re- use of Tegel Airport. An opportunity for more industry and commerce in Berlin. (PDF; 3.7 MB) Study by the IHK Berlin in September 2009.
34. ↑ Green industry should go to Tegel. In: Berliner Zeitung , December 10, 2009.
35. ↑ tegelprojekt.de - website of Tegel Projekt GmbH.
36. ↑ berlintxl.de - website of the Tegel TXL project, Tegel Projekt GmbH.
37. ↑ Re- use of Tegel Airport: Senate adopts the TXL master plan. Press release from the Senate Chancellery of April 30, 2013, berlin.de.
38. ↑ Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment (Ed.): Zukunftsraum Flughafen Tegel. The Berlin TXL master plan. Berlin 2013.
39. ↑ BER boss Karsten Mühlenfeld “There is no secret schedule”. In: Tagesspiegel.de , December 29, 2016.
40. ^ Statement of the Senate on the motion to initiate the referendum "Berlin Tegel Airport - Berlin needs Tegel". (PDF) In: Drucksache 17/2983 from May 25, 2016, parlament-berlin.de (PDF).
41. ↑ Berlin needs Tegel - Tegel Keeping Open Law. (PDF) In: Drucksache 18/0018 from November 15, 2016, parlament-berlin.de (PDF).
42. ^ 2nd session of the Berlin House of Representatives. In: RBB Online , November 24, 2016.
43. ↑ Müller holds on to the closure of Tegel. In: Airliners.de. April 6, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2017 . 
44. ↑ Referendum on Tegel Airport has enough supporters. In: Spiegel Online , April 4, 2017.
45. ↑ ^{a b} Berlin Tegel decision threatens the commissioning of BER . In: Welt Online , April 4, 2017.
46. ↑ OJ. P. 3367 (PDF; 3.5 MB)
47. ↑ About us. Citizens' initiative Tegelschliessen.de.
48. ↑ ^{a b} Our arguments. Citizens' initiative Tegelschliessen.de
49. ↑ An airport with 14 locations - Mehdorn cooperates with mini airports. In: Berliner Zeitung Online. September 4, 2014, accessed September 5, 2014 . 
50. ↑ Dobrindt adds in the dispute over Tegel. In: rbb-online.de. July 21, 2017. Retrieved July 23, 2017 . 
51. ↑ Federal government is sticking to Tegel closure. In: rbb-online.de. July 10, 2017. Retrieved July 23, 2017 . 
52. ↑ Brandenburg airport operator is examining lawsuit against Tegel. In: rbb-online.de. August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2017 . 
53. ↑ Berlin wants to keep Tegel open: That's how the districts voted. In: BZ , September 25, 2017.
54. ↑ Jan Thomsen: Tegel closure is becoming more and more likely. In: Berliner Zeitung . October 26, 2017, accessed January 15, 2018 . 
55. ↑ Debate in the House of Representatives at Tegel Airport is buried in parliament. In: Der Tagesspiegel .
56. ↑ Resistance to the continued operation of Tegel. In: Märkische Allgemeine , March 27, 2019
57. ↑ ^{a b c} Michael Fabricius: On November 8th, Tegel Airport falls into a "slumber" state. In: world. November 29, 2019, accessed December 7, 2019 . 
58. ↑ Peter Neumann: BER opening 2020 This is how Tegel should move to Schönefeld. In: Berliner Kurier . December 4, 2019, accessed December 7, 2019 . 
59. ↑ kko: BER should open on October 31, 2020. In: Spiegel Online . November 29, 2019, accessed December 7, 2019 . 
60. ↑ The airport closes: Bye, bye Tegel . In: FAZ.NET . ISSN  0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed October 10, 2020]).
61. ↑ https://www.flightradar24.com/AFR12PP/25fdb7bd
62. ↑ The project. In: Berlin TXL. The Urban Tech Republic. Tegel Projekt GmbH, accessed on November 10, 2020 . 
63. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Airport facilities (as of August 24, 2008) ( Memento from December 6, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Berlin Airports
64. ^ Landesdenkmalamt Berlin: Monument database, "Otto Lilienthal" airport , accessed on April 20, 2020
65. ↑ Meinhard von Gerkan: Black Box BER. How Germany is building its future . 1st edition. Quadriga, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-86995-060-0 , pp. 19-22 .
66. ^ Sculpture in Berlin: Directory of sculptures in public space in Berlin ( Memento from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
67. ↑ Traffic statistics on berlin-airport.de .
68. ↑ Publication - Transport & Verkehr - Air traffic at major airports - Federal Statistical Office (Destatis). Retrieved March 28, 2019 . 
69. ↑ Publication - Transport & Verkehr - Air traffic at major airports - Federal Statistical Office (Destatis). Retrieved March 28, 2019 . 
70. ↑ Publication - Transport & Verkehr - Air traffic at major airports - Federal Statistical Office (Destatis). Retrieved March 28, 2019 . 
71. ↑ Publication - Transport & Verkehr - Air traffic at major airports - Federal Statistical Office (Destatis). Retrieved March 28, 2019 . 
72. ↑ Publication - Transport & Verkehr - Air traffic at major airports - Federal Statistical Office (Destatis). Retrieved March 28, 2019 . 
73. ↑ ^{a b} Berlin Airports, Facts and Figures March 2019 (PDF; 445 kB) Berlin Brandendburg Airport, accessed on April 25, 2019 (as of March 2019). 
74. ↑ Air Berlin cancels long-haul flights from Berlin . In: Berliner Morgenpost . ( Morgenpost.de [accessed October 7, 2017]).
75. ↑ Air Berlin cancels long-haul flights from Berlin! In: BZ ( bz-berlin.de [accessed October 7, 2017]).
76. ↑ Long distances from Berlin . In: Berlin Brandenburg Airport . ( berlin-airport.de [accessed October 7, 2017]).
77. ↑ American Airlines comes to Berlin . In: airliners.de . ( airliners.de [accessed on August 22, 2018]).
78. ^ Traffic statistics from Berlin-Tegel.
79. ↑ Strategic noise maps. (Edition 2013) Berlin Environmental Atlas.
80. ^ Debate about keeping Tegel open: Wrong flight direction . In: Die Tageszeitung , February 7, 2017.
81. ↑ The "Lex Tegel" could still ensure peace . In: Die tageszeitung from November 27, 2014.
82. ↑ The exception rule for Tegel expires in 2017 . In: Der Tagesspiegel , June 4, 2013.
83. ↑ "Air traffic controllers do not care" . In: Die Welt , April 7, 2014.
84. ↑ Berlin politicians criticize deviations from flight routes. In: Berliner Morgenpost , April 8, 2014.
85. ↑ "Air traffic control should follow route recommendations!" . In: Berliner Zeitung , May 11, 2011.
86. ↑ Tegel is "filthy, stinky and shabby" . In: Berliner Zeitung , January 25, 2016.
87. ↑ An overview of the best and worst airports. In: edreams.de .
88. ^ Worst Airports in Europe 2014. In: sleepinginairports.net.
89. ↑ Reviews Berlin / Tegel. In: flightdiary.net .
90. ↑ Study: The most popular airports in Germany and Europe. In: webbosaurus.de .
91. ^ Berlin Tegel Airport - Customer Reviews. In: airlinequality.com .
92. ↑ Kerosene transport for Tegel Airport . (PDF) In: parlament-berlin.de.
93. ↑ CDU after an accident with a tanker truck: Kerosene has to be on the rails . In: Die Welt from October 20, 2004.
94. ↑ Kerosene transports to Berlin airports . (PDF) In: parlament-berlin.de .
95. ↑ Berlin-Tegel Airport Check 2013 , Cockpit Association .
96. ↑ Airport deficiency list 2014. (PDF) Cockpit Association.
97. ↑ The miracle of Tegel. In: Der Tagesspiegel , January 23, 2017.
98. ↑ Tegel and Schönefeld in the case of delays and flight cancellations. In: Berliner Morgenpost , August 2, 2017.
99. ↑ Out and about in the TXL bus: too late, too full, too many questions. In: Berliner Morgenpost , April 23, 2019
100. ↑ Flughafen-Tegel: How nice it goes to the terminal . In: Der Tagesspiegel , November 25, 2016
101. ↑ A rear-end collision paralyzes the access to Tegel Airport . In: Berliner Zeitung , September 22, 2016
102. ↑ BVG strike and accidents obstruct access to Berlin-Tegel Airport. At: airliners.de , April 1, 2019
103. ↑ Taxi drivers paralyze large parts of Berlin's city traffic. At: rbb24 , April 10, 2019
104. ↑ morgenpost.de
105. ↑ bz-berlin.de
106. ↑ Entrances to Tegel Airport free again. At: rbb24 , May 23, 2019
107. ↑ Passengers have to walk to Tegel Airport again. At: rbb24 , May 23, 2019
108. ↑ Entry and exit at Tegel Airport blocked due to the climate demo . At: rbb24 , May 24, 2019
109. ↑ Too difficult for Tegel - five years ago. Retrieved July 25, 2020 . 
110. ↑ The TXL bus shows how the airport connection doesn't work. In: Berliner Morgenpost , April 21, 2019
111. ^ Aircraft accident report. Pan American World Airways, Inc. Boeing 727, N317PA near Berlin, Germany November 15, 1966. (PDF; 745 kB) (No longer available online.) National Transportation Safety Board, Washington DC, June 5, 1968, p. 30 , archived from the original on April 8, 2003 ; accessed on February 5, 2018 . 
112. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report, Accident report B-727-100 N317PA in the Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on February 3, 2019.
113. ^ Fire under control at Tegel Airport In: Der Tagesspiegel , November 20, 2008.
114. ↑ Beware of baggage theft at German airports! ( Memento of January 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved December 17, 2012.
115. ↑ Legendary airplane rots in Tegel. In: Berliner Morgenpost .
116. ^ The curious tale of Tegel's Boeing 707 .
117. ↑ Berlin's Abandoned Boeing 707 .

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on August 31, 2008 .