Legislative procedure (Germany)

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Legislative procedures in Germany are possible at state and federal level. They always require the participation of certain constitutional organs .

At the federal level , the legislative procedure is essentially based on the rules laid down in the Basic Law (GG) , the rules of procedure of the German Bundestag (GO BT ) and the rules of procedure of the Bundesrat (GO BR ). A prerequisite for a lawful procedure is that the legislative competence according to Art. 70 ff. For the matter to be regulated lies with the federal government. The initiative for a federal law can come from the federal government , the Bundesrat or from “the center of the Bundestag” (Art. 76 (1) GG in conjunction with Section 76 GOBT). In the latter case, a parliamentary group or five percent of the MPs must support the proposal ( § 76 GOBT).

This right of initiative is exercised by introducing a bill . The process varies depending on the initiator:

  • A draft law of the federal government first goes to the Federal Council for comment, then back to the federal government, which can draft a counter-statement. The federal government then submits the draft to the Bundestag.
  • A bill by the Bundesrat is to be forwarded to the Bundestag by the federal government. In doing so, it should present its opinion ( Article 76, Paragraph 3, Sentence 2, Basic Law).
  • A bill from the middle of the Bundestag is dealt with directly in parliament.

In all cases, the Bundestag is the first decision-making body for the adoption of a law.

Before a legislative procedure (GGV) and also during it, informal top-level political talks often take place, for example federal-state talks . Opposition parties in the Bundestag that are also involved in government coalitions in federal states can try to influence a GGV in this way.

State level legislation

Each country regulates its own national legislation. In contrast to the federal government, the possibility of national legislation has been provided in all federal states since 1996 . Changes to the state constitution must be submitted to the people for decision in Bavaria.

Legislative initiative at federal level

Scheme of the legislative procedure

The legislative process for formal federal laws is initiated by introducing a bill to the German Bundestag. A draft that contains a complete legal text on which the Bundestag could pass a resolution is considered a template. According to Section 76 (2) GOBT, the draft must contain a justification. However, this provision is merely internal law of the Bundestag. A violation of this provision therefore only has internal parliamentary consequences and does not constitute a violation of the Basic Law. The Federal Constitutional Court accepts a constitutional obligation to give reasons in exceptional cases.

A draft law is introduced by forwarding it to the President of the Bundestag as a representative of the Bundestag ( Section 7 (1) sentence 1 of the GOBT). This submits the draft in accordance with § 77 GOBT as a Bundestag printed matter to all parliamentarians and the federal ministries .

According to Article 76, Paragraph 1 of the Basic Law, bills may be introduced by the Federal Government, the German Bundestag and the Bundesrat. This list is final. Around 80% of all legislative initiatives come from the federal government, as it has the most resources and information. The applicant has the right to demand that the German Bundestag deal with the draft in a reasonable time and pass a resolution on it.

In jurisprudence it is controversial whether it is compatible with Art. 76, Paragraph 1 of the Basic Law if an organ with the right to initiate brings in a draft that has been drawn up by an outsider, such as a law firm. According to the prevailing view in jurisprudence, this is fundamentally permissible, since Article 76 paragraph 1 of the Basic Law is based on the person who introduces the draft law. As a rule, the acting state body makes the draft mentally its own by making the external specifications for the design of the law and dealing with its proposal.

German Bundestag

The Basic Law does not specify the conditions under which a draft originates from the Bundestag. According to Section 76 (1) of the GOBT, a draft must be submitted by a parliamentary group or at least five percent of the MPs . This minimum is intended to prevent the Bundestag from being overburdened. If the requirements of Section 76 (1) GOBT are not met and if this is ignored in the further proceedings by the legislative bodies, this does not, however, constitute a violation of the Basic Law, which is why it does not affect the effectiveness of the law.

Federal government

An initiative of the federal government begins with the elaboration of a draft bill by a federal ministry, which if necessary consults with other ministries. It is common practice that associations and specialist groups are involved in the preparation of the draft legislation in accordance with Section 47 (3) GGO and can comment on them. Following this, the draft is submitted to the entire federal government in order to pass a cabinet resolution in accordance with §§ 15 paragraph 1 littera a, 24 paragraph 2 sentence 1 GOBReg.

If the cabinet decision is made, the Federal Government must first submit the draft to the Bundesrat in accordance with Article 76, Paragraph 2, Sentence 1 of the Basic Law. This should give them the opportunity to comment on the draft at an early stage. According to Article 76, Paragraph 2, Sentence 2 of the Basic Law, the Federal Council can comment on the draft within six weeks. In order to circumvent the obligation to provide information beforehand, the federal government occasionally has its drafts submitted by a parliamentary group that supports it and for which there is no comparable obligation to provide information. With such a "disguised government bill", the Federal Government violates Article 76, Paragraph 2, Clause 1 of the Basic Law if it limits the parliamentary group's role to formally introducing the law. In doing so, it violates the rights of the Federal Council, which it could take action against in an organ dispute . If, on the other hand, the federal government merely lends a hand to a parliamentary group that is working on a draft independently, it is a proposal from the Bundestag.

Federal Council

An initiative by the Federal Council requires a resolution to this effect. According to Art. 52, Paragraph 3, Clause 1 of the Basic Law , the Bundesrat takes this with a majority of the votes of its members. Art. 76 paragraph 3 sentence 1 GG stipulates that the Bundesrat shall forward its draft to the Bundestag through the Federal Government within six weeks. According to Article 76, Paragraph 3, Sentence 2 of the Basic Law, the Federal Government should comment on the draft.

Main proceedings in the Bundestag

Art. 77 paragraph 1 sentence 1 GG provides that laws are passed by the Bundestag. The procedure is detailed in the Bundestag's rules of procedure. Since this is internal law of the Bundestag, a violation of it does not fundamentally affect the constitutionality of a law. A violation is only noticeable if the violated GOBT norm takes up a constitutional requirement, so that a violation of the GOBT also represents a violation of the Basic Law.

In accordance with Section 78, Paragraph 1, Clause 1 of the GOBT, the Bundestag will hold three deliberations on the draft. In parliamentary German, these are referred to as readings .

First reading

In the first reading there is a debate on the main features of the draft. This is then regularly referred to the relevant technical committee . If several committees are responsible for the content, it is referred to all of them for discussion, but a lead committee is determined. There it comes to detailed discussions by the respective experts of the fractions and possibly for consultation with experts . All the results of the deliberations of the committees are recorded by the lead technical committee in the printed matter referred to as a recommendation for a resolution and a report.

In fact, the decision-making does not take place in the Bundestag committees, but in these mirror-image upstream, faction-internal working groups. One speaks of the “party-democratic model” in contrast to the traditional theory of parliamentarism. In coordination with the parliamentary group's executive committee and the ministry (in the case of a government majority) and with the involvement of experts and interest representatives, the members of the committee also work on the joint draft of their parliamentary groups in the working groups. These working groups usually meet on Tuesday mornings during the parliamentary week. After the decision-making in the working groups has been concluded, the submission must be confirmed by the parliamentary group assembly, which usually meets on Tuesday afternoons, in order to become the group’s position that is jointly represented and defended externally. A government majority position developed in this way is then aimed at in the appropriate committees, which meet on Wednesday mornings.

Since the composition of the committees reflects the majority of the plenary, the majority parliamentary groups can always prevail with their draft. Although there is controversial discussion in the committees as well as in the plenary, as in the plenary, there is no deliberation in the sense of a balance of interests aimed at through arguments.

Second reading

In the second reading, which is based on the printed matter “Recommended resolution and report”, the MPs report on their deliberations. There is a debate and voting on proposed amendments and, in individual provisions, also on the draft law. All laws passed by the Bundestag go to the Bundesrat.

Third reading

The third reading follows immediately after the second reading in accordance with § 84 sentence 1 GOBT, provided that no changes were decided in the second reading. Otherwise, it is generally carried out on the second day after the printed matter has been distributed with the changes made.

At the end of the third reading there is a final vote. In order for the law to come into effect, the Bundestag has to pass it by a simple majority in accordance with Article 42, Paragraph 2, Sentence 1 of the Basic Law . This requires a majority of the votes cast. Pursuant to Section 45 (1) of the GOBT, at least half of all MPs must be present for the vote so that the Bundestag has a quorum. If this number is not reached, § 45 Paragraph 2 Clause 1 GOBT fakes the quorum if the quorum is not determined. This assumption is compatible with the Basic Law, since most of the work steps do not take place in plenary but in committees. Therefore it does not create the danger that laws lack democratic legitimation.

Amendment to the Basic Law

In the case of constitution-amending laws , a majority of two thirds of the members of the Bundestag is required according to Art. 79 Paragraph 2 of the Basic Law .

Approval of the federal government

Laws relevant to the budget within the meaning of Article 113 of the Basic Law (increases in expenditure or reductions in income) require the approval of the Federal Government.

Main proceedings in the Federal Council

If the law has been passed in the Bundestag, the President of the Bundestag forwards it immediately to the Bundesrat in accordance with Art. 77 Paragraph 1 Sentence 2 of the Basic Law. For this purpose, he forwards this to the President of the Federal Council .

The Federal Council then examines the draft. The scope of the Federal Council's competencies is determined by whether the draft law requires its approval .

Consent laws

A law requires the approval of the Federal Council if the Basic Law explicitly orders this. Such reservations of consent exist in particular for matters that affect the interests of the federal states above average.

Consent requirements

According to Art. 79 Paragraph 2 of the Basic Law, laws that amend the Basic Law require approval. A two-thirds majority is required for these .

According to Art. 84, Paragraph 1, Clause 6 of the Basic Law, laws that regulate the establishment of the authorities and the administrative procedure for their implementation by the Laender without the possibility of derogation under Land law are also subject to approval . In principle, according to Article 83 of the Basic Law , the states have the competence to design the procedure in which they implement federal laws.

Laws that assign performance obligations towards third parties to the countries (performance laws) are also consent laws according to Art. 104a Paragraph 4 GG. Furthermore, according to Art. 105 Paragraph 3 GG, such laws require approval that aim to change taxes which the revenue sovereignty of the Countries or municipalities affected.

Finally, the transfer of sovereign rights to the European Union by law in accordance with Article 23, Paragraph 1, Sentence 2 of the Basic Law requires the consent of the Bundesrat.

If the draft aims to amend a law that required approval, it requires approval if it changes elements of the law that made the original law require approval. Approval is also required if elements that originally required approval are not changed, but are significantly influenced.

Decision options of the Federal Council

The Federal Council also first deals with the draft law in the respective technical committees before a decision is made. If the Federal Council approves the draft of a law requiring approval, this comes into effect in accordance with Article 78, variant 1 of the Basic Law.

If the Bundesrat has objections to the draft, it, the German Bundestag or the Federal Government can appeal to the mediation committee in accordance with Article 77, Paragraph 2, Clause 4 of the Basic Law . This committee consists of 16 members each from the Federal Council and the Bundestag. The members of the committee are made by the Bundestag in accordance with the principle of mirror image in accordance with the majority in parliament. The Federal Council has one representative per federal state on the committee. According to Art. 77, Paragraph 2, Sentence 3, of the Basic Law, they are not bound by instructions from their Länder, so that they, like the members of the Bundestag ( Art. 38, Paragraph 1, Sentence 2, of the Basic Law) are only bound to their conscience. The mediation committee has the task of working out a compromise that the Bundestag and Bundesrat would agree to. To this end, he may take up aspects that have already been discussed in the previous proceedings. In the absence of a right of initiative under Article 76 (1) of the Basic Law, however, he may not introduce any new aspects into the procedure. If the committee makes a proposal for change, the revised draft will be sent to the German Bundestag for discussion in accordance with Article 77 (2) sentence 5 of the Basic Law. This advice is called the fourth reading in law. If the Bundestag approves the amended law with a simple majority, the proposal goes back to the Bundesrat. If the latter agrees to the law, it comes into being according to Art. 78 variant 1 GG.

If the mediation committee decides not to change the draft law, the Federal Council is given the opportunity to approve the law again in accordance with Art. 77 paragraph 2a GG. If he agrees, the law comes into effect according to Art. 78 variant 1 GG. If, on the other hand, he refuses to give his consent again, the law has finally failed.

Opposition laws

If a law does not require the approval of the Federal Council, it is an objection law . This can come about in different ways.

An objection law comes into effect in accordance with Art. 78, variant 3 of the Basic Law, if the Federal Council does not object to the law within two weeks. If the Federal Council erroneously assumes an approval law and refuses approval, this will not be reinterpreted as an objection in accordance with Section 30 (1) GOBR for reasons of legal certainty.

According to Art. 78, variant 2 of the Basic Law, it also comes about if the Federal Council fails to call the Mediation Committee within three weeks. In the case of an objection law, only the Federal Council is authorized to call the mediation committee. If he wants to lodge an objection later, he must first call the mediation committee. If the mediation process does not reach a compromise or a result that is not accepted by the Federal Council, it can now appeal against the law.

If the Federal Council objects, but later withdraws it, the law comes into effect in accordance with Article 78, variant 4 of the Basic Law.

If the Bundesrat does not withdraw its objection, the Bundestag can overrule it in another vote in accordance with Art. 77, Paragraph 4 of the Basic Law. For this, the majority of its members ( Chancellor majority ) must vote in favor of the draft. If the Bundesrat submits the objection with a two-thirds majority, the Bundestag must overrule it with its doubly qualified majority, namely with a two-thirds majority of the votes cast, but at least an absolute majority of the members. If the vote in the Bundestag is in favor of the law, this comes about in accordance with Article 78, variant 5 of the Basic Law. However, if the Bundestag cannot override the objection, the law has failed.

Closing procedure

If a law is passed according to Art. 78 GG, the final procedure begins. Only in exceptional cases does the federal government's approval requirement described above still apply to budget laws.

Countersignature by the Federal Chancellor or Minister

According to Article 82, Paragraph 1, Clause 1 of the Basic Law, the final procedure begins with the countersignature of the draft law. According to Art. 58 Paragraph 1 GG, this can be done by the Federal Chancellor or the responsible Federal Minister. In practice, the countersignature is carried out by the lead federal minister and, if applicable, other participating ministers, and finally by the federal chancellor . To what extent the Federal Chancellor and the Federal Ministers are entitled to an examination obligation in the context of the countersignature in the context of this procedure in the sense described above has not yet been clarified in jurisprudence and is not yet relevant in practice.

Execution by the Federal President and proclamation

After the countersignature, the law is forwarded to the Federal President . The latter draws it out by signing it. With this act, the President confirms the completion of the legislative process. The legislative organs have a claim against the Federal President to have it issued. Failure to comply can be challenged by filing an application in the Organstreit proceedings .

After it has been issued, the Federal President gives the Federal Ministry of Justice the task of promulgating the law in the Federal Law Gazette .

It is controversial in jurisprudence to what extent the Federal President has the right or even the duty to refuse to sign a law because he considers it to be unconstitutional.

Formal inspection rights

According to the general opinion, the Federal President is allowed to check whether the legislative procedure was carried out in accordance with the constitutional requirements. This view argues with the wording of Article 82, Paragraph 1, Clause 1 of the Basic Law, which only stipulates the obligation to sign for laws that have come into being in accordance with the provisions of the Basic Law.

Substantive testing law

Whether and to what extent the Federal President may also complain about the incompatibility of the content of the law with the Basic Law, in particular with regard to the federal distribution of competences and fundamental rights , has not yet been conclusively clarified.

According to the prevailing view, the Federal President has a limited substantive right to review. According to this, he may check whether the law violates the Basic Law in a serious and obvious way. This view argues with the binding of the Federal President to law and order in accordance with Article 20 paragraph 3 of the Basic Law. According to this, the Federal President may not participate in constitutional violations, which is why he is obliged to refuse to issue them. The restriction to obvious violations results from the fact that the Bundestag is also bound by law. Since the latter represents a central figure within the legislative process, he primarily assumes responsibility for the law. In addition, some voices are in favor of a comprehensive right of examination for the Federal President, since the norms of the Basic Law give no indication of a restriction to obvious violations and the restrictive criteria are too vague.

It is also controversial whether the substantive right of examination also extends to the compatibility of a law with Union law. Proponents of such a right to review argue with the Union loyalty prescribed by Art. 4 Paragraph 3 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). Opponents argue that Article 82, Paragraph 1, Sentence 1 of the Basic Law only refers to the provisions of the Basic Law. Since the Basic Law ranks above the EUV, this restriction of loyalty to the Union takes precedence.

Come into effect

After its promulgation, the law comes into effect at the time it specifies. If, as an exception, it does not contain any regulation on the entry into force, it comes into force on the fourteenth day after the issue of the Federal Law Gazette in accordance with Article 82, Paragraph 2 of the Basic Law. The day of issue does not count towards the calculation of the deadline.

transparency

In November 2018, the federal government decided to publish draft laws and statements from associations from the legislative process by default. Previously, the campaign "had Glass laws " of FragDenStaat.de and abgeordnetenwatch.de requested thousands of such documents.

See also

literature

  • Thilo Brandner: Parliamentary Legislation in Crisis Situations - On the Conclusion of the Financial Market Stabilization Act , NVwZ 2009, pp. 211–215.
  • Wolfgang Ismayr : Legislation in the political system of Germany . In: Wolfgang Ismayr (Ed.): Legislation in Western Europe. EU countries and the European Union . VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2008, pp. 383–429.
  • Ulrich Karpen : 40 Years of Legislative Studies in Germany and the ZRP Contribution , ZRP 2007, pp. 234–235.
  • Michael Kloepfer : Legislative Outsourcing - The creation of draft laws by lawyers , NJW 2011, pp. 131-134.
  • Konrad Redeker : Ways to Better Legislation , ZRP 2004, pp. 160–163.
  • Wolfgang Thierse : Ways to Better Legislation - Expert Advice, Justification, Impact Assessment and Impact Assessment, NVwZ 2005, pp. 153–157.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Diagram as an overview of the legislative process . Animation as an overview of the legislative process .
  2. ^ Christoph Gröpl: Staatsrecht I: State foundations, state organization, constitutional process . 9th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-406-71257-9 , Rn. 1112.
  3. ↑ Timo Hebeler: The introduction of bills according to Art. 76 GG. In: Juristische Arbeitsblätter 2017, p. 413 (415).
  4. ↑ Rüdiger Sannwald: Art. 76 , Rn. 6. In: Bruno Schmidt-Bleibtreu, Hans Hofmann, Hans-Günter Henneke (eds.): Commentary on the Basic Law: GG . 13th edition. Carl Heymanns, Cologne 2014, ISBN 978-3-452-28045-9 .
  5. ↑ BVerfGE 125, 175 : Hartz IV.
  6. ↑ Rüdiger Sannwald: Art. 76 , Rn. 14. In: Bruno Schmidt-Bleibtreu, Hans Hofmann, Hans-Günter Henneke (eds.): Commentary on the Basic Law: GG . 13th edition. Carl Heymanns, Cologne 2014, ISBN 978-3-452-28045-9 .
  7. ↑ Rüdiger Sannwald: Art. 76 , Rn. 32. In: Bruno Schmidt-Bleibtreu, Hans Hofmann, Hans-Günter Henneke (eds.): Commentary on the Basic Law: GG . 13th edition. Carl Heymanns, Cologne 2014, ISBN 978-3-452-28045-9 .
  8. ^ Christoph Gröpl: Staatsrecht I: State foundations, state organization, constitutional process . 9th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-406-71257-9 , Rn. 1114.
  9. ↑ BVerfGE 1, 144 : autonomy of the rules of procedure.
  10. ↑ Michael Sachs: Comment on BVerfG, decision of June 14, 2017, 2 BvQ 29/17 . In: Legal Training 2017, p. 803.
  11. ↑ Timo Hebeler: The introduction of bills according to Art. 76 GG. In: Legal worksheets 2017, p. 413.
  12. ↑ Julian Krüper: Lawfirm - legibus solutus? Legitimacy and rationality of the internal legislative process and the 'outsourcing' of draft laws . In: JuristenZeitung 2010, p. 661.
  13. ↑ Klaus Messerschmidt: Private Legislative Helpers - Legislative Outsourcing as Privatized Regulatory Management in Law Firm Democracy ? In: Der Staat 51, p. 387 (401).
  14. ↑ Maik Bäumerich, Benjamin Fadavian: Basic cases for the legislative procedure . In: Juristische Schulung 2017, p. 1067 (1067-1068).
  15. ^ German Bundestag: Participation of associations in the preparation of bills for the federal government. In: Scientific Service. Retrieved April 6, 2019 .
  16. ↑ Rüdiger Sannwald: Art. 76 , Rn. 35. In: Bruno Schmidt-Bleibtreu, Hans Hofmann, Hans-Günter Henneke (eds.): Commentary on the Basic Law: GG . 13th edition. Carl Heymanns, Cologne 2014, ISBN 978-3-452-28045-9 .
  17. ↑ Rüdiger Sannwald: Art. 76 , Rn. 48. In: Bruno Schmidt-Bleibtreu, Hans Hofmann, Hans-Günter Henneke (eds.): Commentary on the Basic Law: GG . 13th edition. Carl Heymanns, Cologne 2014, ISBN 978-3-452-28045-9 .
  18. ↑ Eike Frenzel: The legislative procedure - basics, problem cases and recent developments . In: Juristische Schulung 2010, p. 119 (119-120).
  19. ↑ Eike Frenzel: The legislative procedure - basics, problem cases and recent developments . In: Juristische Schulung 2010, p. 119 (120).
  20. ^ German Bundestag - advice, reading. Retrieved December 10, 2019 .
  21. ^ Christoph Gröpl: Staatsrecht I: State foundations, state organization, constitutional process . 9th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-406-71257-9 , Rn. 1123.
  22. ↑ a b c Eike Frenzel: The legislative procedure - basics, problem cases and recent developments . In: Juristische Schulung 2010, p. 119 (121).
  23. ↑ Maik Bäumerich, Benjamin Fadavian: Basic cases for the legislative procedure . In: Juristische Schulung 2017, p. 1067 (1069).
  24. ^ Christoph Gröpl: Staatsrecht I: State foundations, state organization, constitutional process . 9th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-406-71257-9 , Rn. 1143.
  25. ↑ BVerfGE 37, 363 (382) : Federal Council.
  26. ↑ BVerfGE 48, 127 (180) : Compulsory military service amendment.
  27. ↑ BVerfGE 112, 118 (140) : Mediation Committee.
  28. ↑ Christian Hillgruber: BVerfG, judgment of September 22, 2015, 2 BvE 1/11 . In: Legal Training 2016, p. 156.
  29. ^ Christoph Gröpl: Staatsrecht I: State foundations, state organization, constitutional process . 9th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-406-71257-9 , Rn. 1134.
  30. ↑ Peter Huber, Daniel Fröhlich: The competence of the mediation committee and their limits . In: Public Administration 2005, p. 322.
  31. ↑ Eike Frenzel: The legislative procedure - basics, problem cases and recent developments . In: Juristische Schulung 2010, p. 119 (122).
  32. ↑ Eike Frenzel: The legislative procedure - basics, problem cases and recent developments . In: Juristische Schulung 2010, p. 119 (123).
  33. ^ Christoph Gröpl: Staatsrecht I: State foundations, state organization, constitutional process . 9th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-406-71257-9 , Rn. 1175.
  34. ^ Christoph Gröpl: Staatsrecht I: State foundations, state organization, constitutional process . 9th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-406-71257-9 , Rn. 1161.
  35. ↑ Julia Hauk: The Federal President's right to examine with regard to the constitutional, European and international law conformity of a law . In: Legal Training 2017, p. 93.
  36. ^ Christoph Gröpl: Staatsrecht I: State foundations, state organization, constitutional process . 9th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-406-71257-9 , Rn. 1163.
  37. ↑ Bodo Pieroth: Art. 82 , Rn. 3. In: Hans Jarass, Bodo Pieroth: Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany: Commentary . 28th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-66119-8 .
  38. ↑ Michael Brenner: Art. 82 , Rn. 27. In: Hermann von Mangoldt, Friedrich Klein, Christian Starck (eds.): Commentary on the Basic Law. 6th edition. tape 2 . Articles 20 to 82. Vahlen, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-8006-3730-0 .
  39. ↑ Julia Hauk: The Federal President's right to examine with regard to the constitutional, European and international law conformity of a law . In: Legal training 2017, p. 93 (95).
  40. ↑ Hermann Butzer: Art. 82 , Rn. 201. In: Theodor Maunz, Günter Dürig (Ed.): Basic Law . 81st edition. CH Beck, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-406-45862-0 .
  41. ^ Christoph Gröpl: Staatsrecht I: State foundations, state organization, constitutional process . 9th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-406-71257-9 , Rn. 1170.
  42. ↑ Julia Hauk: The Federal President's right to examine with regard to the constitutional, European and international law conformity of a law . In: Legal training 2017, p. 93 (97).
  43. ↑ Rüdiger Sannwald: Art. 82 , Rn. 17. In: Bruno Schmidt-Bleibtreu, Hans Hofmann, Hans-Günter Henneke (eds.): Commentary on the Basic Law: GG . 13th edition. Carl Heymanns, Cologne 2014, ISBN 978-3-452-28045-9 .
  44. ↑ Hartmut Bauer: Art. 82 , Rn. 14. In: Horst Dreier (Ed.): Basic Law Comment: GG . 3. Edition. Volume II: Articles 20-82. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-16-148232-8 .
  45. ^ Christoph Gröpl: Staatsrecht I: State foundations, state organization, constitutional process . 9th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-406-71257-9 , Rn. 1178.
  46. ↑ Federal Government: Bills and statements are publicly available. Retrieved April 6, 2019 .
  47. ↑ FragDenStaat.de: Transparent laws: Federal government resolves standard publication of lobby statements. Retrieved April 6, 2019 .