Cold wave in Europe 2012

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
High Cooper, Dieter, Low Gisela, Julia, Lucina, Olivia
Lowest temperature in Europe, 5. – 11.  February (purple <–20 ° C)
Lowest temperature in Europe, 5. – 11. February (purple <–20 ° C)
General weather situation Siberian high system with Atlantic and Mediterranean lows ( cold spell , snowfall )
Data
Emergence January 20, 2012
Main cold and snow masses Late January - mid February
Relaxation around February 19, 2012
Lowest temperature -45 ° C ( Glattalp SZ / CHE 1800 m, February 6 )
snow to 5 m height drift (Carligu Mic, county Buzau  ROM, Feb. 12 )
wind 205 km / h gusts ( Krk , CRO February 8 )
consequences
affected areas all of Europe , especially Eastern Europe , the Balkans , the Adriatic region
Victim ~ 650 (direct cold deaths)
Other exceptional values : Air pressure : 1058.0 hPa ( Haparanda  SWE, February 3rd)

The cold wave in Europe in January / February 2012 was a cold snap during the winter 2011 / 2012 , the beginning in the third week of January in much of Europe and adjacent rooms for long lasting deep frosts and beyond for heavy snowfall caused the Mediterranean and Black Sea region. They were caused by the Russian highs Cooper and Dieter , the Iceland / Baltic Sea low Gisela , the Mediterranean lows Julia and Lucina and the low Olivia .

More than 600 people died as a result of the cold spell (direct cold victims).

A decrease in the cold brought the onset of a thaw in Eastern Europe on 18/19. February. After that there were problems with ice accumulation and flooding in many rivers .

Meteorological basics

Course and synopsis

Around January 20, 2012, a large and strong high pressure area , called Cooper , formed over central Siberia .

By January 29, 2012, the core pressure over the northern Russian-Finnish border area rose to around 1055  hPa .

Cooper disintegrated the next day over the White Sea , but was replaced by another continental high pressure area called Dieter , which stabilized east of Cooper in the Northern Urals and remained there for a while. On January 30, 2012 it reached more than 1065 hPa; later a bridge was built to a Biskayahoch that had been dragged from the Azores high.

On February 5, the high split into two cores, the western of which, Dieter II , shifted over the Baltic Sea and moved across the British Isles until the 8th of the month, while Dieter I moved northward from Central Eastern Europe to northern Scandinavia. Around the 10th, the cores reunited across Central Europe and moved east, again forming a high-pressure bridge to Western Europe. Once again, large-scale polar cold air flowed into Central Europe and brought further cold records (especially eastern Europe and the Balkans) into the third week of February. Cooper / Dieter had already had weather effects in all of Eastern Europe for over a month.

At the same time, the Icelandic low Gisela established itself over the Baltic Sea on January 20 and steered its fronts against the polar-Siberian cold air masses flowing into Central Europe until the 24th of the month.

There was heavy snowfall in the northeast damming of the Carpathian Arc and the Balkan Mountains .

On 30./31. On January 1st, the low altitude Ines became a Mediterranean low Julia , which was initially above the Tyrrhenian Sea , then shifted to the lower Adriatic and in the central Mediterranean area controlled large amounts of moisture against the cold zones. Conversely, this low also drew Siberian air masses over the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa (also driven by a small intermediate low over the Baltic Sea called Katarzyna until February 3 ).

From that day onwards, Western Europe touched the front of an Icelandic depression that provided snow and freezing rain. It was not until nine days after formation that the low Julia shifted to the east on February 8 and disintegrated over Anatolia, while at the same time the front of a small low Lucina , which had formed between Dieter I and II over the Baltic Sea, was on an " inverse Vb-orbit " moved into the Mediterranean as a high altitude low core and again stabilized as a low over the Adriatic Sea. In the Danube region and the Balkans, this unstable redeployment led to the extremely rare occurrence of heavy snowfall with, at the same time, very low temperatures down to –15 ° C. The bora over the upper Adriatic reached hurricane strength at the time . By February 13, the Lucina low migrated on the typical Vc orbit into the northern Black Sea region and drew another cold current to the Balkans.

On February 8th, a low pressure core also formed over the southern Urals. With the still unstable Mediterranean low, this led to hurricane-like pressure winds, which penetrated from the Ukrainian cold regions over the Black Sea to Anatolia and brought heavy snowfalls in the Caucasus region . This center moved north across European Russia on the 14th.

After the weekend of 11/12 February fronts attracted a strong Iceland - / Scandinavia deep complex Nicole / Olivia / Patricia / Quiana Western Europe and brought there substantial relaxation of the cold, but mostly freezing rain, some heavy storms and abundant snow, even in Eastern and Southeastern Europe, the temperature rose significantly.

The core Olivia - which had formed over central Scandinavia, an equally rare deep trajectory - moved over the Baltic Sea into the Balkans and over Anatolia and brought there, especially on the night of the 16th to the 17th, enormous snowfalls with drifts and, moving eastwards, another Cold advance that brought about the lowest temperatures ever in the event in the Balkans. Here it only came to the 18./19. of the month to a relaxation, but still widespread slight permafrost prevailed, in European Russia around the 23.

The blockade of the massive high over Europe resulted in further weather anomalies. In the British Isles, where the air is normally relatively humid due to the Gulf Stream and the relatively warm water surrounding the islands, the previously abnormal winter drought increased, and there had been hardly any rainfall throughout the winter. As early as the third week of February there was water shortage in south-east England . In the Alps, however, the cold spell ended on 14/15. February with stormy winds and sometimes heavy snowfall, there was an enormous risk of avalanches in the second half of February, with a number of large harmful avalanches, and towards the end of the month there was regional flooding due to large amounts of meltwater.

Temperature anomaly (deviation from the long-term mean):

Climatological major location

The first half of winter 2011/12 was above average: in Central Europe there were only a few days with frost until mid-January . Only in the Tyrolean Alps had there been large amounts of fresh snow for a short time during hurricane Andrea in January. The rest of the winter was also comparatively mild, so that the four-week severe frost period was particularly significant in the weather.

The cold extended largely over the whole of Eurasia , while Central Asia , especially Uzbekistan and Tajikistan , was also particularly cold, which spread as a record cold wave to Pakistan . Amga in Russia measured -55.8 ° C on January 13 and 14. In north-east China and Inner Mongolia , temperatures of -30 to -40 ° C prevailed, as they had not for 28 years.

The cold wave is seen as a typical effect of the Arctic Oscillation  (AO), which was negative at that time , which leads to comparatively mild temperatures in the Arctic and cold in the moderate latitudes. In the early morning hours of February 8th at Longyearbyen Airport on the Arctic archipelago Spitzbergen (Svalbard), 7 ° C, the highest February temperature since records began. This made Longyearbyen - at a geographical latitude of 78 ° 13 ′ north - the warmest place in Norway. There was also abnormal warmth in eastern Canada , whereas in Alaska the coldest January of the 93-year-old closed records was recorded with temperatures of −50 ° C.

At the same time, there was a relatively rare deviation from the North Atlantic Oscillation  (NAO), the index of which was positive and the AO index negative. This went hand in hand with a shift in the polar jet stream , which instead of the regular west-east direction in the high phase of the cold spell was shifted to a loop around Europe in northern Scandinavia - the British Isles - northern Spain - Libya.

The phenomenon is also closely related to the maximum of the La Niña period that occurred at the same time . From a global perspective, January and February 2012 were comparatively warm.

Estimation of the annuality

In the Mediterranean region , the cold spell is likely to have been the harshest winter in 50 years, that is to say since the winters of 1965 and 1962/63 ; the snowfalls in Italy have not been so severe since 1985 and 1986 ; In the Balkans , where record cold temperatures were also registered in January 1987 , it was in some areas one of the coldest winters since meteorological records began and the worst snow catastrophe in 63 years (the harsh winter of 1948/49 ).

In eastern Europe it was the severest frost winter in 15 years, the cold wave of 1996/1997 . In Vienna, for example, it was below minus ten degrees for twelve consecutive days, and icy for even longer - 16 days - the last time it was in 1954 .

In western Central Europe, on the other hand, the cold has so far been within the scope of the weather, as it prevails in winter about every ten years, comparable to the years 2006 , 1996 and 1985 , but as a 14-day event in Switzerland, for example, among the ten most extreme since the start of measurements 1864. In Hamburg in northern Germany, for example, the Alster ice pleasure took place again after 15 years, whereas Lake Constance in southern Germany was last frozen to a similar extent during Seegfrörne in the winter of 1962/63 .

The subsequent spring drought in England is likely to be a 30-year-old event; there has not been so little rainfall there since 1976.

The cold spell in January 2017 exceeded this cold, especially in the Mediterranean area, where it penetrated particularly far south, in lows and snowfall.

Effects

Eastern, Northern and Western Europe

Seegfrörni in the port of Rapperswil , Lake Zurich, 12.2.

The northern half of Europe was primarily affected by extreme cold and - with the exception of an early snowfall - by low rainfall.

The snowfall in the third week of January with up to one meter of snow in a few days hit Slovakia and Bulgaria in particular . On Sunday the 22nd, an ice rink in Námestovo in northern Slovakia collapsed under the masses of snow.

Finland recorded the lowest temperatures in Europe in Kuusamo Kiutaköngäs in the eastern Finnish hill country with -39.2 ° C on February 2; Sweden in Kvikkjokk , Lapland, on the night of the 3rd even −42.7 ° C. The place Kvilda in the Czech Bohemian Forest recorded the lowest temperatures in Central Europe at -39.4 ° C on February 6th. However, Switzerland measured the absolute lowest temperature in Europe with -45 ° C on the Glattalp  SZ at 1800 m on February 6th and still -35.1 ° C in the inhabited area in Samedan  GR.

The Ukraine was particularly affected by the onset of the cold spell, with temperatures dropping below −30 ° C by the end of January, at that time there were up to 30 deaths from frostbite, as of February 3, more than 100, and by the end of the first week of February over 130 deaths from frostbite to be recorded. The Ukrainian government announced that it was mainly the result of alcohol abuse . In Poland , too , up to 45 victims were reported by February 4, in Romania  30. The Baltic States also recorded temperatures down to −30 ° C, Moscow reported night temperatures down to −25 ° C since the beginning of the last week of January.

Ice drift on the Loire near Orléans , 8.2.

At the end of January, the cold reached southern France , this area was already covered by the Mediterranean depth, 40 cm of snow fell on Corsica, and at times 14,000 households were without electricity.

In the Helsinki area there were snowstorms with heavy pile-ups at the beginning of February. Belgium was also surprised by the snowfall, and Brussels hit at the beginning of the 4th / 5th weekend. to an unprecedented 1,100 km of traffic jam. At the same time, the snowfall also reached the British Isles , with up to 15 cm of snow in all of Central and Northern England and ice in Wales, London-Heathrow canceled numerous flights.

In Germany, the Elbe was downhill from Magdeburg , the full length of the Elbe-Havel Canal was impassable due to icing; partly also the Main-Danube Canal . The island of Spiekeroog was supplied from the air for the second time in its history: the ferry traffic was stopped due to heavy ice drift on the North Sea on February 7, 2012. The passenger ship port of Constance on Lake Constance was last frozen to a similar extent during the Seegförne in 1963 .

With the snowfall in the third week of February, traffic chaos broke out with snow depths of up to over 70 cm in just a few days, especially in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. A state of emergency had to be declared throughout Okres Čadca in northwestern Slovakia, and also in Považská Bystrica .

Mediterranean, Danube region and the Balkans

Gemmano , Emilia-Romagna , south of Rimini, on February 9th

The Italian peninsula , the Balkan peninsula and the Danube region were affected by heavy snowfall as well as extreme cold; Most countries in this area also report victims of frostbite, as well as extensive traffic obstructions and economic consequences. The cold wave hit the Maghreb in the western Mediterranean as well as the Aegean Sea , the Turkish Mediterranean region and the Levant in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region.

On the Iberian Peninsula , the temperature fell well below freezing point at the beginning of February; Snow fell on Mallorca as it had not been since 1956, in the Atlas and even in Algiers , Algeria , in southern Tunisia near Gabès it snowed for the first time in 70 years, on February 6th a snowstorm hit Libya .

In southern Turkey , too , the values ​​fell below freezing at the beginning of February.

In Italy , Tuscany reported 25 cm of snow on February 3rd and Lazio with Rome reported a closed snow cover, and Abruzzo reported heavy snow ( Fabriano / Marche on February 7th 80 cm). There were power outages (at times up to 120,000 people were without electricity) and traffic obstructions (the military was used to clear snow); in Rome broke before the weekend of the 4th / 5th. February the traffic completely together. Until the second week of February, deep winter conditions prevailed in all of northern and central Italy, especially in the Marches , Umbria , Abruzzo and Emilia-Romagna . In Rome, after the snowfall on 11/12 February the traffic together again; At Fiumicino Airport , 2,000 passengers had to spend the night in the airport building.

South Tyrol measured -32.1 ° C on February 10th, the lowest temperature ever recorded in South Tyrol (weather station Signalgipfel des Wilder Freilers , 3,400 m) and extreme drought (Bressanone, for example, recorded no measurable precipitation for the entire month of February, Bozen only recorded one Day).

Bucharest on January 26th (dsslb. February 13 , video)
Snow removal in Batočina , Central Serbia , 11.2.

In the entire interior of the Balkan Peninsula, in Croatia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia , Albania and Kosovo , Macedonia , Bulgaria , and Northern Greece , temperatures in some areas fell below -25 ° C from the end of January. Heavy snowfalls caused extensive traffic obstructions and numerous villages and regions were cut off from the outside world for over a week. In Bulgaria, the lowest temperatures have been recorded since weather records began 100 years ago. In some municipalities in Serbia, in Montenegro, Macedonia and in Croatian Dalmatia on the Adriatic, a state of emergency was declared on February 4th due to the amount of fresh snow .

In Serbia, over 70,000 people were cut off from the environment around February 5, and on February 9, Belgrade reported the lowest temperature ever recorded at -15 ° C. The energy shortage in Serbia led to power cuts in large industrial companies. In Bosnia-Herzegovina there was the heaviest snowfall since the beginning of the weather records with snow depths of up to two meters, in Sarajevo there was one meter of fresh snow on the weekend of 4th / 5th. public life comes to a standstill. A flu epidemic broke out in Albania in the second week of February , and medicines had to be transported to remote areas by helicopter. Split in Croatia, where the snow stretched to the sea, reported that it had used up a two-year requirement of plaster of paris for medical care within five days.

Ice formation in the bora on the Adriatic coast, near Senj , Kvarner Bay , 9.2.

Heavy Bora storms raged over the northern Adriatic on February 8th , in Istria , in the Slovenian Vipavaska Dolina and in Velebit with over 110 km / h, peak gusts over 200 km / h. The hurricane gusts caused considerable damage, as far as Venice, where the 9 m high symbol statue of the carnival was blown over.

Freezing over Tisza in Szeged , 2.2.

In the southern Balkans - in parts of Bulgaria, Romania, European Turkey and northern Greece - the snowfall that had reached as far as Crete turned into heavy rain on February 6, with flooding and reservoir overflows. A dam breach in the Iwanowo reservoir on the upper reaches of the Mariza in Bulgaria almost completely destroyed the town of Biser (800 inhabitants) and claimed several lives, until Edirne / Turkey the Mariza (Evros) overflowed its banks, the main border crossing between Turkey and Bulgaria was impassable. In northern Greece, too, downstream, a state of emergency had to be declared again - as had been the case several years before.

On the night of February 7th, the snowfall also spread to the Pannonian region and the Alps, where up to 20 cm of snow fell at temperatures below –10 ° C and caused traffic chaos from the foothills of the Alps via Vienna and Budapest to eastern Hungary . In Hungary, around 25,000 helpers were on duty until February 8, according to the disaster control authority, to save people from the cold. Nevertheless, by then there were already 55 dead. Around February 8th, the snowfall reached Athens again .

With the onset of another snow wave during the weekend on February 11th and 12th, around 100,000 people were trapped in their places in the central Balkans, the center of precipitation, in Montenegro, southern Serbia, Kosovo and in the eastern Romanian districts of Vrancea and Buzău . Supply was only possible by helicopter. In Carligu Mic , Buzău, people had to be freed from houses that were blown over the roofs, here the cornices reached a height of 4–5 m. The majority of the state of Montenegro, which is mainly located in the mountainous region of the southern Balkans , was almost completely cut off from the outside world until February 12, in Podgorica , the Montenegrin capital, it was 11/12. Half a meter of fresh snow was again given, a state of emergency was imposed throughout the country, and private car traffic was largely banned due to the exceptional states and increased energy consumption. The state of emergency could only be lifted again on Saturday the 18th. There were also avalanche victims in Kosovo. On Sunday, the roof of the Skenderija Olympic Hall in Sarajevo also collapsed under the load of snow .

The Danube shipping came on a majority of the distance in space Romania / Bulgaria to a halt in Russian downstream the Danube was almost completely frozen over early as the first week of February, and later froze in Silistra completely. Serbia hired Hungarian icebreakers to keep the Danube open near Belgrade. Increasingly, sections of the river upstream to Austria were also impassable; Since the lock areas in Lower Austria were closed, shipping on the entire Austrian Danube came to a standstill, soon afterwards also in Slovakia. With the renewed cold spell from February 11th, the Danube was closed to shipping over almost its entire length of the middle and lower reaches, for many hundreds of kilometers.

The Tisza with its tributaries in Hungary also began to freeze over.

In the Danube region, initial preparations were made for the feared coming heavy ice surge : especially in Romania and Serbia, 90% of the water surface was covered by ice, the ice sheet up to 15 cm thick. In the Belgrade district of Zemun (at the confluence of the Sava and Danube), the ice tore away entire floating jetties with dozens of moored boats and yachts on February 20.

In retrospect it became known that the Wiener Neustädter Canal (Lower Austria), which is under monument protection in its entire length and in large parts also under nature protection, was frozen through over a length of 14 km to the ground. The entire fish population perished; it was replaced by new trout .

Black Sea Region

In Volgograd Oblast , February 3

After the mountain regions of Romania and Bulgaria had to struggle with disabilities in the first phase of the cold spell in the outer south-east of Europe, all areas bordering the Black Sea were affected from the first week of February .

In addition to Slovakia, the region around Lovech in northern Bulgaria and large parts of southern Romania were particularly hard hit by the heavy snowstorms in the third week of January. In the Romanian district of Giurgiu around January 26th, numerous motorists were trapped in snowdrifts up to three meters high and had to be freed with the help of the military. The Bucharest Airport has been suspended because of the storm and sea conditions as the Romanian port of Constanta .

On January 30, a violent storm hit primarily the Georgian - Turkish border region, where the coastal connection at Sarpi became impassable.

On February 8th, heavy storms swept across southern Russia, Ukraine, Turkey and the coast of Bulgaria, with breakers up to five meters high. In the Krasnodar region broke power poles were at temperatures of -20 ° C more than 10,000 people without electricity. The ports of Burgas and Varna in Bulgaria had to be closed. At Ataturk Airport Istanbul flights were canceled, the ferry from Istanbul on the Marmara Sea had to be stopped. This low also brought heavy snowfalls to Georgia, Armenia , where Yerevan-Zvartnots International Airport had to be closed, and Azerbaijan as well .

Near the Bulgarian Burgas, in Sarafowo , the breakers uncovered the remains of a Roman settlement - it was suspected that this could happen after a storm in September 2011, and a column with the - previously unknown - name of the settlement was found.

The Kerch Strait , between the Black Sea and the Azov Sea, was completely frozen over, and over 120 ships were trapped in the ice there. By the second weekend in February, the cold spell also reached the areas in eastern Anatolia , where after the earthquake in October (Van earthquake) over 140,000 people were still living in emergency shelters or tents, at temperatures below freezing point, with up to 30 centimeters of snow at the same time.

European energy supply

Herne power plant  (North Rhine-Westphalia) under load, February 7, 2012
Local small biomass power plant , Sandl  Upper Austria, 5.2., Around -15 ° C

Gas consumption in the whole of Europe rose sharply; Occasionally, delivery bottlenecks were feared due to insufficient pipeline capacities in some regions, such as in southern Germany or France. As had been the case since 2005 , the Russian company Gazprom reduced the amount of gas supplied during the cold spell, as the demand for heating increased in Russia as well.

In France, the power plant capacities were temporarily insufficient to cover the electricity demand; the country became a net importer of electricity. The demand rose to over 100  GW (that would correspond to around 80 nuclear power plants, but only around 55 were on the grid ), which meant a new consumption record. Peak current was at the Paris electricity exchange temporarily traded at three times the price as in Germany.

In France, many houses are poorly insulated and heated with electricity.

On February 10, Bulgaria had to stop exporting electricity to neighboring countries due to its own high electricity consumption and a power plant failure.

Serbia recorded the highest daily electricity consumption in the country's history during this cold spell, over 160 GWh. As a preventive measure to save the energy supply system from collapsing, the Serbian government shut down state-owned companies, government agencies, schools and universities across the country for a week.

In Germany, after the nuclear phase-out that began in 2011 (with the shutdown of eight nuclear power plants) , the cold spell was the first major endurance test of grid stability . Germany remained a net exporter for most of the time (also due to the high solar potential in southern Germany); As a precaution, it brought cold reserve power plants on to the grid twice , its own and in Austria.

In Italy , too , some systems held as cold reserves were put into operation for a while.

Damage balance

It is estimated that there are 650 direct frostbite victims, mainly in Eastern European countries and the Balkans. In the Balkans, around 100,000 and in the Eastern Balkans 30,000 people were cut off from the outside world for days.

As an emergency measure for the Bulgarian flood victims, the EU approved aid from the Disaster Fund amounting to around € 10 million. The USA and China also promised aid.

For designation by an advertising agency

Since 1954, the Meteorological Institute of the Free University of Berlin has named high and low pressure areas that influence the weather in Europe. On the occasion of a budget cut a few years ago, a weather sponsorship was launched, where you can register a name for a cash payment. Hoch Cooper attracted attention, the name was an idea of ​​an advertising agency in Munich, which was in charge of a campaign for the BMW Group's car manufacturer Mini Germany for the imminent introduction of a successor to the well-known British Mini Cooper . The Wetterpate office of the Free University of Berlin emphasized that these are recognized first names. BMW announced that the company was sorry to have named this devastating high. The name Minnie was also originally reserved, but the low was called Maike .

literature

Web links

Commons : Cold wave in Europe in early 2012  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Synopsis:

Media content compilations:

Individual evidence

  1. a b Cold wave rolls on: Samedan stayed at minus 35.1 degrees . blick.ch, February 7, 2012.
  2. a b c d More and more deaths from the cold in Europe , February 7, 2012 (with a cold spell in Europe: deaths from cold / lowest temperature in each case. Graphic from the Austria Press Agency (APA), February 6, 2012; no longer available).
  3. a b Ramona Pauleanu din Carligul Mic, Buzau: Oamenii au sapat tuneluri in zapada ca sa poata iesi din case . Pro TV, 12.2. (with photo reports)
  4. a b c Winter 2012: First Aid from SeaHelp - Snow Chaos in Croatia ( Memento from February 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) , Sea-Help, undated .;
    Winter chaos in Croatia - defective ships and a mass death
    of birds , retter.tv, 10 February 2012.
  5. Cold Weather in Europe ( Memento from April 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) World Meteorological Organization, February 3 (later in the News archive February 2012  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.wmo.int  
  6. a b c d e f g h i NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information: State of the Climate: Global Analysis for Annual 2012. January 2013, accessed January 10, 2017; especially graphic 2012 Global Significant Weather and Climate Events and section Top Ten Global Weather / Climate Events for 2012.
  7. a b Snökanoner i söder - köldrekord i Lapland . Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut (SMHI), February 3, 2012 (Swedish); the 1058 hPa are the highest February value ever measured in Sweden; the February temperature record for Sweden is -52.6 ° C, Vuoggatjålme, February 2, 1966; see Svenska temperature record: Köldrekord , SMHI
  8. UN Special Representative for Disaster Risk Reduction, Margareta Wahlström, quoted in AFP: There is a threat of devastating floods after a cold spell ( memento of January 24, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ), on google.com/hostednews, accessed on February 22, 2012.
  9. Forecast 20120122 , forecast 20120124 , DWD weather maps, website of the Free University of Berlin (24th first day of naming the high)
  10. Forecast 20120128 , DWD weather map, website of the Free University of Berlin
  11. The DWD had forecast on January 30th that the high in Germany could cause pressures above 1060 hPa (the highest measured value so far was 1058 hPa on January 21, 1907 in Berlin) - in fact, the pressure over Central Europe remained at around 1035-1040 hPa . Siberia high "Cooper" freezes Germany. (No longer available online.) In: mdr online. January 30, 2012, formerly in the original ; Retrieved January 30, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.mdr.de
  12. Forecast 20120130 , forecast 20120204 , DWD weather maps, website of the Free University of Berlin
  13. Forecast 20120205 , DWD weather map
  14. a b Weather map February 8 , ZAMG; and forecast 20120208 , DWD weather map
  15. a b forecast 20120211 , DWD weather map, met.fu-berlin.de
  16. ↑ Cold wave goes into the second round , diePresse.com, February 9, 2012.
  17. forecast 20120120 , DWD weather map; Weather map February 23 , ZAMG
  18. Siberia vs. Atlantic , wetter24.com, January 23, 2012.
  19. Weather map January 30, 2012 and January 31, 2012 , ZAMG
  20. a b Weather map February 2, 2012 and February 3, 2012 , ZAMG; and forecast 20120203 , DWD
  21. a rare phenomenon, compare the weather maps of ZAMG every 6 hours, especially February 9, 2012 12:00 to February 10, 2012 6:00 , as well as forecast 20120207 , forecast 20120208 , forecast 20120209 , DWD
  22. a b forecast 20120212 to 20120215 , DWD
  23. Maps 2012 February 8-14 in archive of AVN- Europaanalysen, in wetterzentrale.de, top maps (archive from September 7, 1999, as of 2/2012)
  24. Wettwekarten 16 February 2012 ff, ZAMG; Forecast 20120213 to 20120218 , DWD
  25. В центр Европейской России пришла оттепель , meteoinfo.ru/news, February 24, 2012.
  26. a b Period of drought: It rains too little in England. Sebastian Borger in: Der Standard online, February 23, 2012.
  27. Severe weather report for February 2012. ZAMG monthly review (accessed January 26, 2017).
  28. cf. Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie (ZAMG): Weather review for December 2011 ( memento of February 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) and January 2012 - a month of great differences ( memento of February 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) ;
    Deutscher Wetterdienst  (
    page no longer available , search in web archives ) (DWD): Germany weather in December 2011 ; Interim balance winter , wetter24.de, January 21, 2012.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.zamg.ac.at
  29. Lit. WMO / JPA: Cold spell in Europe , p. 2.
  30. Karachi freezes to break 30 year old record !! “Russian winds bring mercury down!” , pakistanweatherportal.com, February 8, 2012.
  31. January 2012 Global Weather Extremes Summary. Christopher C. Burt, wunderground.com, February 11, 2012.
  32. AFP: Weather experts: Cold spell in Europe is not uncommon ( Memento from January 24, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) , press release, on google.com/hostednews, February 7, 2012.
  33. Nye varmerekorder ( Memento from September 13, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ), message in Svalbardposten (Norwegian), February 10, 2012.
  34. Bitter cold -65 ° F temperatures hit Alaska. Jeff Masters, wunderground.com, January 30, 2012.
  35. a b Jeff Masters: Harsh winter weather continues in Europe; rare snowstorm hits Libya. In: Dr. Jeff Masters' Miracle Blog. February 7, 2012, accessed February 15, 2012 .
  36. ^ Justin Grieser: Deadly cold snap grips Europe, snow strands thousands in Serbia, Bosnia , section What's causing the extreme cold? In: Washington Post online March 2, 2012.
  37. on NAO / AO – La Niña Teleconnection, see also James A. Bradbury, Cameron P. Wake, Airmap / NOAA: El Niño, the North Atlantic Oscillation and New England Climate; Winter Season Teleconnections and Climate Prediction ( Memento from January 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) . Airmap / NOAA (en, about the weather on the American east coast, explanations transferable: Normally the USA and Europe have about the same winters, with NAO different)
  38. January 2012 the globe's 19th warmest; and February 2012 the globe's 22nd warmest; Jeff Masters, wunderground.com, February 16, 2012 and March 28, 2012 respectively.
  39. a b "Coldest winter in 50 years": Italy uses the military . In: DiePresse.com , February 5, 2012.
  40. Italian ferry rammed the port embankment in a snow storm - snow chaos in Rome . ORF February 4, 2012.
  41. a b Montenegro almost cut off by heavy snow. Selcan Hacaoglo, The Associated Press , for example, quoted in The Sacramento Bee ( February 14, 2012 memento in the Internet Archive ) , February 12, 2012.
  42. see Siniša Stanković: The Balkan Lake Ohrid and its living world. Volume 9 of Monographiae biologicae , Verlag W. Junk, 1960, Winter circulation , p. 62 ff ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  43. ↑ The longest cold spell in 27 years has ended. In_ Der Standard online, February 14, 2012.
  44. Seldom so frozen ( Memento of February 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ). In: ZAMG: Neues , February 3, 2012 (link no longer available 2017).
  45. ↑ Fewer and fewer cold waves. MeteoSwiss blog , January 18, 2017.
  46. a b Weather: Winter Sports Service , SWR Landesschau Baden-Württemberg, February 9, 2012.
  47. a b Schneemassen , wetter24.de, January 27, 2012 (with map (2) snow depths in Southeast Europe on Friday, January 27, 2012 at 7:00 a.m. CET ).
  48. V Námestove sa zrútila strecha štadióna, kde trénoval Zedník a deti , SITA / TASR, pravda.sk, January 23, 2012 (sk, with video of the collapse), video ice rink falls during training  in the ZDFmediathek , accessed on January 31 2014. (offline)
  49. a waterfall, cf. Bärenrunde
  50. Helmikuun 2012 sää ja tilastot . In: ilmatieteenlaitos.fi >> Ilmasto >> Kuukausitilastot >> Helmikuu (Finnish, weather and statistics February 2012, the coldest day); see also Finland in the deep freeze all this week  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / eyeonthearctic.rcinet.ca   . YLE News. In: Eye on the Arctic , January 30, 2012
  51. "Minus 28.9 degrees": Tannheim in Tyrol as a cold pole . In: DiePresse.com , February 6, 2012.
  52. a b Siberian high: "Cooper" and its ice-cold breath . In: Spiegel online, January 31, 2012.
  53. a b Icy temperatures in Europe: Germany experiences the coldest night of winter . In: Sueddeutsche.de , February 3, 2012.
  54. Most Ukraine cold deaths alcohol-related, minister says , unian.net/CNN, February 9, 2012.
  55. a b c Cold wave already kills 250 ( memento from September 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). In: Kleine Zeitung , February 4, 2012.
  56. ↑ The temperature in Moscow drops to minus 26 degrees Celsius . In: Russia News , January 24, 2012.
  57. a b After the ice, the power failure: France and Greece experience rare winter events , NZZ Online, February 1, 2012.
  58. Satojen autojen liikennemotti - valmius pommi-iskun tasolle . In: Ilta = Sanomat , February 3, 2012 (Finnish, with video and photo series)
  59. The previous record was 948 kilometers. Belga news agency, quoted in 1100 kilometers of traffic jams through snow and ice. Traffic chaos in Belgium. In: tageblatt.lu, February 3, 2012;
  60. a b Snow and ice cause travel disruption , BBC News, February 5, 2012.
  61. Warning over icy road conditions , BBC News, February 5, 2012 found.
  62. a b c Cold wave over Europe: Hundreds of people freeze to death . In: FAZ.net, February 5, 2012.
  63. a b c Cold wave in Europe: almost 300 people die from freezing temperatures . In: Sueddeutsche.de , February 6, 2012.
  64. ^ Deutschlandfunk DLF, Nachrichten , February 8, 2012, 2 p.m.
  65. a b Snow records set , Katrin Litschko, Rozhlas a televízia Slovenska, February 17, 2012; Na Kysuciach stáli kamióny v 40-kilometrovej kolóne. V Žilinskom kraji napadlo za posledných 24 hodín od 50 do 90 centimetrov snehu a naďalej sneží . spravy.pravda.sk, February 16, 2012; Radičová rozplakala úradníčku v Čadci, miestne úrady vraj 'zaspali' . spravy.pravda.sk, February 18, 2012; Photo gallery , ibid.
  66. Snow continues to hinder traffic in the Czech Republic . Till Janzer, Český rozhlas, 17-02-2012 (de)
  67. La vague de froid qui s'abbat sur l'Est de l'Europe a fait 79 morts , Reportage euronews, 1:12, on youtube.com (fr)
  68. Ola de frío: Palma vive la nevada más importante desde 1956 , diariodemallorca.es, February 2, 2012 (es);
    Second cold wave brings snow to the beaches of Mallorca , mallorcainfos.com: Mallorca News , February 8, 2012 (de)
  69. ^ Snow in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco . NASA Observatory, Image of the Day , February 13, 2012.
  70. Météo: près de 300 morts en Europe, des victimes aussi en Algérie , Reportage euronews, 1:22 on youtube.com (fr)
  71. Vague de froid et chutes de neige en Tunisie . Meteo France, 07/02/2012 (fr)
  72. ^ Snow in Tripoli, but little chance in Malta . Retrieved May 24, 2012.
  73. It remains ice cold in Germany: Meteorologists expect snow chaos . In: RP online , February 2, 2012.
  74. Speciale: neve febbraio . The sommario climatologico degli eventi registrati dal 1 al 12 Febbraio 2012 Clima. MeteoAM (current content) Italia Sottozero: Maltempo, il peggio è passato, ma resta l'allerta nel Meridione . In: la Repubblica.it , February 12, 2012. see also it: Ondata di freddo del febbraio 2012 #Dal 28 gennaio al 15 febbraio l'aria continentale invade l'Italia , Wikipedia.

  75. So far 175 cold deaths in Europe . In: Handelsblatt online, February 3, 2012.
  76. Italy: froid intense au nord, neige dans le sud . Meteo France, 07/02/2012 (fr)
  77. Italy is sinking in the snow ( memento of February 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) , at.wetter.tv, February 11, 2012.
  78. a b c d e f g h Dozens of dead in several countries . ORF, February 12, 2012.
  79. Climareport , Südtirol - Alto Adige, Department 26 - Fire and Civil Protection, N. 193 January 2012 and N. 194 February 2012, 4th Precipitation , p. 3 and 5. Special , p. 4 ( Jan. Feb. , both pdf, province.bz.it)
  80. I unutrašnjost zatrpana snijegom, temperature Debelo 'u minusu' , dnevnik.hr, February 7, 2012 (hr, civil defense and traffic); Snijeg i niske temperature i dalje uzrokuju velike problems: Kod Zrmanje vlak iskliznuo s tračnica, a pokvario se i zamjenski , vecernji.hr, February 7, 2012 (hr, same) Rekordni minusi: U Sl. Brodu jutros -26, au Osijeku - 25 ° C , 24 sta.hr, February 9, 2012 (hr, same).

  81. Još jedan dan Težak , RTCG, February 7, 2012 (me);
  82. Zima ne odustaje: Aerodrom Podgorica opet zatvoren, svi letovi otkazani. Retrieved September 16, 2019 . , Vijesti online, February 7, 2012 (me, air traffic and road holding).
  83. Hladnoća odnela još tri života , novosti.rs, February 6, 2012 (rs, chronicle); Борбата със снега и щетите от наводненията продължава , dnes.bg, February 9, 2012 (bg, overview of snow and flood damage); New states of emergency declared in places in Bulgaria amid winter weather crisis . In: The Sofia Echo , Feb. 7, 2012 (en); Sve glavne saobraćajnice prohodne , 24 sata.rs, 6 February 2012 (rs, traffic situation).


  84. Moti i keq, prej 9 ditësh të bllokuara disa akse rrugore  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , balkanweb.com, February 9, 2012 (sq, traffic situation); Bora, vështirësi në shumë akse rrugore ; top-channel.tv, 08/02/2012 (sq, traffic situation, emergency situation in the isolated Kukes); Balla: Situatë dramatike në Stëblevë , top-channel.tv, 08/02/2012 (sq, emergency in the isolated Stebleva). @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.balkanweb.com  

  85. Одржувајте го потребното растојание помеѓу возилата ( memento from February 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), kurir.mk, February 9, 2012 (mk, traffic situation); Храна за отсечените села со армиски хеликоптери  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , on Утрински весник, utrinski.com.mk, February 8, 2012 (mk, use of army helicopters for supply); Dimri i ashpër, emergjencë në Maqedoni , top-channel.tv (sq, emergency Tetovo).
    @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.utrinski.com.mk  
  86. Актуалната пътна обстановка на живо по области (Update putna obstanovka na jivo po oblasti) , dnevnik.bg, February 9, 2012 (bg, traffic situation ); Актуалната пътна обстановка по области (Aktuellnata putna obstanovka po oblasti) , dnevnik.bg, February 18, 2012 (bg, traffic situation ).
  87. Beograd uživo: U 8.30 izmereno minus 20 stepeni , 24 sata.rs, February 9, 2012.
  88. ^ Cold: Power cuts for companies in Serbia , ORF, February 9, 2012.
  89. Christoph Peerenboom: Weather chaos in the Balkans - "I can't remember anything like it" ( Memento from February 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) . ARD Studio Südosteuropa, on tagesschau.de, February 6, 2012.
  90. Heavy snow in Sarajevo  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / wsarajevoww.youtube.com   , Video, milane12, February 4, 2012, on YouTube - there are also other videos.
  91. Emergjencat, helikopterë në zonat e izoluara. top-channel.tv, February 8, 2012 (sq).
  92. a b c Icy temperatures: More than 540 deaths from the cold in Europe . In: Handelsblatt , February 9, 2012
  93. Problemi s elekričnom Energijom - Photo: Bura nosila sve pred sobom . In: Glas Istre , February 8, 2012;
    Uz Orkansku Buru - PHOTO: Zabijelio se jug Istre; problemi sa strujom, ceste prohodne . In: Glas Istre , February 11, 2012;
    Kako je prošla puljština - Ližnjan: Nasukane brodice i kuće bez krova . In: Glas Istre , February 11, 2012.
  94. Burja oslabela: Na Vipavskem močnejše sunke ponovno pričakujejo v petek popoldan . Novice.Dnevnik.si Črna kronika , February 8, 2012 (si);
    Burja odnašala strešnike in zemljo: Gasilci so na strehe na Vipavskem, Ajdovskem in Goriškem položili več kot 2000 vreč, napolnjenih s peskom . Novice.Dnevnik.si, Novice / Slovenija , February 9, 2012.
  95. Maltempo: vento di bora 'abbatte' toro Carnevale Venezia - Raffiche a 81 km l'ora, statua portata in un capannone , Veneto Percorso: ANSA.it> Regioni> Veneto> News, February 8, 2012.
  96. Coordinates: Biser (Бисер) ; Ivanovo reservoir ; see flooding after dam break at the Iwanowo reservoir  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Radio Bulgaria, February 6, 2012 (de); Bulgarian village flooded by the reservoir , Voice of Russia, February 6, 2012 (de); Negligence in Bulgaria - rain turned into a flood disaster , EU info. Germany.! 541.8643205525.8665305@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / bnr.bg  
  97. a b c d e f More than 470 cold deaths in Europe , DiePresse.com, February 8, 2012.
  98. New storm front is spreading across large parts of Greece  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.griechenland.net   , Greece newspaper / griechenland.net, February 7, 2012.
  99. ARBÖ: onset of winter brought traffic chaos and chain obligation on the southern motorway , ARBÖ, APA press release Channel: Chronik , OTS0067, February 7, 2012; Overview: Accidents on deep winter roads , Die Presse.com (updated content).
  100. a b More Snow Forecast, Tisza Freezes In Hungary . In: Hungary around the Clock , February 7, 2012.
  101. ↑ The number of cold deaths in Hungary continues to rise. In: Pester Lloyd online, February 9, 2012.
  102. Snowfalls, thunderstorms and strong winds all over Greece. ( Memento from February 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) In: Greece newspaper /griechenland.net, February 8, 2012.
  103. Vanredno Stanje: U Podgorici normalno od ponedjeljka, za cijelu državu se još ne zna. Retrieved September 16, 2019 . . In: Vijesti online, February 18, 2012.
  104. Snow destroys the Olympic Hall in Sarajevo , 20 minutes online, February 12, 2012.
  105. ^ Bulgaria, Romania suspend shipping on Danube River . In: The Sofia Echo , February 8, 2012.
  106. The Danube river is completely frozen in Belgrade, Serbia, February 9, 2012. Authorities say up to 90 percent of the river surface is covered with floating ice , photo, novinite.com, February 9, 2012.
  107. Europe sends in icebreakers to battle big chill; great rises. In: Business Recorder online, February 8, 2012 (en).
  108. Ice brings Danube shipping to a standstill , ooe.orf.at, February 6, 2012.
  109. ↑ The cold paralyzes shipping . ORF-NÖ, February 9, 2012.
  110. Serbian military wants to blow up the ice cover on the Danube . OÖNachrichten> Weltspiegel , February 17, 2012.
  111. ^ Dozens of boats sunk by ice floes , ORF, February 20, 2012;
  112. TV report ( memento from February 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), video, iptv.orf.at
  113. Trout for the Wr. Neustadt Canal . ORF, March 22, 2012 (accessed on the same day).
  114. Romania uses army to save snow-trapped travelers and UPDATE 1-Romania uses army to save snow-trapped travelers , Reuters, January 26, 2012.
  115. ^ Romania Snow Blizzards: Army Drafted To Save Trapped Travelers , huffingtonpost.com, 2012/01/26
  116. Severe storm damages track on Georgian-Turkish border , trend.az, January 30, 2012 (en)
  117. Bulgaria faces further fatal freeze a day after Black Sea devastation . In: The Sofia Echo , Feb. 9, 2012 (en)
  118. High Swell Hits Black Sea Coast - Icy waves devastated hotels and ports ( Memento from February 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). In: StandartNews.com , February 9, 2012 (en)
  119. Forecast Meteorologa: Hladnoća bi u Evropi mogla da potraje do kraja februara. Retrieved September 16, 2019 . , Vijesti online, February 8, 2012 (Macedonian).
  120. Snow to continue in Armenia well into night , news.am, February 10, 2012 (English).
  121. ^ Sea Storm Unveils Ancient Town on Bulgaria's Coast , novinite.com, Archeology , February 9, 2012.
  122. Column with 7-meter long inscription found in Black Sea by Burgas . FOCUS News Agency, February 9, 2012.
  123. ^ Europe's cold snap leaves many of Turkey's quake survivors shivering in tents . In: The Washington Post World , February 10, 2012 - the "-4 Fahrenheit (-20 Celsius)" given there should be confused, it should be -4 ° C (weather forecasts for this time).
  124. Newspaper: Southern threatens gas shortage ORF, February, 9th 2012th
  125. Delivery problems at Gazprom: In the cold trap . In: Süddeutsche.de , February 5, 2012.
  126. Gazprom is reducing gas deliveries to the EU ( Memento of February 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), The European Circle, GreenMag , February 8, 2012;
  127. Russia delivers less gas to the EU , In: Salzburger Nachrichten , February 10, 2012.
  128. Lit. Report of the Federal Network Agency, May 3, 2012, p. 80 ff.
  129. Record value 101,700 MW on February 8, 2012 at 7 pm; after 8 février 2012 at 7pm: nouvelle pointe de consommation d'électricité à 101 700 MW. RTE, archived from the original on February 10, 2012 ; Retrieved January 11, 2012 .
  130. a b Electricity is running out in France ( Memento from February 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ). In: Tagesschau , February 9, 2012;
    France needs "power assistance" from Germany . In: Focus , February 8, 2012;
    Germany is a net electricity exporter at all times . energie-experten.org, February 11, 2012.
  131. (2010)
  132. Cold: Bulgaria stops all electricity exports , ORF, February 10, 2012.
  133. 162.67 GWh, with Kosovo and Metohija , February 8, Počela isključenja struje velikim potrošačima, za sada bez restrikicja za domaćinstva ( Memento of 10 February 2012 at the Internet Archive ). In: Blic online, February 9, 2012.
  134. Unusual power saving campaign: Cold-free for all of Serbia . In: focus.de , February 11, 2012.
  135. Lit. Report of the Federal Network Agency, May 3, 2012, various Ss.
  136. ↑ The energy transition in a practical test. Nuclear power blown on the wall . In: TAZ , February 3, 2012.
  137. a b How secure is Germany's power supply? . In: Tagesspiegel , February 10, 2012.
  138. the Mannheim coal-fired power plant, reserve block 3 (220 MW)
  139. a b in Austria: the Neudorf-Werndorf oil power plant, the two gas power plants Theiss (maximum capacity 800 MW) and Korneuburg (max. 455 MW) ; Changed energy flows: Cold is putting Europe's electricity supplier under tension . Verena Kainrath in: derStandard.at , February 9, 2012.
  140. a b More than 600 dead in Europe n-tv, February 12, 2012.
  141. ^ EC OKs Use of EU Funds for Flooded Bulgarian Village . novinite.com, February 9, 2012 (en).
  142. USA Donates $ 50,000, China Grants BGN 15,000 for Flood Victims ( February 2, 2014 memento in the Internet Archive ) , StandartNews.com, February 9, 2012.
  143. a b BMW Is 'Sponsoring' A Deadly Cold Snap That Has Killed 112 People In Eastern Europe . Adam Taylor. In: finanzen.ch , February 2, 2012;
    BMW sponsors deadly European cold snap . In: The Telegraph , February 12, 2012;
    Quote: “ BMW said it was sorry, but added that" you cannot tell what a weather system will do ".
  144. a b report dpa, up “Cooper” and down “Minnie” ( Memento from February 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ). In: Zeit online , January 30, 2012.