Cold wave in Europe January 2017

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cheers Angelika, Brigitta
Lowest temperature Europe, January 1st - February 4th (light blue <0 ° C, purple <–20 ° C)
Lowest temperature Europe, January 1st - February 4th (light blue <0 ° C, purple <–20 ° C)
General weather situation Central Europe highs with the onset of polar cold air , Mediterranean lows
storm Cold wave , snow storm
Data
Emergence Beginning of January 2017 ( hurricane Axel )
Lowest temperature -42.4 ° C ( Kautokeino  SE, 4.1. )
consequences
affected areas Europe , especially Eastern Europe , the Balkans , the Adriatic region
Victim > 100 (cold deaths, avalanche victims, especially Rigopiano avalanche )

The cold wave in Europe in January 2017 was a cold snap during the winter 2016/ 2017 , the beginning in the first week of January in much of Europe and adjacent rooms for deep frosts and beyond for heavy snow storms and snowfalls caused.

The cold claimed over 100 victims across Europe; the single event with the most serious consequences was the avalanche accident in Farindola (Rigopiano) on the 18th of the month with 29 victims; In the summer half-year there was a significant accumulation of heat and consequential events in southern and central Europe , -> " Heat and storms in Europe 2017 ".

Meteorological basics

Course and synopsis

From January 3rd to 6th, hurricane Axel , a severe winter storm, moved across north-central Europe. As a result, there was an intense onset of polar cold air , which penetrated as far as Asia Minor in the wake of the hurricane . The air masses were transported directly from the North Pole to the Mediterranean . Then a stable formed Central Europe high , Angelika called. The cold spell began with intense snowfall, which led to heavy snowstorms, especially in southeastern Europe with the retreating hurricane. In its peak phase, the cold with frost extended from the North African Maghreb and below –20 ° C throughout eastern Central Europe as far as Siberia . This phase came to an end with Storm Egon , which crossed north-central Europe from January 12th to 15th. The cold lasted in the Central Balkans .

With the passage of Atlantic fronts and an ingress of moist polar air, extensive snowfalls occurred again on the third weekend in January. The following high Brigitta ( following area was called Christa and Doris ) brought renewed cold. Together with two Mediterranean lows (the first finjas , the second unnamed), intense north- easterly winds prevailed over Central Europe , reaching up to 140 km / h as a bise in the Swiss Jura . The sub-zero temperatures reached into the North African Magreb , with snow down into the lowlands on Mallorca and heavy snowfall in the Atlas Mountains . The two Mediterranean lows remained stable for several days, which led to large amounts of precipitation on their front in southern and central Italy , on Sardinia and Corsica , with up to 2 meters of snow in the Apennines , and also on the Balearic Islands and on the Spanish east coast .

In the fourth week of January, there were small-scale temperature differences of up to 15 ° C in Europe with Hoch Christa over Central to Central Eastern Europe and Doris over Northeast Europe and a drop of cold air over France due to winds from different directions and high fog , sometimes mild in spring, sometimes with strong frost . Only towards the end of the month did more massive Atlantic lows ( Gordon , Inbeom , Jürgen ) change the weather in Central Europe as well. Heavy freezing rain was widespread , on the British Isles the turn of January / February was the maximum of the cold wave. The cold air persisted in the Black Sea region until the first days of February, a drop of this air mass migrated via Anatolia to Arabia , which led to lowest values ​​there that had never been measured before.

Minimum temperature, precipitation and temperature anomaly
NWS-NOAA Europe Extreme minimum temperature JAN 1 - 7, 2017.png NWS-NOAA Europe Total precipitation JAN 1-7, 2017.png NWS-NOAA Europe Temperature Anomaly JAN 1 - JAN 7, 2017.jpg
First phase (maps Jan. 1–7): Deep Axel and polar cold air penetrating from the north (below −30 ° C from Moscow eastwards); heavier snowfall in northern Norway , the Baltic States , in the northern damming of the mountains, in southern Italy and the eastern coasts of the Adriatic and Aegean ; dry cold in the southern damming of the Alps and in the Pannonian region, in Spain , southern France .
NWS-NOAA Europe Extreme minimum temperature JAN 8-14, 2017.png NWS-NOAA Europe Total precipitation JAN 8-14, 2017.png NWS-NOAA Europe Temperature Anomaly JAN 8 - JAN 14, 2017.png
Second phase (maps January 8-14): withdrawal of Hoch Angelika to the east and Tiefs Dieter / Egon over north-western Europe with Atlantic fronts: advance of warm air with abnormally mild weather in the White Sea region ; extreme cold especially in the south- western Balkans (> −9 ° C below the long-term average), −25 ° C also in the high altitudes of the Carpathian Mountains and Sudetes in Slovakia, Poland and Romania; Heavy snowfall in southern Norway , the Alps , on the Spanish north coast and the eastern upper Adriatic .
NWS-NOAA Europe Extreme minimum temperature JAN 15 - 21, 2017.png NWS-NOAA Europe Total precipitation JAN 15 - 21, 2017.png NWS-NOAA Europe Temperature Anomaly JAN 15 - 21, 2017.png
Third phase (maps Jan. 15-21 ): High Brigitta over Central Europe and Mediterranean lows Finjas, NN : advance of cold air to south-western Europe ; Heavy snowfall on the Adriatic Apennines , but also in western Norway , in the Basque Country , on the Spanish east coast , on the Atlas , in island Italy , eastern Greece , otherwise dry cold especially in northern France , the western Alps and the Carpathians .
NWS-NOAA Europe Extreme minimum temperature JAN 22 - 28, 2017.png NWS-NOAA Europe Total precipitation JAN 22-28, 2017.png NWS-NOAA Europe Temperature Anomaly JAN 22 - 28, 2017.png
Fourth phase (maps Jan. 22-28): Increasing influence of Atlantic lows (Gordon) in Western Europe, cold air masses (Christa, Doris) in Eastern Europe, low altitudes (unnamed) in the Mediterranean area; Cold from the Alps through the Balkans to Russia .
NWS-NOAA Europe Extreme minimum temperature JAN 29 - FEB 4, 2017.png NWS-NOAA Europe Total precipitation JAN 29 - FEB 4, 2017.png NWS-NOAA Europe Temperature Anomaly JAN 29 - FEB 4, 2017.png
Fifth phase (maps Jan. 29 - Feb. 4): lows in the Atlantic area to Central Eastern Europe , cold air (withdrawing high Doris ) in the Black Sea area to Arabia, high Erika over the White Sea area: erratic temperature distributions across Europe

Annuality and climatological relationships

The lowest temperature in Europe was recorded by Kautokeino in Northern Norway with -42.4 ° C on January 4th. From Klin, northwest of Moscow, temperatures of −35.9 ° C were reported; Moscow recorded the coldest (Gregorian) New Year (7 January) since 1987 , i.e. 30 years , at −29.9 ° C. Particularly low temperatures were also measured at −35.2 ° C in Oravská Lesná in the Carpathian Mountains in Slovakia (January 8, the lowest there since 1985 ), and with −34.6 ° C in the Bohemian Forest in the Czech Republic, until - 33 ° C in Serbia . In Switzerland, Hintergräppelen in Alpstein reported −38.2 ° C (location of the measuring station in a 44 meter deep hollow), the lowest temperature measured in Switzerland in winter 2016/2017. On the Glattalp ( 1858  m above sea level ) in the Schwyz Alps the temperature was −35 ° C, in Campoluzzo in the Veneto −31.8 ° C, in La Brévine in the Jura −29.9 ° C (January 7th), in Radstadt in Salzburg, Reit im Winkl and Schorndorf in Bavaria each measured −26 ° C. Overall, however, the values ​​of the long cold spell in 2012 were mostly not reached in Central Europe . The month of January as a whole (the wave of 2012 only followed a very mild beginning of the year after the middle of the month) was also the coldest in 30 years (1987), and in the range of the ten coldest in the last 150 years.

Frozen Danube in Serbia, with the snow line in subalpine western Hungary and subcarpathian eastern Hungary (Landsat, Jan. 17)

The advance of the cold was particularly unusual, especially in the eastern Mediterranean : Bulqiza in southern Albania measured a historic −22 ° C, Vlora and Durrës with −9 ° C each reported the lowest values ​​ever measured there on January 7th. In northern Greece , temperatures dropped to below −15 ° C. In Italy, too, it was as cold as it had been in two decades , with −5.7 ° C in Naples (January 7), the lowest value since 1981 . In Lefkada in the Peloponnese there was the first snow in its traditional history, on the Greek islands of Othoni , Kefalonia , Meganisi and Zante the first snow in living memory, the snowfall extended to Crete . In the Spanish province of Alicante it snowed for the last time in 90 years. In Taormina , Sicily, 10 cm on January 7th was the highest snow cover since 1956 . In Saranda , Albania, it snowed for the first time in 32 years. A historic 25 centimeters of snow fell in Sofia , Bulgaria. In Istanbul there was the heaviest snowfall in about 30 years. Even the up to 25 cm of snow in the Tunisian - Algerian border area rarely occurs after it had snowed for the first time in the Sahara Atlas before Christmas after 40 years.

Large amounts of precipitation also came together, especially around January 18th, for example in Pescara in central Italy 187 liters per square meter (mm) within 72 hours and 131 l / m² in 48 hours in Valencia . In the mountains of the Abruzzo Apennines , up to 2 m of fresh snow collected during these days.

The cause of the exceptional event was an excessive warming of the north pole space and an excessive oscillation of the jet stream , which led alternately to intense north and south currents over Europe, each of which penetrated unusually far. The highs led to a blockade , with which the respective local weather conditions remained fairly stable. The overturning jet stream waves and turbulence in the air masses led to the cold easterly winds, and on January 21, for example, the situation that it was below 0 ° C in Iceland, central Scandinavia, western France, around Gibraltar or on Crete, over the Black and White Sea below –8 ° C, but in the North Sea region as in Egypt around +4 ° C. These are unusually mild values ​​for northern locations and rarely strict values ​​for southern locations. Spitzbergen (Svalbard) on the polar sea reported +4.6 ° C on February 6th, and was the warmest place in Norway at the time - that was also similar to the cold event in 2012 (at that time, Spitzbergen had recorded its highest ever recorded winter temperature of +7 ° C) . The circulating drops of cold air were also a special feature , which also led to large temperature differences in a small space and temperature jumps. The air that was dragged to the Middle East around the end of January brought 10 cm of snowfall on Jebel Jais on the Musandam peninsula on the Persian Gulf and never before recorded +1.5 ° C in Qatar (in Abu Samra on February 4, before +3.6 ° C 1964).

At the same time, a similar situation prevailed in the North Pacific region with massive blockages, with −56.6 ° C in Deljankir (near Artyk ) in northeast Siberia on January 4th and cold and winter storms in North America , and there was also a massive cold snap in India . The cold waves are likely to be related to the fading La Niña phase, the beginning of which in Europe had brought about the severe onset of winter at the end of April .

Effects

Hotel Rigopiano , after and before the avalanche of January 18 (aerial photos TVSEI)

The consequences of the cold spell extended from northwest Africa across the Mediterranean region to Turkey and across the Baltic states deep into Russia.

Social impact

A total of more than 70 cold deaths (direct cold victims) were reported across Europe, including in Latvia , Belarus , Ukraine , Poland , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary and Italy .

Refugees of the mass flows since 2015 were also affected , on the Balkan route especially in Serbia, on the Greek islands in the reception camps in the East Aegean, where, for example, the camps on Chios and Moria on Lesbos were snowed in. Here the Greek government came under repeated criticism because the camps were neither long-term nor short-term secured despite subsidies from the EU and contrary to the weather forecast. Several deaths from frostbite among refugees have been reported from south-eastern Europe.

The snowfalls in the Italian regions of Apulia , Campania and Abruzzo hit especially the earthquake victims in summer and autumn , where further moderate aftershocks in the series occurred on January 18. On the same day there was also a serious avalanche accident , the mountain hotel Rigopiano near Farindola in the Gran Sasso massif was completely buried, with 29 victims the worst avalanche accident in Italy since 1916 . There were also evacuations in the area in Lama dei Peligni and Ortolano due to the risk of avalanches or landslides . There were also several avalanche victims in the Alps.

Drift ice on the Danube in Budapest , January 11th

The Central Balkans were particularly hard hit, where abnormal amounts of snow accumulated and, at the same time, the low temperatures in Europe lasted the longest. Several villages here were cut off from the outside world for days. Shipping on the Danube and Sava was largely discontinued. On January 10, the roof of a mosque in Istanbul collapsed under the load of snow, leaving one person dead. On January 14th, a sports hall in Česká Třebová in the Czech Republic collapsed , presumably for the same reason.

The snowfall with black ice at the beginning of the cold spell, around the 6th – 8th centuries. of the month, led to traffic delays and some pile-ups, for example in the Netherlands and North Rhine-Westphalia . Also as a result of the second snow period 15. – 23. There were extensive disabilities across Europe, some serious traffic accidents, extensive traffic jams in Spain, for example near Valencia , and numerous road closures in north-east Tunisia and north-west Algeria . Another series of accidents was caused by the freezing rain on 30./31. caused. The two storms Axel  3. – 6. and Egon  12. – 15. also caused damage from floods in the North Sea, from wind breaks, covered roofs, disruptions in the power supply and cancellations in air traffic.

Smog in Warsaw , January 14th

Smog in particular became a problem in Poland , where many domestic ovens are regularly operated with coke during cold waves. Since November there have been around 50 cold deaths as well as over 20 carbon monoxide poisoning victims.

Agriculture

The snowfall in southern Italy brought the local agriculture with its winter crops into trouble. In southern Spain, where the harvest was largely destroyed in the heaviest rainfall for 30 years in December (4th and 16th – 19th), overseeding was impaired by snowfall as far as Murcia , the main growing region for European winter vegetables. As a result, the prices for vegetables in Europe tripled.

Energy industry

During the cold spell, the European energy industry was affected by market price fluctuations and speculation. France, where the electricity consumption is very high during cold waves due to the widespread electrical heating , had to import large amounts of electricity from the surrounding countries because several nuclear power plants were not connected to the grid due to safety checks and the hydropower reserves were exhausted after the extremely dry December. In France, the cost of the megawatt hour rose by almost half to 90 euros for a short time, in Germany and Belgium (up to 110 euros there) the price of electricity reached a new record high since 2008. The electricity market also reached record levels in the eastern countries, at over 130 euros in Romania, where the price had doubled since the beginning of the year.

Due to Storm Egon, more than 300,000 households in France were temporarily without electricity, and due to the amounts of snow around 100,000 in Italy, around 15,000 in Hungary and many more in the Balkans.

Web links

Commons : Cold wave in Europe January 2017  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Europe: vague de froid intense. Météo-France: Actualités , January 10, 2017 - with Meteoalarm card of the day (red warning level in Serbia and Montenegro and northern Greece).
  2. ↑ a b Europe must boost efforts to save refugees dying of cold: UNHCR. PressTV, January 13, 2017.
  3. ^ Cold weather in Europe and the US. MetOffice UK News , January 3, 2017.
  4. ↑ a b c Snow is coming; and snow + north wind storm = snow storm? MeteoSwiss blog , 4th resp. 5th January 2017.
  5. ↑ a b c Un froid vif s'engouffre en Europe (Une configuration météorologique très dynamique). Météo-France: Actualités , January 5, 2017 - animated with ECMWF forecast, 4–10. January.
  6. ↑ a b c forecast for Thursday 05.01.17 12 UTC , DWD weather map, website of the Free University of Berlin;
    Weather map from January 5th, 2017, 12 UTC . Central Institute for Meteorology (ZAMG);
    Temperature 850hPa, Précipitations en 6 heures (mm), risque de neige, and Jet Stream, 330hPa (km / h), Jeudi January 5th, 2017, 7:00 locale. NCEP Reanalysis, on Meteociel.fr - Archives .
  7. ↑ a b Arctic cold. MeteoSchweiz blog , January 6, 2017 - especially graphic NOAA HYSPLIT MODEL Backward trajectories ending 0600 UTC 06 Jan 17 - GFSG Data .
  8. ↑ Adriai-tenger által "táplált" hózáporok az olasz partoknál. OMSZ: Hírek a meteorológia világából , January 6, 2017 ('Snow showers on the Italian coast "nourished" by the Adriatic, Hungarian Meteorological Service) - Satellite image AVHRR-HDR composite of the Adriatic region.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f Cold wave in Europe - traffic chaos, snow storms and several deaths. In: Der Spiegel online, January 6, 2017.
  10. ↑ -40 foc az Ural előterében. OMSZ: Hírek a meteorológia világából , January 9, 2017 ('-40 degrees in the Ural foreland', Hungarian Meteorological Service).
  11. ↑ Temperature 850hPa, Samdi January 7, 2017, 7:00 am locale. NCEP Reanalysis, on Meteociel.fr - Archives ;
    Weather map from January 7, 2017, 00 UTC . Central Institute for Meteorology (ZAMG).
  12. ^ "Egon" ante portas. MeteoSwiss blog , January 12, 2017.
  13. ^ Bilan: tempête Egon des 12-13 janvier. Météo-France: Actualités , January 13, 2017 - with satellite image animation of the storm.
  14. ↑ Temperature 850hPa, Mercredi January 11, 2017, 7:00 am locale. NCEP Reanalysis, on Meteociel.fr - Archives ;
    Forecast for Thursday 11.01.17 12 UTC , DWD weather map, website of the Free University of Berlin.
  15. ↑ a b c d e Weather map from January 15, 2017, 06 UTC . Central Institute for Meteorology (ZAMG);
    Temperature 850hPa, Précipitations en 6 heures (mm), risque de neige, and Jet Stream, 330hPa (km / h), Dimanche January 15, 2017, 7:00 locale. NCEP Reanalysis, on Meteociel.fr - Archives ;
    Forecast for Sun 15.01.17 12 UTC , DWD weather map, website of the Free University of Berlin.
  16. ↑ After the rain came the snow; Fresh snow; Sledding down to the lowlands; and cold, but it's getting colder. MeteoSwiss Blog , 13th; 14 .; 15; resp. January 16, 2017.
  17. ↑ a b c d e Weather leads to many incidents - White weekend in large parts of Europe. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung online, January 15, 2017.
  18. ↑ a b c d e End of the winter high pressure situation In: DWD: Topic of the day , 29 January 2017.
  19. ^ Météo: froid intense sur la France. Météo-France: Actualités , January 17, 2017.
  20. ↑ Temperature 850hPa, and Précipitations en 6 heures (mm), risque de neige, Mercredi January 18, 2017, 7:00 am locale. NCEP Reanalysis, on Meteociel.fr - Archives ;
    Weather map from January 18, 2017, 06 UTC . Central Institute for Meteorology (ZAMG);
    Forecast for Wed January 18, 2017 12 UTC , DWD weather map, website of the Free University of Berlin.
  21. ↑ a b c The FU Berlin only names those action centers that have a weather effect in Germany. The highs and lows of the Mediterranean and Southeastern Europe are typically not taken into account; see naming for weather events: naming in Germany .
  22. ↑ Blowing snow in the cold Bise. MeteoSwiss blog , January 17, 2017.
  23. ↑ Poursuite de l'épisode froid en France. Météo-France: Actualités , January 19, 2017.
  24. ↑ a b c d e Extreme rainfall in the Mediterranean. In: DWD: Topic of the Day , January 21, 2017.
  25. ↑ a b c d Weather map from January 21, 2017, 06 UTC . Central Institute for Meteorology (ZAMG);
    Temperature 850hPa, Précipitations en 6 heures (mm), risque de neige, and Jet Stream, 330hPa (km / h), Samdi January 21, 2017, 7:00 locale. NCEP Reanalysis, on Meteociel.fr - Archives .
  26. ↑ Costa del Snow - Shock for British holidaymakers as freak Blizzards hit Majorca and Benidorm with snowstorms sweeping across the Med. In: The Sun online, January 18, 2017.
  27. ↑ a b c La Tunisie grelotte sous la neige. In: Tribune de Geneve online, January 16, 2017.
  28. ↑ a b c BMS: jusqu'à 25 cm de neige ce week-end sur plusieurs régions; ( Memento of the original from January 22, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tsa-algerie.com archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. and Chutes de neige: plusieurs routes à El Bayadh et Naâma coupées. ( Memento of the original from January 22, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tsa-algerie.com archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Tout Sur l'Algérie , 19th resp. January 21, 2017.
  29. ↑ a b forecast for Tue 24.01.17 12 UTC , DWD weather map, website of the Free University of Berlin;
    Weather map from January 24, 2017, 12 UTC . Central Institute for Meteorology (ZAMG);
    Géopotentiel z500 & pression au sol, Mardi January 24, 2017, 7:00 am locale. NCEP Reanalysis, on Meteociel.fr - Archives .
  30. ↑ When a drop of cold air travels ... In: DWD: Topic of the Day , January 24, 2017.
  31. ↑ With the foehn tendency in the Alpine valleys mild, and Return to Sender ... MeteoSchweiz- Blog , 22nd resp. January 25, 2017, especially the section Large temperature differences in a small area (22nd).
  32. ↑ a b Forecast for Sat 27.01.17 12 UTC , DWD weather map, website of the Free University of Berlin;
    Weather map from January 27, 2017, 12 UTC . Central Institute for Meteorology (ZAMG).
  33. ↑ a b c forecast for Tue 31.01.17 12 UTC , DWD weather map, website of the Free University of Berlin;
    Weather map from January 31, 2017, 12 UTC . Central Institute for Meteorology (ZAMG);
    Température 850hPa, Mardi January 31, 2017, 7:00 locale. NCEP Reanalysis, on Meteociel.fr - Archives .
  34. ↑ a b c forecast for Fri 03.02.17 12 UTC , DWD weather map, website of the Free University of Berlin;
    Weather map from February 3, 2017, 06 UTC . Central Institute for Meteorology (ZAMG);
    Température 850hPa, Vendredi February 2, 2017, 7:00 locale. NCEP Reanalysis, on Meteociel.fr - Archives .
  35. ↑ Significant change in weather; and liquefaction of winter clothes. MeteoSwiss blog , 30. resp. January 31, 2017.
  36. ^ A b Wave of cold air brings snow to the Gulf. In: Aljazeera online, February 3, 2017;
    Snow in the United Arab Emirates. In: ORF online, February 3, 2017.
  37. ↑ a b c d e f g Snowfalls and icy temperatures - Numerous cold deaths in Europe; and Cold Spell in Europe - Snowed-in Villages and Islands in Greece. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung online, January 9, 2017.
  38. ↑ a b c d e f g Number of cold deaths in Europe rises to at least 38. In: Der Standard online, January 9, 2017.
  39. ↑ -38.2 ° C in Hintergräppelen - the bar has been set. Kaltluftseen.ch, accessed on April 18, 2017 .
  40. ↑ Switzerland's lowest temperatures in winter 2016/17 measured in the Alpstein. Kaltluftseen.ch, accessed on April 18, 2017 .
  41. ↑ It is freezing cold in Switzerland. In: NZZ online, January 7, 2017.
  42. ↑ Montagna Veneta - Il Microclima di alcune Depressioni Carsiche. ARPA Veneto, Comunicati stampa , 17th January 2017.
  43. ↑ a b One of the two coldest January months in 30 years. ZAMG Klima News , January 31, 2017.
  44. ↑ Quiver winter paralyzes all of Europe. In: news.de , January 7, 2017.
  45. ↑ a b Coldest January in 30 years? and Icy January. MeteoSwiss blog , 24th resp. January 30, 2017.
  46. ↑ a b c Europe cold snap: death toll hits 61 as the poor, old and helpless succumb. Associated Press, Bucharest, in: theguardian online, January 11, 2017.
  47. ↑ a b c d e f More than 20 Deaths Feared in Italian Hotel Buried by Avalanche. Bob Henson in Weater Underground , wunderground.com, January 20, 2017, on the measured values ​​section This winter's snowy grip on southern Europe (data from Maximiliano Herrera).
  48. ↑ a b Icy weather in Greece - snow in the Aegean. In: NZZ online, January 7, 2017.
  49. ^ New cold snap, heavy snowfall causes problems across Greece. In: ekathimerini.com , January 9, 2017.
  50. ↑ a b c Cold and a lot of snow in Eastern Europe again claimed deaths. In: Der Standard online, January 10, 2017.
  51. ↑ cf. Une petite histoire de la neige en Tunisie. Hatem Bourial in: webdo.tn online, January 18, 2017.
  52. ↑ Algerian Sahara For the first time in almost 40 years. In: Spiegel online, December 21, 2016.
  53. ↑ Neve Appennino: accumuli incredibili fino a quote medie, paesi sommersi. In: CentroMeteoItaliano.it , both January 20, 2017; .
  54. ↑ - Det er ganske vilt. In: Yr: Nyheter , February 6, 2017 (Norwegian Meteorological Service: 'It's getting wild');
    Svalbard varmest i lands. In: NRK online, February 7, 2017 (Norwegian Broadcasting: 'Spitzbergen is the warmest in the country').
  55. ↑ In particular 4th - 8th, 10th - 17th January, and from February 7th; cf. 2016–17 North American winter , English Wikipedia
  56. ^ Icy Weekend for Central Plains; La Niña's Days Are Numbered. Bob Henson in Weater Underground , wunderground.com, January 13, 2017.
  57. ↑ a b c Conditions worsen for Europe's refugees as temperatures plummet. Eliza Mackintosh in: CNN online, January 9, 2017 ff (last update January 13, 2017, accessed January 14, 2017).
  58. ↑ Greece: severe weather places refugees at risk and government under fire. Helena Smith, in: The Guardian online, January 10, 2017.
  59. ↑ Earthquakes shake Italy - there is an emergency in an emergency. ( Memento from March 30, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) In: BR online, January 18, 2017.
  60. ↑ Three fatalities recovered. In: ORF online, January 19, 2017.
  61. ↑ Neve e terremoto, trovati morti i tre dispersi in Abruzzo. Ancora in 50 mila senza elettricità. In: la Repubblica online, January 20, 2017.
  62. ↑ Avalanches across Austria claim numerous victims. ( Memento of February 2, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) In: Today online, January 15, 2017.
  63. ↑ Avalanches in Salzburg: Two people dead. In: der Standard online, January 22, 2017.
  64. ↑ a b c Again numerous cold deaths in Europe. In: swissinfo.ch , January 8, 2017.
  65. ↑ Highest black ice warning level in North Rhine-Westphalia - several pile-ups. In: welt.de, January 6, 2017.
  66. ↑ a b c Storm "Egon" plunges Europe into winter chaos. In: Kurier online, January 13, 2017.
  67. ↑ Hundreds spent the night in Spain on snow-covered motorways. In the Tiroler Tageszeitung online, January 20, 2017.
  68. ↑ Cold wave: millions in damage in Italy. In: wetter.at, January 9, 2017.
  69. ↑ Europe gripped by sky-high vegetable prices. In: freshplaza.com , January 18, 2017.
  70. ^ Bone-Chilling Winter From Berlin to Davos Causes Energy Scramble. Kelly Gilblom on Bloomberg.com , Jan 13, 2017.
  71. ↑ Electricity prices rose sharply due to cold spell. In: Tiroler Tageszeitung online, January 9, 2017.
  72. ↑ a b Ce qu'il faut savoir sur la vague de froid qui va frapper la France à partir de mardi; and infography. Vague de froid: comment la consommation électrique des Français change avec la baisse du thermomètre In: France Télévisions: franceinfo , 13. resp. January 17, 2017 - the second to a consumption graph of the RTE for February 8, 2012 (this no longer available).
  73. ↑ Power supply before collapse. France is threatened with blackout . In: Tagesschau.de , January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  74. ↑ French winter troubles the German power grid . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , January 23, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  75. ↑ Europe Power Prices Jump as Cold Snap Grips Paris to Berlin. Weixin Zha on Bloomberg.com , January 16, 2017.
  76. ↑ The spot price of electricity reaches new record in Romania. In: Romania-Insider.com , January 27, 2017.
  77. ↑ Diretta Neve / è emergenza in Abruzzo, 87mila persone ancora senza luce. In: CentroMeteoItaliano.it , January 18, 2017; other information these days to 300,000.