storm

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thunderstorm
Storm with heavy rain and hail
Storm with heavy rain and hail

Severe weather , including extreme weather event or weather anomaly is a collective term for extreme weather events. These weather events often cause major property damage, disasters and mortal danger for many people.

criteria

Flooded bus stop in Worms after days of continuous rain during the floods in Central Europe in 2013

Extreme event

Extreme events in the sense of meteorology are weather conditions that deviate significantly from the average in their course (shown in weather elements ). The basis is a climatological normal period , a geographical reference to a climate classification , the annuality of the weather elements and other impact factors (such as the flood level) as well as the insurance damage or the macroeconomic (insured and uninsured direct damage, consequential damage and restoration, including the Victim). The term is not based on any precise definition, but is a pragmatic expression of the documentation of climate and weather in climate impact research or insurance : “Extreme events are events that differ greatly from the average and are therefore exceptional. It only depends on the specific application how strong this deviation actually has to be in order to classify an event as extreme. "

Extreme events are of particular historical and economic importance. However, they are unsuitable as climatological indicators: on the one hand, they occur very irregularly, and on the other hand, the mean value of a normal period must be known in order to be able to classify a weather anomaly as such. However, the current long-term average is made up of the occurring weather events, so current extreme events can only be compared / put into contexts with expired measurement periods.

storm

The German Meteorological Service defines the following events as severe weather (level 3 of the criteria scale in the range 0–4) if the specified thresholds are exceeded:

designation Criteria for severe weather warnings
thunderstorm with hail (grains larger than 1.5 cm) or with heavy rain or with a storm or hurricane.
Storm Hurricane gusts of 11 Bft. (measured at a height of 10 m)
hurricane at least 12 Bft. (measured at a height of 10 m)
Snowdrift loose snow cover (larger than 10 cm) or fresh snow with gusts over 8 Bft
Heavy rain more than 25 l / m² in 1 hour or more than 35 l / m² in 6 hours
continuous rain more than 40 l / m² in 12 hours or more than 50 l / m² in 24 hours or more than 60 l / m² in 48 hours
black ice widespread formation of black ice or freezing moisture with an impact on traffic
Snowfall more than 10 cm in 6 hours or more than 15 cm in 12 hours
thaw Continuous rain with a snow cover of more than 15 cm

The following events are still used for severe weather warnings from the meteorological services:

The following events are generally considered to be more specific storms:

In addition, since 1993 the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) has set up nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers , which monitor airspace for volcanic ash worldwide and warn air traffic if necessary. Because of the meteorological prognosis of the trajectories of aerosol emissions, these belong to the subject area.

Severe weather warning services

official:

Private:

Affected, consequences

Between 1980 and 2016 z. In Germany, for example, according to the insurance group Munich Re, the damage caused by extreme weather (thunderstorms) practically quadrupled from an average of around 580 million to over 2 billion euros.

According to a study by the Joint Research Center of the European Commission published in the journal The Lancet Planetary Health , up to two thirds of the European population could be affected by weather extremes by the year 2100 without further adaptation measures to global climate change between 2071 and 2100 in the EU , Switzerland, Norway and Iceland 80,000 to 240,000 people die every year. Between 1981 and 2010, around 3,000 Europeans per year lost their lives due to weather disasters. 99% of weather fatalities between 2070 and 2100 could die from heat.

Early September 2017 brought with over 6 million sufferers in the US state of Florida the hurricane Irma one of the largest evacuations with it.

In addition to damage, injuries and deaths, storms also cause people to be displaced. In 2016, almost 24 million were on the run due to extreme weather conditions, mainly in poor areas. In richer countries, on the other hand, only just under a million people were affected each year.

Examples of historical storms

See also

literature

  • Karl W. Steininger , Christian Steinreiber, Christoph Ritz (eds.): Extreme weather events and their economic consequences. Adaptation, ways out and political demands of affected economic sectors . 2nd Edition. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-540-23477-2 .
  • Christian Rohr : Extreme natural events in the Eastern Alps: Experience of nature in the late Middle Ages and at the beginning of the modern era . In: Environmental historical research . tape 4 . Böhlau, 2007, ISBN 978-3-412-20042-8 .

Web links

Wiktionary: Unwetter  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ulrich Foelsche: Regional development and impact of extreme weather events exemplifying Austria . In: Steininger, Steinreiber, Ritz (ed.): Extreme weather events and their economic consequences. Adaptation, ways out and political demands of affected economic sectors . 1st edition. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2004, ISBN 3-540-23477-2 , 3rd chapter, p. 25-39 .
  2. ↑ Quote Ulrich Foelsche: Introduction . In: Steininger, Steinreiber, Ritz (ed.): Extreme weather events and their economic consequences. Adaptation, ways out and political demands of affected economic sectors . 1st edition. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-540-23477-2 , pp. 25 .
  3. ↑ Ulrich Foelsche: Regional development and impact of extreme weather events exemplifying Austria . In: Steininger, Steinreiber, Ritz (ed.): Extreme weather events and their economic consequences. Adaptation, ways out and political demands of affected economic sectors . 1st edition. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-540-23477-2 , 3rd chapter, p. 26 .
  4. ↑ German Weather Service: warning criteria
  5. ↑ badische-zeitung.de , September 12, 2017: Briefly reported - Damage in Germany. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  6. ↑ zeit.de , August 5, 2017: Extreme weather could hit two thirds of Europeans in 2100. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  7. ↑ zeit.de , September 8, 2017: Florida residents should prepare for evacuation. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  8. ↑ zeit.de , September 10, 2017: Floods hit Miami. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  9. ↑ Climate change as a cause of flight. tagesschau.de, November 2, 2017, accessed on November 2, 2017 .