Hurricane Irma

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Hurricane Irma
Category 5 hurricane ( SSHWS )
Hurricane Irma during the peak intensity phase, September 6, 5:45 p.m. UTC
Hurricane Irma during the peak intensity phase, September 6, 5:45 p.m.  UTC
Emergence August 30, 2017
resolution September 14, 2017
Peak wind
speed
185  mph (295  km / h ) (sustained for 1 minute)
Lowest air pressure 914  mbar ( hPa ; 27  inHg )
dead at least 76
Property damage Unknown
Affected
areas 		Leeward Islands , Puerto Rico , Cuba , Turks and Caicos Islands , Bahamas , Florida
Season overview:
2017 Atlantic hurricane season
NOAA - Hurricane Hunters fly through the eye of "Irma" on September 5th, 2017
ISS flying over "Irma" on September 6, 2017

Hurricane Irma was the ninth named storm, fourth hurricane and second major hurricane of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season and the first since Hurricane Julia in 2010 to form in the eastern Atlantic (i.e. east of 35 ° W). Irma is a classic Cape Verde-type hurricane and originated at the end of August west of the Cape Verde Islands . It was first registered on August 30, 2017 at 3 p.m.  UTC as a tropical storm with a wind speed of 80 km / h and a central pressure of 1004  mbar around 530 km west of the Cape Verde Islands.

Irma was the strongest Atlantic hurricane outside the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea since the National Hurricane Center began records , which was founded in 1898. Irma was the first tropical cyclone to reach a sustained wind speed of 297 km / h for 37 hours. The previous record holder was Typhoon Haiyan , which swept across the Philippines in 2013.

Storm course

The following important information is missing from this article or section:
There is no further development to Barbuda and the Virgin Islands completely.
Help Wikipedia by researching and pasting it .

Train ticket

The National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring a tropical wave over West Africa on August 26. The fault moved out into the Atlantic Ocean late the following day. Over the next two days, the wave-related rains and thunderstorms organized better and consolidated into a depression that stretched directly south and across the Cape Verde Islands on August 29, and the NHC announced that significant organization of the Disruption would lead to the classification of a tropical depression.

The disturbance organized itself steadily over the next 24 hours and was declared a tropical storm "Irma" on August 30 at 3:00 pm UTC west of Cape Verde based on scatterometry and Dvorak technology . Intensification was expected due to warm sea ​​surface temperatures and low wind shear ; the only obstacles were the cooler water temperatures and drier air in the expected train track. The developing storm began to form a poleward outflow at high altitude , while an anticyclone settled over the system , and the rain bands became increasingly visible on the satellite images. From 9 a.m. UTC on August 31, shortly after a cirrus cloud cover ( central dense overcast ) and an eye had formed, Irma underwent a remarkable period of rapid intensification , with wind speeds increasing from 110 km / h to 185 km / h - from a strong tropical storm to a severe hurricane in just 12 hours.

Shortly afterwards, a cyclical new eyewall formation set in , so that the intensity of the hurricane alternated between categories 2 and 3.

On September 2, a ship passed about 50 nautical miles (93 km) west of the center of Irma and measured maximum sustained winds of 40  kt , which indicated that the eye remained compact. A growing subtropical ridge over the central North Atlantic depressed Irma on 2/3. September from a westerly to a southwest migration direction. The first air reconnaissance mission left Barbados on the afternoon of September 3 and discovered an eye 25 nautical miles (46 km) in diameter and surface winds of 185 km / h.

On September 4 at 9 p.m. UTC, the hurricane was upgraded to Category 4. At the time, hurricane warnings were issued for the Leeward Islands .

At 11:45 a.m.  UTC on September 5, Irma was classified as a Category 5 hurricane, with an air pressure of 929  mbar and a continuous one-minute wind speed of 280 km / h.

During the course of September 6, 2017, the eye of the hurricane passed over Barbuda , St. Barthelemy and St. Martin, as well as Tortola and Ginger Island , which are part of the British Virgin Islands . A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) station on Barbuda measured a sustained wind speed of 191 km / h and a gust of 250 km / h before the anemometer failed. The same station measured a minimum air pressure of 916.1 hPa, and St. Barthelemy reported 915.9 hPa. A private measuring station on Culebra reported continuous winds of 142 km / h and a gust of 179 km / h. After passing through the British Virgin Islands, the minimum central air pressure of the hurricane fell to 914 mbar.


Preparations

For several islands of the Leeward Islands and for Florida, an emergency or disaster preparedness has been declared.

Lesser Antilles

For Martinique , the authorities warned of high waves and strong winds with gusts of up to 100 km / h. Warnings for small boats and swimmers have been issued on St. Lucia and Dominica due to the high waves . Dominica was also warned of landslides and floods. Météo-France issued an orange alarm for Guadeloupe . Low-lying areas and cliff-side houses were evacuated because of the risk of flooding and erosion, and residents were moved to emergency shelters. Schools and public facilities were closed on September 5th and 6th, and authorities called on private contractors to keep their shops closed so the roads would be kept free for emergency operations. The hospitals were asked to check the functionality of emergency power generators and to ensure that supplies were needed for three days. The orange warning level has also been imposed on Antigua and Barbuda , Anguilla , Montserrat , Saint Kitts and Nevis , St. Martin , Saint-Barthélemy , Saba and Sint Eustatius .

Hispaniola and Bahamas

In Haiti, most residents were relatively unprepared. The poorest of them were barely informed about the approaching storm due to lack of access to mass media, and the forces of the MINUSTAH support mission had already removed their heavy equipment because the mandate was expected to expire. Haiti is particularly prone to flooding and mudslides because of its topography and poor infrastructure.

In Haiti, all of the effects of the 2010 earthquake and several tropical cyclones were still not over , most recently Hurricane Matthew , the impact of which on Haiti killed at least 500 people.

The Prime Minister of the Bahamas, Hubert Minnis , had ordered that the residents of the six southernmost islands of the Bahamas be brought to the capital Nassau by air .

Puerto Rico and mainland United States

The governors of Puerto Rico and Florida , Ricky Rosselló and Rick Scott , declared a state of emergency for their respective areas. In Puerto Rico, emergency shelters have been set up for 62,000 people and the National Guard has been mobilized. An aircraft carrier with a field hospital was marched to the region.

The strongest hurricanes in the United States
Strength is only given based on the air pressure in the center.
rank hurricane season Air pressure
(in mbar )
1 Labor day 1935 892
2 Camille 1969 900
3 Irma 2017 914
4th Katrina 2005 920
5 Andrew 1992 922
6th Indianola 1886 925
7th Florida Keys 1919 927
8th Okeechobee 1928 929
9 Miami 1926 930
10 donna 1960 932
Source: HURDAT, Hurricane Research Division

In Florida, all 7,000 members of the Florida National Guard were called up on September 8 to help with the preparations. A mandatory evacuation of the Florida Keys is being prepared . Schools closed until further notice on September 6th, by which time all tourists should leave the islands. The residents should follow a day after. The schools in Miami-Dade , Broward , Palm Beach , Collier , Martin , Okeechobee , St. Lucie , Lee and Indian River counties were also closed from September 7th and 8th respectively .

On September 6, mandatory evacuation was ordered for all areas east of US Highway 1 in Broward County and Fort Lauderdale , and 14 shelters were established. In Miami-Dade County, the evacuation of the barrier islands including Miami Beach and Key Biscayne and other low-lying areas in Miami and south and north of the city was ordered. Bob Buckhorn, the mayor of Tampa on the west coast of Florida, where a scenario similar to that of the Tampa hurricane 1921 is feared due to the still unsafe train track , declared a state of emergency at the local level. The University of Central Florida has canceled classes September 7-11 and is closing its campus. On September 8, the authorities asked around 5.6 million people in Florida to get to safety and one day later extended the call to 6.3 million residents, one third of the Florida population. Governor Scott warned the Keys Islands chain that it would be "extremely difficult to survive" there.

Governor Henry McMaster declared a state of emergency for South Carolina on September 6 and urged residents of the state to prepare for a hurricane similar to Hurricane Hugo , which hit South in 1989 as a Category 3 hurricane as it hits the state's coast Carolina was hit. On the same day declared governor of North Carolina , Roy Cooper , a state of emergency for the entire state, effective at 08:00 UTC on September 7, and Georgia Governor Nathan Deal called a state of emergency for six counties on the coast. In addition, schools in some counties in central Georgia (Gwinnet County) were closed on September 11, 2017.

The Trump administration had asked Congress for an immediate provision of $ 8 billion; the Federal Emergency Management Agency is running out of money because of the emergency aid related to Hurricane Harvey .

Effects

Antigua and Barbuda

The hurricane's eye wall passed over Barbuda on the night of September 5-6 , while the hurricane was near its peak intensity. There have been some reports of building damage, such as covered roofs, but the exact status on the island was initially unclear because the telephone connections to the neighboring islands were interrupted. It was only later that day that Prime Minister Gaston Browne's helicopter flight over the island revealed that the hurricane had made the island almost uninhabitable. More than 90 percent of the buildings were damaged or destroyed and some residential areas were flooded. The island's airport and much of the infrastructure - including the water supply and telecommunications network - were unusable due to the effects of the hurricane, making relief efforts difficult. A child was killed while trying to escape the effects of the hurricane. The property damage on the island was provisionally estimated at more than 100 million US dollars. A total of 3 fatalities were reported in the Antigua and Barbuda storm.

Antigua was outside the radius of the strongest winds, so the damage was limited to torn roofs, power poles and lines, and fallen trees. There were only a few minor storm-related injuries.

St. Martin and surrounding islands

Damage on St. Martin, September 7, 2017

On the morning of September 6th, the center of Irma crossed the island of St. Martin . Almost at maximum intensity, Irma's extreme winds tore trees out of the ground and left a trail of devastation. On the French side of Saint-Martin , entire marinas were destroyed and a fire broke out in a hotel. Due to the impassable roads, the fire brigade was unable to fight the fire. Four people were killed and 50 injured, some seriously, on the French side of the island. Up to 95% of the buildings were damaged, 60% of which were completely uninhabitable after the storm.

Irma was equally devastating on Sint Maarten , the Dutch half of the island, when intense winds destroyed buildings and whirled vehicles through the air. The hurricane also destroyed the Princess Juliana International Airport . There were two dead and 23 injured. Irma is considered to be one of the worst natural disasters that has ever struck Sint Maarten - the extent of its damage goes far beyond that of previous hurricanes. After the airport was destroyed, St. Martin was de facto cut off from the outside world - only the small airfield on the French side was accessible to supply helicopters.

Leaflets were dropped on September 9 to warn islanders of the rapidly approaching Hurricane Jose .

Irma also left devastation on St. Barthélemy , southeast of Saint Martin. Violent waves destroyed entire coastal regions, streets in the capital of Gustavia were turned into rushing rivers. The island's fire brigade sank in high water with a maximum peak of up to 2 meters. The island's infrastructure was almost completely destroyed, the water supply as well as telephone and power lines are interrupted.

A total of 11 people died in the storm on St. Martin and Saint-Barthélemy.

Rest of the Lesser Antilles

Irma also caused great damage in the rest of the Lesser Antilles . On St. Lucia , rubble blocked part of the island's roads. In Barbados died a surfer after he had collided with a reef. On Guadeloupe , seismographs recorded the strong vibrations caused by the wind. Around 8,000 households were without electricity, and the water supply also collapsed. The archipelago of St. Kitts and Nevis got off relatively lightly, but heavy rains and storms caused various power outages.

The Eye of the Storm also struck Anguilla , Britain's overseas territory, on September 6, killing one person. Many houses and schools were destroyed, and the island's only hospital was badly damaged. In the island's capital, the hurricane destroyed all the windows of the government buildings. There was also serious damage to the island's ports. About 90 percent of the roads were impassable. The island's tower was damaged.

Virgin Islands

The British Virgin Islands were massively hit by Irma. Four people died from the effects of the hurricane. Numerous buildings and roads on Tortola Island were destroyed. Satellite images show that hardly a house in the residential areas is in good condition. The hurricane caused severe damage on the way across the island. Patients from the fourth and third floors of Charlotte Amalie's hospital had to be moved to the lower floors due to massive damage to the roof.

Four fatalities were reported from the US Virgin Islands , on Saint Thomas there was severe devastation, on Saint John the entire electricity infrastructure was damaged or destroyed.

Puerto Rico

In Puerto Rico , two people drowned. A man died as a result of a fall while repairing storm damage on his roof. Another person was killed by lightning. More than a million residents were affected by a massive power outage.

Hispaniola

In Haiti, drinking water has been contaminated and latrine flooding has created a risk of epidemics. People died of skin diseases spread over the water and cholera broke out . The Red Cross is trying to avoid an epidemic. This threat persisted two months after Irma.

Cuba

After Irma regained strength over the sea on September 8th and intensified again into category 5, the cyclone hit the Camagüey Archipelago off the north coast of Cuba with sustained winds of around 260 km / h . Strong winds and waves up to 16 meters high caused severe damage to hospitals, factories and warehouses. The tourist infrastructure on the Cayos was also badly affected.

On its way along the north coast of Cuba, the hurricane weakened into Category 3 due to the influence of the Cuban topography until the morning of September 9, but continued to cause extreme damage. The city of Caibarién was devastated and mostly flooded. The coastal area in and around the capital Havana was also partially inundated by the storm surge, including the buildings on the Malecón promenade . Severe destruction of residential areas was also reported in the provinces of Ciego de Ávila and Villa Clara . On the evening of September 9, Irma turned north-west near the holiday stronghold of Varadero and headed for Florida.

Officially, ten deaths from Irma were reported, seven of them in Havana alone.

Mainland United States

Irma hit the Florida Keys especially hard in the USA . The hurricane hit the island chain with category 4 and wind speeds of up to approx. 210 km / h. According to the US civil protection agency, which used drone images to assess the destruction, 90 percent of the houses there have been destroyed or badly damaged. At least 39 people died from the effects of the hurricane in the states of Florida , Georgia and South Carolina, according to authorities .

Meteorological records

Hurricane Irma broke or set several meteorological records. The top wind speed of 295 km / h is the second highest in the Atlantic basin; In addition to Irma, this value was also reached by Labor Day hurricane (1935), Hurricane Gilbert (1988) and Hurricane Wilma (2005) - only Hurricane Allen (1988) achieved a higher peak wind speed. This top speed also makes Irma the strongest Atlantic hurricane outside of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, and at the same time the strongest hurricane in the Leeward Islands. This is where the former high of 255 km / h was reached by the Okeechobee Hurricane (1928) and Hurricane David (1979). No other tropical cyclone in the world has held its peak intensity longer than Hurricane Irma: 37 hours; Typhoon Haiyan held the previous endurance record with 24 hours.

Hurricanes Katia, Irma and Jose on September 8, 2017

When Hurricanes Jose and Katia were active at the same time as Hurricane Irma on September 9, it was the first time since 2010 ( Igor , Julia and Karl ) and only the sixth time since reliable satellite observations began (after 1967, 1980, 1995, 1998 and 2010) that three hurricanes were active at the same time. It was also the first time since the 1893 Atlantic hurricane season that three hurricanes were rated at least Category 2 at the same time.

Hurricane Irma was the first Category 5 hurricane to hit the coast of Cuba since the Cuban hurricane of 1924 , the first Category 5 hurricane in the Bahamas since Hurricane Andrew (1992), and the first hurricane since Hurricane Charley (2004 ), which crossed the Florida coast in category 4, as well as the first severe hurricane (category 3 and higher) to hit Florida in this strength since Hurricane Wilma (2005).

See also

Web links

archived series of over 50 forecast maps with course, strength and other data at the respective point in time (only the last Commons map version at the end point north of Florida is visible here in the picture)
Irma on September 6 near Puerto Rico with the following Hurricane Jose (right) and Hurricane Katja in the Gulf of Mexico (left in the picture)
Commons : Hurricane Irma  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikinews: Hurricane Irma: An Expensive Cyclone  - Message

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Philip Klotzbach: #Irma is the first major hurricane this far east in the tropical Atlantic since Julia (2010). ( English ) Twitter. August 31, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  2. ↑ Angela Chen: Harvey's not over, but Hurricane Irma is now headed toward the East Coast (English) . In: The Verge , September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017. 
  3. ↑ Brandon Miller: Powerful Hurricane Irma could be next weather disaster (English) , CNN. September 2, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017. 
  4. ^ Weather Underground: Hurricane and Tropical Cyclones
  5. ^ Daniel Brown: Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 26 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  6. ↑ Hurricane Irma causes devastation, Jose strengthens . In: World Meteorological Organization . September 5, 2017 ( online [accessed September 8, 2017]). Hurricane Irma causes devastation, Jose strengthens ( Memento from September 9, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  7. ↑ Eric S. Blake: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 26, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  8. ^ John P. Cangialosi, Michael J. Brennan: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 27, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  9. ↑ Eric S. Blake: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 29, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  10. ↑ Eric S. Blake: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 29, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  11. ↑ Eric S. Blake: Tropical Storm Irma Public Advisory Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 30, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  12. ↑ Christopher Landsea: Tropical Storm Irma Discussion Number 2 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 30, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  13. ↑ Eric S. Blake: Hurricane Irma Public Advisory Number 6 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 31, 2017. Accessed September 1, 2017.
  14. ^ Erik S. Blake: Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 9 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  15. ^ John P. Cangialosi: Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 12 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 2, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017: " It is interesting to note that a ship (BATFR17) passed within 50 n mi to the west of the center of Irma and has only reported winds of about 40 kt, indicating that the core of Irma is compact. "
  16. ↑ Ship Status Report: callsign BATFR17 ( English ) Mobile Geographics LLC. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017.
  17. ^ Lixion A. Avila: Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 15 . National Hurricane Center. September 2, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017: “The subtropical ridge building to the north of Irma has been steering the hurricane toward the west or 260 degrees at 12 kt. The ridge is forecast to amplify even more, and this flow pattern will force the hurricane to dive west-southwestward for a couple of days. Irma should then begin to gain latitude once it reaches the southwestern edge of the ridge in about 3 days. "
  18. ^ Robbie J. Berg: Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 16 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 3, 2017. Retrieved on September 7, 2017: "Irma has been losing latitude since yesterday due to strong high pressure to its north, and the initial motion is now west-southwestward, or 255/13 kt. The hurricane is likely to continue moving on this trajectory for the next 36 hours, after which time it should gradually turn toward the west and then west-northwest on days 3-5 when it reaches the western extent of the ridge. "
  19. ^ A b Daniel P. Brown: Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 17 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 3, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017: “The first reconnaissance mission, a NOAA P-3 Hurricane Hurricane aircraft, is scheduled to depart Barbados for tail Doppler radar mission into Irma late this afternoon… A strong high pressure ridge over the central Atlantic is steering Irma west-southwestward or 255/12 kt. "
  20. ^ Robbie J. Berg: Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 20 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 4, 2017. Accessed on September 7, 2017: “A strong, stationary mid-tropospheric high centered over the central Atlantic is forcing Irma on a west-southwestward course, and the initial motion estimate remains 255/12 kt. Irma will begin rounding the southwestern edge of the high soon, which will allow the hurricane to turn westward later today and then west- northwestward in 36-48 hours. "
  21. ^ Richard J. Pasch: Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 19 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 3, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  22. ^ Daniel Brown: Hurricane Irma Advisory Number 9 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  23. ↑ Daniel Brown, Christopher Landsea: Hurricane Irma Tropical Cyclone Update ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  24. ^ Daniel Brown: Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 30 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  25. ↑ Michael Brennan, Matthew Onderlinde: Hurricane Irma Tropical Cyclone Update ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  26. ^ Daniel Brown: Hurricane Irma Advisory Number 31 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  27. ↑ Le dangereux Ouragan Irma se rapproche des Antilles ( French ) franceinfo. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  28. ^ Hurricane Irma approaches Northern Leeward Islands (English) , St. Lucia Times. September 4, 2017. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017. 
  29. ^ Tropical Storm Watch remains in effect for Dominica (English) , Dominica News Online. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017. 
  30. ^ Agence France-Presse : Comment la Guadeloupe, Saint-Barth et Saint-Martin se préparent à l'ouragan Irma (French) , 20 minutes. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017. 
  31. ^ Agence France-Presse: Irma. Un ouragan aussi fort qu'Harvey attendu dans les Caraïbes (French) . In: Ouest France , September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 2017. 
  32. ↑ a b UN fear up to 37 million people affected by Irma , Zeit Online. 6th September 2017. 
  33. ↑ Puerto Rico and Florida declare a state of emergency . In: Spiegel Online , September 5, 2017. 
  34. ^ National Hurricane Center: Atlantic hurricane best track (Hurdat) ( English ) Hurricane Research Division. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research. April 2018. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  35. ↑ National Hurricane Center: Continental United States Hurricanes (Detailed Description) ( English ) United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research. February 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  36. ↑ Gov. Scott the activates 100 National Guard members, 7,000 to report for duty Friday morning (English) , WFTS. 5th September 2017. 
  37. ^ Keys Evac Order Likely, Shelters In Broward & Dade To Open If Needed (English) , CBS Miami. 5th September 2017. 
  38. ↑ Schools closing Because of Hurricane Irma (English) , WPBF . September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017. 
  39. ↑ Mandatory hurricane evacuations ordered for parts of Broward County (English) . In: Miami Herald , September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017. 
  40. ↑ Miami-Dade orders coastal evacuation as Hurricane Irma threatens (English) . In: Miami Herald , September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017. 
  41. ↑ Mayor of Tampa on Twitter ( English ) Twitter. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  42. ↑ Hurricane Irma: UCF will cancel classes starting Thursday, close on Friday ( English ) University of Central Florida. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  43. ↑ "Extremely difficult to survive". Florida extends evacuation for "Irma". In: n-tv. September 9, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017 .
  44. ^ Hurricane Irma: SC Governor McMaster declares state of emergency (English) . In: The Sun News , September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017. 
  45. ↑ NC governor declares state of emergency ahead of 'powerful' Hurricane Irma: 'Get ready' (English) . In: The News & Observer , September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017. 
  46. ↑ Georgia Gov. Nathan Deal declares state of emergency ahead of Hurricane Irma (English) . In: Savannah Morning News , September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017. 
  47. ↑ see also www.whitehouse.gov September 8, 2017: President Donald J. Trump Approves Georgia Emergency Declaration
  48. ↑ Erik Wasson, Christopher Flavelle: FEMA Is Almost Out of Money and Hurricane Irma Is Approaching ( English ) Bloomberg News . September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  49. ↑ Jack Beven: Hurricane Irma Public Advisory Number 28A ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  50. ↑ PM says relief efforts are already underway for A&B (English) , The Daily Observer. 6th September 2017. 
  51. ↑ Kirk Semple: Hurricane Irma: 'We Will Have Victims to Lament' (English) , The New York Times. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017. 
  52. ↑ Blair Shiff: Hurricane Irma destroys 90 percent of structures, vehicles on Barbuda (English) , ABC News. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017. 
  53. ↑ Deaths reported as Hurricane Irma batters northern Caribbean islands (English) , CNN. 6th September 2017. 
  54. ↑ Laura Smith-Spark, Marilia Brocchetto: Deaths reported as Hurricane Irma batters northern Caribbean islands. In: CNN . September 8, 2017, accessed September 27, 2017 .
  55. ^ Antigua spared the worst during passage of Hurricane Irma (English) . In: Dominica News Online , September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017. 
  56. ↑ Situation on Saint-Martin: curfew and fear of "Jose". In: Tagesschau . September 9, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017 .
  57. ↑ Matthew Weaver: Cuba lashed by category five winds as storm heads to US - as it happened. In: theguardian.com. September 9, 2017, accessed September 9, 2017 .
  58. ↑ Barney Henderson, Harriet Alexander: Hurricane Irma's death toll, devastation and predicted path - everything we know. In: The Daily Telegraph . September 11, 2017, accessed September 27, 2017 .
  59. ↑ Sea swells dump debris at Castries Waterfront (English) . In: St. Lucia Times News , September 5, 2017. Archived from the original on September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017. 
  60. ↑ Hurricane "Irma": Professional surfer Zander Venezia (16) dies off Barbados (English) . In: Welt Online , September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017. 
  61. ↑ Hurricane Irma already being picked up by seismographs - instruments that detect earthquakes (English) . In: ZME Science , September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017. 
  62. ^ Claire Phipps: Irma's destruction: island by island (English) . In: The Guardian , September 10, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017. 
  63. ↑ Monster storm 'Irma': 6.3 million people in Florida are supposed to leave their homes . In: Kleine Zeitung , September 12, 2017. 
  64. ↑ a b Madison Park, Emanuella Grinberg, Ray Sanchez: Hurricane Irma leaves 'nuclear landscape' in Caribbean. In: CNN . September 13, 2017, accessed September 27, 2017 .
  65. ↑ RP ONLINE: Hurricane 'Irma': Devastation and deaths in the British Virgin Islands. Retrieved September 12, 2017 .
  66. ↑ "Hurricane Irma": Mega storm kills at least 17 people in the Caribbean - heading for the USA . In: Express.de . ( express.de [accessed September 12, 2017]).
  67. ↑ International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement : Hurricane Irma: Families in Haiti are still in need of assistance. In: www.reliefweb.int. November 17, 2017, accessed November 18, 2017 .
  68. ↑ International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement : Haitian Red Cross scales up water, sanitation and hygiene to contain cholera outbreak. In: www.ifrc.org. October 11, 2017, accessed November 18, 2017 .
  69. ↑ Jason Hanna and Steve Almasy: Hurricane Irma becomes Category 5 storm again (English) , CNN. Retrieved September 8, 2017. 
  70. ^ Robbie Berg: Hurricane Irma Public Advisory 40 (English) , National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 8, 2017. 
  71. ↑ a b Hurricane Irma Live Updates: 'The Storm Is Here,' Florida Governor Says (English) , The New York Times. Retrieved September 10, 2017. 
  72. ^ Huracán Irma: Meliá e Iberostar, las más afectadas al pasar por los Cayos de Cuba. In: preferente.com. September 10, 2017, Retrieved September 10, 2017 (Spanish).
  73. ↑ Cuba blasted as Hurricane Irma tears through the Caribbean (English) , CNN. September 9, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017. 
  74. ↑ At least ten dead in Cuba. In: Zeit Online. September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017 .
  75. ↑ Tim Padgett: In Irma's US death toll, which Americans count? In: www.americamagazine.org. September 15, 2017, accessed September 27, 2017 .
  76. ↑ Phil Klotzbach (unsigned): Hurricane Irma Meteorological Records / Notable Facts Recap (through September 8 at 11am EDT) ( English , PDF; 266 kB) Colorado State University . Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  77. ↑ a b Hurricane Irma causes devastation, breaks records ( English ) World Meteorological Organization . Retrieved September 16, 2017.