Miami

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Miami
Nickname : The Magic City, Gateway to the Americas, Capital of Latin America
From top, left to right: Downtown Miami skyline, Freedom Tower, Villa Vizcaya, Miami Tower, Virginia Key, Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, American Airlines Arena, Port of Miami, moon over Miami
From top, left to right: Downtown Miami skyline , Freedom Tower , Villa Vizcaya , Miami Tower , Virginia Key , Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts , American Airlines Arena , Port of Miami , moon over Miami
Seal of Miami
seal
Miami flag
flag
Location in county and state
Location of Miami in Florida
Basic data
Foundation : 1896
State : United States
State : Florida
County : Miami dade
Coordinates : 25 ° 47 ′  N , 80 ° 13 ′  W Coordinates: 25 ° 47 ′  N , 80 ° 13 ′  W
Time zone : Eastern ( UTC − 5 / −4 )
Inhabitants :
Metropolitan Area :
463,347 (as of 2017)
5,564,879 (as of 2014)
Population density : 5,013.5 inhabitants per km 2
Area : 143.15 km 2  (approx. 55 mi 2 ) of
which 92.42 km 2  (approx. 36 mi 2 ) is land
Height : 2 m
Postcodes : 33109, 33122, 33125-38, 33140-47, 33149-50, 33154-58, 33160-62, 33165-70, 33172-87, 33189-90, 33193-94, 33196
Area code : +1 305 786
FIPS : 12-45000
GNIS ID : 0295004
Website : www.miamigov.com
Mayor : Francis Suarez ( R )
Miami (USA)
Miami
Miami
Miami on the map of the United States

Miami [ maɪˈæmɪ ] (City of Miami) is a city and the administrative seat of Miami-Dade County in the US state of Florida with 463,347 inhabitants (as of 2017). The urban area has a size of 143.1 km². The city is part of the metropolitan area of ​​Miami with about 5.5 million inhabitants. The name "Miami" comes from the Indian word Mayaimi (large water), which was used to describe Lake Mayaimi (now Lake Okeechobee ) and the Mayaimi Indian tribe living there . The city is located at the confluence of the Miami River with Biscayne Bay , which is part of the Atlantic Ocean . After Jacksonville , Miami is the second largest city in Florida. The majority of Miami's residents speak Spanish as their first language.

geography

Geographical location

Miami is located in southern Florida on the east coast of the state. Orlando is 360 km, Tampa 420 km, Jacksonville 540 km and Tallahassee 760 km from Miami.

geology

The rock under the city of Miami is called Miami Oolite or Miami Limestone. This rock layer is only covered by a layer of earth around 15 meters thick. The Miami Limestone was formed due to the drastic changes in sea level during the last Ice Age . About 130,000 years ago, the sea level was 7.50 meters above today's level due to melting glaciers, which resulted in all of South Florida being covered by a shallow sea. In this large lagoon, the Miami limestone formed over time, a large part of which is made up of dead shellfish. 100,000 years ago the sea level sank again and exposed the bottom of the lagoon.

Since this limestone is porous and permeable to water, Miami can not be protected from the expected rise in sea level with dams. The city will inevitably go under by the next century at the latest.

climate

Miami (Skyline 2011)

Miami's climate, with its hot and humid summers and warm and dry winters, is a tropical monsoon climate ( effective climate classification according to Köppen: Am), with the city being exposed to cold fronts between the end of October and March. Annual rainfall peaks in the rainy season from May to October, which coincides with the Atlantic hurricane season . The other months are dry season. This is characterized by mild temperatures, which are interrupted by the occasional ingress of cold air and it is these passages of cold fronts that lead to the low winter rainfall.

Annual rainfall is one of the highest in any major US city, adding up to 1488 mm, with values differing significantly from the nearby cities of Fort Lauderdale (1621 mm) and Miami Beach (1227 mm).

Miami owes its warm climate not only to its low altitude and location just north of the Tropic of Cancer , but also to the Gulf Stream , which compensates for temperature extremes. On a typical summer day, the maximum temperatures are at least 24 ° C and at most between 30 and 35 ° C, with the high humidity often being reduced by a thunderstorm or sea ​​breeze . In the winter months, the average temperature is around 21 ° C. They rarely drop below 15 ° C and reach a maximum of 25–28 ° C.

The highest temperature measured in Miami was 40 ° C, the lowest temperature of −1 ° C was measured several times. Snowfall has only occurred twice in the history of weather records in Miami, on January 20, 1977 and January 4, 2018. These records were kept quite sporadically from 1839 to 1900, with some gaps lasting several years. In December 1900, a weather station for measuring temperatures and precipitation was set up in Downtown Miami ; in June 1911, the National Weather Service opened an official office in the city. Today the National Hurricane Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is based in Miami.

While hurricane season officially runs from June 1 to November 30, the formation of tropical cyclones outside of this period is not uncommon. The highest chance that Miami will be hit by a hurricane is during the period when most Cape Verde-type hurricanes occur, between mid-August and late September. Miami has been spared a direct hit since Hurricane Cleo in 1964. Many tropical cyclones had an impact on the city, among them hurricanes Betsy 1965, Andrew 1992, Irene 1999 and Katrina and Wilma in the very active hurricane season 2005 . A tropical depression that later developed over the open Atlantic into Tropical Storm Leslie caused record levels of precipitation and flooding in the urban area in 2000. Due to its location on the edge of the ocean and on the low-lying coastal plain , Miami is one of the most vulnerable cities in the United States, along with New Orleans and New York City . (see also Hurricane Irma )


Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Miami, Florida
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 24.0 24.7 26.2 28.0 29.6 30.9 31.7 31.7 31.0 29.2 26.9 24.8 O 28.2
Min. Temperature (° C) 15.1 15.8 17.9 19.9 22.3 23.9 24.6 24.8 24.4 22.3 19.3 16.4 O 20.6
Precipitation ( mm ) 51.1 52.8 60.7 72.4 157.7 237.0 144.8 192.5 193.8 143.3 67.6 46.5 Σ 1,420.2
Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 7.1 7.7 8.9 9.8 9.7 9.6 10.0 9.3 8.7 8.4 7.4 7.0 O 8.6
Rainy days ( d ) 5.3 4.6 4.9 4.5 9.0 13.8 13.3 15.0 14.2 10.9 7.1 4.5 Σ 107.1
Water temperature (° C) 22nd 22nd 23 25th 28 30th 31 31 30th 28 25th 23 O 26.5
Humidity ( % ) 73 71 70 67 72 76 75 76 78 75 74 73 O 73.3
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
24.0
15.1
24.7
15.8
26.2
17.9
28.0
19.9
29.6
22.3
30.9
23.9
31.7
24.6
31.7
24.8
31.0
24.4
29.2
22.3
26.9
19.3
24.8
16.4
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
N
i
e
d
e
r
s
c
h
l
a
g
51.1
52.8
60.7
72.4
157.7
237.0
144.8
192.5
193.8
143.3
67.6
46.5
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

history

Miami 1896
Population development
Census Residents ± in%
1900 1681 -
1910 5471 225.5%
1920 29,549 440.1%
1930 110,637 274.4%
1940 172.172 55.6%
1950 249.276 44.8%
1960 291,688 17%
1970 334.859 14.8%
1980 346.865 3.6%
1990 358,548 3.4%
2000 362,470 1.1%
2010 399.457 10.2%

Before the arrival of the Europeans, the area of ​​what is now Miami was inhabited by the Tequesta Indians . On July 18, 1896, Miami was officially named a city with about 300 residents. Three months earlier, Miami had been connected to the rail network by Henry Morrison Flagler's Florida East Coast Railway . Tourism in the city began that same year with the construction of the Royal Palm Hotel .

Gambling was legal in Miami during the 1920s and prohibition was largely ignored. Thousands of people immigrated to Miami from the north of the USA, triggering the building boom. New skyscrapers created a skyline, and Miami got its nickname "Magic City" because the city changed so quickly from one winter to the next that visitors thought the city was like it was from Magic hand grown. In 1926 the construction boom was stopped by a hurricane named after the city and then by the Great Depression . During the Second World War , the military built many training barracks around Miami, due to the strategic location. Many men and women came back looking for work and by 1950 the population in Miami and the surrounding area had grown to over 500,000.

Since the 1960s, more and more Latin Americans emigrated to Florida, and especially to Miami. Districts like Little Havana established themselves . Miami is now considered a cultural melting pot and has a predominantly Latin American population. Miami's residents are primarily Cubans (34% of Hispanics), Nicaraguans , Hondurans , Colombians , Puerto Ricans , Dominicans , Mexicans , Venezuelans, and Argentines .

In the 1980s, Miami was the largest hub for drugs, mainly cocaine , from Colombia, Bolivia , Ecuador and Peru , due to its proximity to the manufacturing countries and mass tourism. The drug barons brought billions of US dollars to Miami, where the money could be laundered quickly through various deposits in banks and investments in construction projects. At that time, the famous television series Miami Vice was filmed here.

Brickell Avenue in the Downtowns Financial District

After the big drug cartels from Latin America were smashed in the 1990s and the security authorities acted more effectively against criminals, the crime rate dropped dramatically and drug imports declined. The city has since expanded and is still experiencing an ongoing construction boom. The increased development of downtown is therefore also called Manhattanization . New hotels, apartments and office buildings were built, and trendy districts such as Wynwood or the Design District emerged.

Religions

In Miami there are currently 500 different churches from 32 different denominations, of which the Baptist congregation is most strongly represented with 79 churches. The city belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami . There are also 47 churches that do not belong to any denomination (as of 2004).

Demographic data

Representation of the ethnic distribution of the population in Miami in 2000. White , Black , Asian , Latino .

According to the 2010 census, the then 399,457 inhabitants were distributed over 183,994 households. The population density was 4322.2 inh / km².

72.6% of the population described themselves as white , including a large part with Latin American roots; 11.9% identified themselves as whites with no Hispanic descent. 19.3% as African American , 0.3% as Native American, and 1.0% as Asian Americans . 4.2% said they belonged to another ethnic group and 2.7% to several ethnic groups. 70.0% of the population was Hispanic or Latino .

In 2010, children under the age of 18 lived in 27.4% of all households and persons aged 65 or over lived in 30.0% of all households. 56.9% of households were family households (consisting of married couples with or without offspring or one parent with offspring). The average household size was 2.47 people and the average family size was 3.15 people.

20.7% of the population were younger than 20 years, 31.3% were 20 to 39 years old, 27.1% were 40 to 59 years old, and 21.0% were at least 60 years old. The mean age was 39 years. 49.8% of the population were male and 50.2% were female.

The average annual income was $ 51,270, with 27.7% of the population living below the poverty line (2015).

In 2000, English was the mother tongue of 25.45% of the population, 66.75% spoke Spanish , 5.20% spoke Haitian and 0.18% had German as their mother tongue.

Miami is considered the third poorest city in the United States, based on the proportion of residents whose incomes are below the poverty line. Before Miami are only El Paso, Texas and Detroit , Michigan. There are a number of problematic social neighborhoods such as: Overtown, Liberty City, Little Haiti, and Allapattah.

crime

Dade County Courthouse , Downtown Miami
The Coast Guard seized smuggled cocaine

The crime rate in 2010 was 534 points (US average: 266 points) in the high range. There were 68 murders, 46 rapes, 1,856 robberies, 2,909 personal injuries, 4,604 break-ins, 14,165 thefts, 2,449 car thefts and 104 arson attacks.

From 1978 to 1982 Miami was inundated by a wave of violence of unprecedented proportions. In the period between 1976 and 1981 alone, there were 1,665 murders, most of which were committed by heavily armed drug dealers. In 1980 there was a mass exodus of 125,000 Cubans, the so-called Marielitos, including 5,000 serious criminals who were expelled by Fidel Castro and who settled in tent camps below I-95 in Liberty City and caused a rapid increase in crime. In the same year, Miami was perceived as the drug capital of the United States. The feature film Scarface (1983) depicts these conditions.

The violent takeover of the cocaine trade by the Medellín cartel culminated in the murders. The Colombians from Medellin have been described by the Miami Police Department as particularly "ruthless, cruel and utterly ruthless". They did not bother to remove the bodies, but left the dead on the street after the hail of bullets, and many innocent people died in the process. The peak of violence occurred in the infamous Matanza Medellinesa when 40 drug traffickers were shot dead with submachine guns in a single weekend.

The Miami cocaine war was particularly supported by Griselda Blanco , whose cocaine cowboys and motorcycle killers were responsible for the Dadeland Mall massacre of 1979. The Medellin cartel met with other underworld greats in the famous Mutiny Hotel in Coconut Grove / Miami. Miami was then known by the press as "Wal-Mart for Cocaine". Miami, West Palm Beach and Fort Lauderdale were almost completely ruled by the Medellin cartel for a long time.

In 1981, for example, the Miami Mortuary was so overcrowded that mobile refrigerated trucks had to pick up the dead victims from the street. Overall, there was an atmosphere of fear and hysteria in the heavily armed city during this period, with over 220,000 submachine guns purchased in Dade County that year . The entire greater Miami area was considered extremely unsafe in the early 1980s and the risk of murder, rape, assault, or other criminal acts was omnipresent.

More than 1000 completely inadequately trained police officers were recruited for the CENTAC special forces, but they were often victims of the firefights in the drug wars. The corruption of the police in Miami was legendary and allowed the drug dealers to conduct their business most of the time undisturbed.

After the big drug cartels from Latin America were smashed in the 1990s and the security authorities acted more effectively against criminals, the crime rate dropped dramatically and drug imports declined. However, there are still some street gangs in Miami today . Especially in the area of ​​social hot spots, as in other large cities, there are always disputes.

Culture and sights

Four Seasons Hotel & Tower, the second tallest building in Miami Freedom Tower, the symbol of Miami
Four Seasons Hotel & Tower , the second tallest building in Miami
Freedom Tower , the symbol of Miami

Touristic attractions

The Miami Seaquarium on Virginia Key and the Cuban neighborhood of Little Havana are Miami's biggest tourist attractions. Miami is also the starting point for many trips to the nearby Everglades and the Florida Keys , a group of islands at the southernmost end of Florida, including Key West , for example . Some well-known attractions, often attributed to the city of Miami, are located in nearby Miami Beach . The Winter Music Conference takes place in Miami every year . The international art fair Art Basel has been held in Miami Beach since 2002 .

Parks and sports facilities

There is a wide range of different city parks, several sporting facilities, playgrounds and opportunities for camping. Due to the proximity to the beach, all beach and water sports are possible. A tennis masters tournament takes place in Miami every year.

Sports

Miami is a frequent venue for the National Football League's Super Bowl . So far, more Super Bowls have been held in Miami than in any other American city before. The last Super Bowl was played as Super Bowl LIV in February 2020 between the Kansas City Chiefs and the San Francisco 49ers at Hard Rock Stadium . The Kansas City Chiefs won 31:20. Before that, Super Bowl XLIV took place in February 2010 between the Indianapolis Colts and the New Orleans Saints , which the New Orleans Saints won. In Miami, the Bayfront Park auto race track existed from 2002 to 2003 .

People in Miami like to remember Super Bowl VII . In 1972/73 the Miami Dolphins were the only team to have achieved a perfect season .

economy

Brickell financial district

The largest employers in 2018 were:

employer Workers
Miami-Dade County School Board 33,477
Miami-Dade County 25.502
Federal government 19,200
Florida State Government 17,100
University of Miami 12,818
Baptist Health South Florida 11,353
American Airlines 11,031
Jackson Health System 9797
City of Miami 4392
Florida International University 3534

With 5.2 million foreign visitors, Miami was the 24th most visited city in the world in 2016. Tourists brought in revenue of $ 8.15 billion that same year. No American city received more tourists from Latin America.

Several companies in the tourism sector such as Norwegian Cruise Line and Interval Leisure Group are headquartered in Miami. The cruise company Royal Caribbean Cruises maintains an operational headquarters in Miami. World Fuel Services , Lennar Corporation, and Ryder System are other major companies based in the city.

traffic

Miami International Airport
Miami Airport Station

Air traffic

The Miami International Airport is one of the largest international airports in the world and an important aviation hub . In 2016, 44.6 million passengers were handled. The airport is served by many international airlines.

Other airports for international air traffic are Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport and Palm Beach International Airport . Nationally, Miami can also be reached via the Opa-locka Executive Airport .

Shipping

Marina and bar mile in Downtown Miami, with Freedom Tower (center) and American Airlines Arena (right) in the background

The Port of Miami was the world's largest cruise ship port in 2013, with over 4 million passengers. It is also one of the most important cargo handling points with 8 to 9 million tons of cargo annually and (2015 and 2016) over 1 million TEU container units.

Public transport

The Miami Airport Station is the main transfer point in public transport in the city. This is where the Tri-Rail regional trains / S-Bahn from the direction of Mangonia Park have ended in 2015 . There are transfer options to the Miami-Dade Metrorail in the direction of the city center and to the MIA Mover to Miami Airport. The city buses of the Miami-Dade Transit ( Metrobus ) and the long-distance buses of the Greyhound Lines also stop here . The Miami-Dade Metromover is a free people mover system that covers downtown Miami.

The long-distance trains of Amtrak from the direction of New York City should look for Miami Airport Station be relocated, but also use them in 2020 continues to about six kilometers north to 1978 opened Miami station .

Since 2018, the All Aboard Florida railroad company, with its Brightline brand, has been offering a new train connection over the Florida East Coast Railway (of which the company is a subsidiary) from Government Center station in Miami via Fort Lauderdale to West Palm Beach . This service is to be extended to Orlando Airport in 2022 . A new MiamiCentral train station for downtown Miami was built at the inner-city Government Center .

The construction of a high-speed line from Tampa via Orlando to Miami should have started as early as 2011 . The route should be driven along the existing trunk road network at a planned speed of 270 to 300 km / h according to the principle of traffic route bundling . The plans were discontinued by Governor Rick Scott in March 2011, but were taken up again in 2019 by the Brightline high-speed train line - at that time with the participation of the Virgin Group .

Road traffic

Interstate 95 , running north-south, is the city's main road link. It is crossed by Interstates 195 and 395 , which connect Miami Airport in the west with Miami Beach in the east. In addition, US Highways 1 , 27 , 41 and 441 and Florida State Roads A1A , 5 , 7 , 9 , 25 , 90 , 112 , 836 , 913 , 933 , 934 , 953 , 959 , 968 and 972 run through the city area.

education

The city of Miami is part of the Miami-Dade County School District . This school district comprises a total of 39 high schools , 20 of which are outside the Miami area. The main secondary education institutions are Florida International University with approximately 55,000 students and Miami-Dade Community College with approximately 18,000 students.

The Miami-Dade Public Library owns just over 4 million books, 106,000 audio and 111,000 video media.

media

Miami is the publisher of the national daily newspapers The Miami Herald , El Nuevo Herald and The Miami News (discontinued in 1988). Radio and TV Martí is one of the radio stations based in Miami .

The following selection of television series and films takes place in and around Miami or was shot there.

TV series: Burn Notice , CSI: Miami , Dexter , Flipper , Golden Girls , Miami Vice , Million Dollar Agents , Nip / Tuck - beauty has its price , two super guys in Miami , Emma, ​​simply magical! , StartUp

Movies: 2 Fast 2 Furious , Ace Ventura , All About the Money , Every Damn Sunday , Bad Boys , Bad Boys II , James Bond 007: Casino Royale , James Bond 007 - Fireball , James Bond 007 - Goldfinger , James Bond 007 - License to Kill , Lots of Trouble , Making Mr. Right - A man à la carte , The Miami Cops , Miami Rhapsody , Police Academy 5 - Assignment Miami Beach , Pain & Gain , the Porky's films , Scarface , Der Supercop , Die Supertrottel (Revenge of the Nerds 2) , The Birdcage - A paradise for shrill birds , The Specialist , Transporter - The Mission , True Lies - True Lies , Crazy About Mary , Two out of control , Two strong as a bear Guys , Two are unstoppable , Step Up: Miami Heat

The American reality show Miami Ink - Tattoos for Life (original title: Miami Ink), in which people were tattooed in front of the camera, ran from 2005 to 2008.

Miami served as a model for Vice City, the location of the fourth game in the Grand Theft Auto series: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City ( GTA for short : VC or Vice City ; English for "City of Vices "). The game was first released in 2002 for the PlayStation 2 , then in 2003 for PC . The city also served as the location for both Hotline Miami games, which appeared in 2012 and 2015.

Personalities

Well-known personalities from Miami are the actor Sidney Poitier , the politician Marco Rubio , the actress Eva Mendes , the blogger Perez Hilton , the rapper Pitbull and the singer Jessica Sutta .

Town twinning

Panorama picture

Panoramic image of Miami at night

See also

literature

  • Nicholas Griffin: The Year of Dangerous Days: Riots, Refugees, and Cocaine in Miami 1980. Emily Bestler, New York 2020, ISBN 978-1-5011-9102-2 .

Individual evidence

  1. Quickfacts: Miami (English) ( Memento of the original from July 12, 2012 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / quickfacts.census.gov
  2. http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=12&county_id=&mode=&zip=&place_id=45000&cty_id=&ll=&a=&ea=&order=r
  3. Phys.org: Sea level rise will swallow Miami, New Orleans, study finds
  4. Solomon, S., Plattner, GK, Knutti, R., Friedlingstein, P., Plattner, Knutti, Friedlingstein: Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions . In: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 106, No. 6, 2009, pp. 1704-9. bibcode : 2009PNAS..106.1704S . doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0812721106 . PMID 19179281 . PMC 2632717 (free full text).
  5. Koppen Climate Classification Map: . Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska, Department of Climate Science. Archived from the original on March 25, 2009. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved October 25, 2008. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / climate.gi.alaska.edu
  6. ^ NWS Miami Normals and Records Page . National Weather Service . Archived from the original on October 19, 2008. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 19, 2007. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.srh.noaa.gov
  7. Weather information for Miami, Florida . German Weather Service. Archived from the original on April 15, 2009. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 29, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wwis.dwd.de
  8. ^ Monthly Averages for Miami . weather.com. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
  9. Highest Temperature of Record . Northeast Regional Climate Center. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
  10. Lowest Temperature of Record . Northeast Regional Climate Center. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
  11. ^ History of National Weather Service Forecast Office-Miami, Florida . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  12. ^ Miami, Florida's history with tropical systems . Hurricane City. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
  13. Mike Tidwell: The Ravaging Tide: Strange Weather, Future Katrinas, and the Coming Death of America's Coastal Cities . Free Press, 2006, ISBN 0-7432-9470-X .
  14. About Miami-Dade County History . ( Memento of the original from February 25, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. From www.miamidade.gov. Retrieved March 22, 2009. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.miamidade.gov
  15. ^ Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved March 17, 2013.
  16. Language distribution 2000 . Modern Language Association . Retrieved March 17, 2013.
  17. In 2004 & 2007 already one of the poorest cities in the USA according to http://www.miamitodaynews.com/news/070830/story7.shtml  ?
  18. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,135186,00.html
  19. http://www.city-data.com/crime/crime-Miami-Florida.html
  20. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924898,00.html
  21. http://www.jrank.org/cultures/pages/4144/Marielitos.html
  22. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/27/books/excerpt-miami-babylon.html
  23. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mariel/triumph.htm
  24. Archived copy ( Memento of the original from July 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.miamidade.gov
  25. Archived copy ( Memento of the original from March 3, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cronicaviva.com.pe
  26. http://www.miaminewtimes.com/1997-02-27/news/glorious-notorious/
  27. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922693-4,00.html
  28. Archived copy ( Memento of the original from January 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.justice.gov
  29. Miami 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , at archive.miamigov.com/ , accessed April 1, 2020
  30. Global Destination Cities Report 2016. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Mastercard, archived from the original on September 24, 2016 ; accessed on July 11, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / passthrough.fw-notify.net
  31. PortMiami remains World's Busiest Cruise Port with more than 4 million passengers last year Press release on the Miami-Date County website, accessed March 30, 2014. See also www.miamidade.gov Cuise .
  32. www.miamidade.gov/portmiami/cargo
  33. filings detail Virgin's plan for high-speed rail to Tampa. In: FOX 13 Tampa Bay. May 7, 2019, accessed June 24, 2020 .
  34. Janet Zink: No high-speed rail for Florida; court rules for Scott, feds move to give money to someone else . In: St. Petersburg Times , March 5, 2011. Archived from the original on March 7, 2011. Retrieved on April 13, 2011. 

Web links

Commons : Miami, Florida  - Collection of pictures, videos, and audio files