Onset of winter in Central Europe in April 2016

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lows Theres, Uta, Viola
storm Cold wave with snowfall , late frost and high water ( Scandinavian low and Adriatic low )
Singularity Cold snap between mid and late spring
Data
Beginning April 22, 2016
Climax April 28, 2016
The End May 3, 2016
minimum air temperature (valley areas) -12.5 ° C, ( St. Michael in Lungau , 27./28.4. )
Amount of snow (valleys) 30 cm ( Bad Eisenkappel , 27-28.4. )
Precipitation 179 mm / 48 h ( Koralpe , 1.-3.5. )
consequences
affected areas Central Europe , especially the Alps , southern Scandinavia
Damage amount > € 200 million (initial estimates)

At the end of April 2016 , in mid-spring, there was a severe delayed onset of winter in Central Europe , with snowfall from southern Scandinavia to the Alpine region . With up to half a meter of snow in the lowlands, there was extensive agricultural damage due to late frost, snow breaks and traffic obstructions. In Austria in particular , crop losses of two thirds in the entire fruit growing sector of the year resulted in damage of over 200 million euros.

meteorology

The cause was a mighty deep system over the North Sea and southern Scandinavia (called Theres / Uta / Viola in Germany ), the cold fronts of which ran to an (unnamed) Italian low for several days . A characteristic jet stream wave led around a high near Iceland deep into Central Europe, and back around a high in Russia to the White Sea . The polar cold air met warm air masses , with locally intense snowfalls .

Southern Norway and the Austro-Slovenian Southern Alps were particularly affected . The two deep cores carried off moist air masses between their fronts as far as the Baltic Sea area , which steered a small-scale low over northern Italy and the upper Adriatic towards the Eastern Alps .

In Scandinavia there was around the 24th / 25th. April Snowfall and hailstorms on the Skagerrak from Aust-Agder in Norway via Telemark , Vestfold , Oslo and the entire Swedish west coast to Lund , not far from Malmö and in Jutland to Holstein .

In the Alpine region , the snowstorm shifted from the north side of the Alps from the Swiss Mittelland via the Allgäu and Upper Bavaria , Salzburg , Upper Austria to Lower Austria in the central Alps with snow as far as the valleys from Vorarlberg via Tyrol , the province of Salzburg to Upper Styria and the danger of avalanches in the mountains. Affected were the Rhine valley, Inn and Salzach valleys, Styrian Ennstal, and especially on Lake Constance , the lake effect resulted in up to 30 cm of snow. The typical sliding up from the south-east, with a slight foehn on the northern edge of the Alps, then led to thunderstorms and intense snowfalls in southern Austria as far as the Slovenian regions of Kranjska and Koroška , but also in the Appennines .

The snowfall limit in the entire Eastern Alps was between 400 and 900 meters (over 30 cm in Bad Eisenkappel , up to 15 cm in Klagenfurt on the 28th to 29th), in the northern Appennine to 600 (15 cm in Abetone on the 25th). At the end of the event, temperatures in the inner alpine fell to well below −10 ° C (27./28. St. Michael im Lungau −12.5 ° C, Samedan −10.2 ° C).

The last of the lows above the North Sea split off a core (Viola II) that moved over the Alps into the Balkans . Before this low altitude , a foehn current set in , with a temperature jump on April 30th to over +20 ° C north of the Alps, but then snow again at high altitudes on May 1st. The weather shifted to the Mediterranean area . In north-west Italy it also snowed in the valley (15 cm in Sestriere on the 1st). There was heavy rainfall in the Adriatic region , and Styria was particularly affected by the southern dam on the Alps (up to 180 l / m² on the Koralpe from 1st to 3rd).

After these wintry conditions, the temperatures rose rapidly and widespread again to +25 ° C until May 5th, although ground frost appeared in the northern Alps in the night of May 6th.

Climatological classification

Snowed in apple blossom ( Tannheim / Württemberg , April 27th)

It already had cold spells 7–9. April and 17./18. April given, with snow down to the lowlands (floods in northwestern Russia to western Siberia), and in between warm foehn winds from the southwest (heat wave in southeastern Europe), all in all typical April weather in Central Europe.

The singularity of the cold snap between mid-spring and late spring , as it goes back to the Flohn system, is due to recent studies for 25-27. April statistically significant. Unlike the ice saints , for example , it has no traditional name, but Lost Day has always been St. George's Day (April 23), for which, based on the knightly dragon slayer, for example, the peasant rule "George comes on a white horse according to old customs [means: 'Snow'] ridden ”there.

The event in 2016 was particularly intense and "on time". Snow cover at this time of year is very rare, however, as the Swiss plateau last recorded snow (on the Zürichberg ) when winter set in, which was even later on April 27  , 1985 ; the last time in southern Austria was in 1997. In Slovenia, too, something like this had not happened so late in the year for 20 years (although the country was hit by a much more devastating freezing rain in 2014 ). All in all, such an event occurs - albeit not as late and violently - about every almost 10 years, for example, for Klagenfurt eight times in the last 50 years a snow cover of at least one centimeter in height in the second half of April. The last time there was such a large amount of fresh snow in the second half of April was also in 1985 in the lower elevations of Carinthia (45 cm in Bad Eisenkappel ). The lowest temperatures in Lungau were a new record for the season since measurements began in 1968.

In Scandinavia, the cold snap led to a strange temperature reversal: while the south was wintry, the north recorded abnormally high temperatures with an ingress of Russian warm air. Sun posted Passvik in Finnmark with 18.1 ° C a new April record the region, including Tromso measured 17 ° C. Of Northern Finland to northern Norway ruled by the drought grass and heath fire hazard , on the Norwegian Atlantic coast in the border area of the air masses spread avalanche danger .

The following low system Xandrea / Yekaterina - with an abnormal train path on the Atlantic southwards to Spain around May 7th and then Vb-like north-eastwards over the Alps - brought thunderstorms, hail and tornado in the western Mediterranean area, strong foehn in the alpine area, and then with it heavy rainfall, another cold snap for Central Europe just as punctually for the ice saints 11. – 15. May.

The late onset of winter was in particular contrast to a winter that was much too warm in the area and largely poor in snow. Several months in a row were the warmest or were among the warmest ever measured. In the affected areas of Austria, for example, there were extreme daily maximum temperatures of up to 23 ° C in February and over 25 ° C around Easter at the beginning of April (27.2 ° C in Lutzmannsburg in Burgenland, April 5). These winter months are part of a series of abnormal heat that began in late spring 2015 and led to a number of extreme heat waves . These events are seen in connection with the El Niño 2015/16, which, along with those of 1982 and 1997, is one of the strongest that has ever been recorded since these observations began. Locally, more snow fell in a few days during the April event than in the entire winter before.

consequences

Traffic delays and serious accidents were widespread. The power supply collapsed in areas in the south-eastern Alps.

The agricultural areas affected by frost damage extended from the French wine-growing region of Burgundy ( Chablis , Côte de Beaune , Loire ), some areas in Germany ( Bavaria ; Rhineland-Palatinate : Moselle, Middle Rhine, Ahr; Saxony ), in the Alpine region from Switzerland (in particular Bündner Herrschaft ), to eastern Austria, Slovenia and western Slovakia but also in the Mediterranean region from Languedoc to the Italian regions of Campania and Apulia to Croatia , and to a lesser extent the Czech Republic , Hungary and Poland .

In Burgundy, frost damage in wine was probably the worst since 1981.

Austria

Southern Austria was particularly hard hit by the snow. In Carinthia and Styria , from April 26th to 27th, there was up to one meter of snow, half a meter in the lowlands, severe snow breaks and extensive traffic obstructions. The traffic situation was exacerbated by the fact that the deadline for compulsory winter tires had already expired and most cars were already on the road with summer tires. Therefore, snow chains were made mandatory in certain areas or roads were completely closed . A traffic accident in Bad St. Leonhard claimed a fatality. There was freezing rain in Graz and the surrounding area , the City-Radeln , the opening event of the cycling season, was canceled. Tens of thousands of households were temporarily without electricity.

Sulm flood near Kaindorf, May 2, 2016

After the snow, heavy rainfall began, with up to twice the usual May rainfall in the area. There were floods in southwest Styria , where the Sulm and Saggau rivers emerged from their banks.

The damaging event hit Austrian fruit growing in particular, which is in a constant crisis due to storms and drought in recent years, the Russia embargo and the resulting market-dominating cheap Polish fruit. In particular, numerous agricultural crops were damaged or destroyed by the frost down to −6 ° C and the pressure of snow: the asparagus, pumpkin crops, vineyards, and fruit crops such as apples were mainly affected in Styria and Carinthia, but also in Burgenland , in Lower and Upper Austria , Pears, cherries, apricots and plums, field seeds such as rapeseed and maize, as well as special crops such as Christmas trees. The hail nets or foil houses stretched against the frost had to be cleared of snow by the fire brigades or were damaged.

According to initial estimates, the damaged area was 50,000 hectares, which would be 80 percent of the total cultivation area of ​​fruit, vegetables and wine in Austria, with 1,400 damage reports within the first three days. The total annual production of dessert fruit for 2016 was only a third of a normal year (85,000 tons in 2016 to e.g. 225,000 tons in 2012): Apples in particular lost 70%, pears and stone fruit half, apricots (in some areas fluctuating up to total loss) 40%, Walnuts only achieved 10% of a normal harvest.

The total damage was estimated at well over 200 million euros, 125 million of which in Styria.

Problems were seen because the Disaster Fund is not earmarked for snow and frost damage of this type. Agricultural multi-risk insurance ( hail insurance ) also for frost damage, which was introduced in 2013 (as a result of the frosty night on May 17/18, 2012 with around 2,000 hectares of damage), is hardly used, especially in Styria, because late frosts are so rare Agriculture Minister Rupprecht expressly promised the funds from the disaster fund, and an unbureaucratic solution was sought. For this reason, the Ministry of Agriculture (BMLFUW) issued a special guideline for cushioning extraordinary damage to agricultural crops due to frost in 2016 . Following the approval process by the EU Commission, it came into force on September 15, 2016. This guideline is a compensation model for "frost-related loss of income in fruit, grape, strawberry, hops and pome orchards", including for non-insurable damage. Harvest losses as well as necessary new plantings are replaced. It was endowed with 100 million euros, half from the federal government (funds from the disaster fund) and half from the states.

Slovenia

In Slovenia, there was damage with snow up to 25 cm by April 28 in the mountains and between Ljubljana and Maribor . Many traffic connections were interrupted and numerous accidents occurred. Several thousands of households were without electricity due to line damage after falling trees and avalanches. Avalanche warning level  4 was declared in the mountains .

In particular in the Pomurje in eastern Slovenia there was frost damage to agriculture.

literature

  • European Commission: Crop monitoring in Europe May 2016. JRC MARS Bulletin Vol. 24, No. 5, 23 May 2016, especially chap. 1.3 Cold spell at the end of April , p. 3 f, as well as individual analyzes Chap. 3. Country analysis , p. 7 ff ( pdf , ec.europa.eu) - with maps, number of snow days and snow depth for the event (April 24-30).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h April 2016: from summer to winter. ZAMG Klima News , April 29, 2016.
  2. ↑ a b c d Unusually much fresh snow in the south. ZAMG Weather News , April 28, 2016 - with a list of snow reports on Thursday 28 April 2016 8:00 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Much milder on the long weekend. ZAMG Weather News , May 3, 2015.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f million damage after the onset of winter. In: Wiener Zeitung online, April 29, 2016.
  5. ↑ Forecast for Sa 23.04.16 12 UTC , DWD weather map, website of the Free University of Berlin;
    Weather situation as of April 23, 2016, 12 UTC . Central Institute for Meteorology (ZAMG).
  6. ↑ a b Arrival of a cold front. MeteoSwiss Blog , April 23, 2016.
  7. ^ A b Axel Bojanowski : Polar air over Germany: One week of winter. In: Spiegel online, April 23, 2016.
  8. ↑ a b The FU Berlin only names those action centers that are weather-effective in Germany. The highs and lows of the Mediterranean and Southeastern Europe are typically not taken into account. See naming for weather events: naming in Germany .
  9. ↑ a b forecast for Mon 25.04.16 12 UTC , DWD; Weather situation from April 23, 2016, 12 UTC , ZAMG.
  10. ↑ a b Calming in the north - still sunny in the south. MeteoSwiss Blog , April 25, 2016; esp. section Late snowfall yesterday in the eastern central plateau, last time later more than 30 years ago - still a lot of sun in the south .
  11. ↑ a b Weather situation from April 26, 2016, 00 UTC , ZAMG.
  12. ↑ Waiting for a cold front. MeteoSwiss Blog , April 26, 2016.
  13. ↑ Forecast for Wed April 27, 2016 12 UTC , DWD; Weather situation from April 27, 2016, 12 UTC , ZAMG.
  14. ↑ a b c d Snow chaos claims first death. Newsticker on wetter.at, April 28, 2016 - with analysis cards.
  15. ↑ a b c Minimum temperature in ° C, April 28, 2016. ( Memento of the original from April 28, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hagel.at archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Map on the website of Österreichische Hagelversicherung (hagel.at), April 28, 2016 (accessed April 28, 2016).
  16. ↑ Derfor can det snø i varmegrader. Norwegian Meteorological Service: yr.no, o. D. (April 25, 2016; 'Therefore, it can snow when it is warmer') - with an analysis of the jet stream.
  17. ↑ a b Summer in the north - winter in sør Norgesværet blir snudd på hodet denne uken. Norwegian Weather Service: yr.no, April 25, 2016.
  18. ↑ a b c d e f g Chaos caused by the onset of winter. (Update: traffic collapsed in parts ) ORF.at, April 27, 2016.
  19. ^ Snow halted traffic in southern Norway. newsinenglish.no, April 25, 2016.
  20. ↑ a b c Mass accidents after the onset of winter with extremely slippery conditions. In: Die Welt online, April 24, 2016.
  21. ↑ Météo: giboulées de printemps. Météo-France: Actualités , April 27, 2016 - with satellite image of the day.
  22. ↑ Winter comeback with snow and storm. wetter.at, April 24, 2016.
  23. ↑ Cold, rain, snow: The weather on election Sunday. In: Kurier online, April 21, 2016 - refers to the first round of the 2016 federal presidential election .
  24. ↑ a b c Snow, frost and cold: winter greets you several times this week. In: Tiroler Tageszeitung online (tt.com), April 25, 2016.
  25. ↑ a b Neve Appennino: fiocchi fino a 600 metri in questo 25 April 2016. CentroMeteoItaliano.it, 25 April 2016.
  26. ↑ Winter does not give up: Are those already the ice saints? In: Salzburger Nachrichten online (salzburg.com), April 27, 2016.
  27. ↑ Frosty night. MeteoSwiss Blog , April 28, 2016.
  28. ↑ a b forecast for Sa 30.04.16 12 UTC , DWD; Weather situation from April 30, 2016, 12 UTC , ZAMG.
  29. ↑ a b forecast for Sun 01.05.16 12 UTC , DWD; Weather situation from May 1, 2016, 12 UTC , ZAMG.
  30. ↑ Forecast for Mon 02.05.16 12 UTC , DWD; Weather situation from May 2, 2016, 12 UTC , ZAMG.
  31. ↑ West-east gradient leads to thunderstorms. MeteoSwiss Blog , April 30, 2016.
  32. ↑ The sun was scarce ... MeteoSchweiz Blog , May 1, 2016.
  33. ^ Meteo, pioggia e neve. E ora è allerta rossa in Puglia. Quotidiano.net, May 1, 2016.
  34. ↑ Maltempo, pioggia e neve in Piemonte, 15 cm al Sestriere. ilsole24ore.com, May 1, 2016.
  35. ↑ a b 100 liters of rain after the snow masses in the south. heute.at, May 2, 2016.
  36. ↑ a b Sulmtal - Up to 130 liters: floods after heavy rain. In: Kleine Zeitung online, May 2, 2016.
  37. ↑ Maximum amplitude MeteoSwiss Blog , May 6, 2016.
  38. ↑ Capricious April weather. MeteoSwiss Blog , April 29, 2016.
  39. ^ Deep Ninotschka over Scandinavia, Ortrun near the British Isles; Forecast for Fri 04/08/2016 12 UTC,, DWD weather map; Weather situation from April 8, 2016, 12 UTC, ZAMG.
  40. ↑ a b Premières chaleurs précoces sur l'Est de l'Europe. Météo France: Actualité , April 8, 2016.
  41. ^ A b deep complex Petra / Quintina over Scandinavia, Roswitha before Spain; Forecast for Sun 04/17/16 12 UTC,, DWD weather map; Weather situation from April 17, 2016, 12 UTC, ZAMG.
  42. ↑ Russia - Floods in 3 Regions Affect 10,000 and Damage 2,500 Homes and Russia - Spring Floods Leave 8,000 Homes Damaged, both floodlist.com, 19th resp. April 20, 2016.
  43. ↑ Horst Malberg: Peasant rules. From a meteorological point of view. 4th ext. Edition. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2003, ISBN 978-3-540-00673-2 ; on p. 16.
  44. ↑ a b c "Massive failures". ORF.at, April 27, 2016.
  45. ↑ Preliminary climate balance sheet spring 2016. ZAMG Klima News , May 27, 2016.
  46. ↑ Nord-Norge stikker av med sol and varme. Astrid Rommetveit, Norwegian Weather Service, yr.no, April 28, 2016.
  47. ↑ Tre grunner til at aprilværet gikk i ball. Astrid Rommetveit, Norwegian Weather Service, yr.no, May 3, 2016.
  48. ↑ Forecast for Sa 07.05.16 12 UTC , DWD; Weather situation from May 9, 2016, 12 UTC , ZAMG; Forecast for Wed 11.05.16 12 UTC , DWD; Weather situation from May 12, 2016, 12 UTC , ZAMG.
  49. ↑ Severe storms on the Mediterranean. wetteronline weather ticker , 7 May 2016.
  50. ↑ Almost record hair dryer. MeteoSwiss Blog , May 11, 2016.
  51. ↑ Ice Saints bring temperature drops and rain. wetter.at, May 10, 2016.
  52. ↑ Severe weather brings hail mass into the Jura. In: Basler Zeitung online, May 10, 2016.
  53. ↑ For example: Second warmest winter in measurement history. ZAMG Climate News , February 26, 2015.
  54. ↑ 23.2 degrees: February record set in Pottschach-Ternitz. derStandard.at , February 22, 2016, accessed on March 25, 2018 : "The previous high ... has been reached again after more than 26 years"
  55. ↑ April brings early summer weather and Carinthia: up to 24 degrees! "Summer's day" by a hair's margin. In: Kleine Zeitung online, March 31 and April 2, 2016.
  56. ↑ Snøfall stanser trafikken on E18. Jon Anders Møllen, Kim Nystøl in: nrk.no, April 25, 2016.
  57. ↑ Serious frosts hit Burgundy. Rupert Millar on thedrinksbusiness.com, April 27, 2016.
  58. ↑ a b Burgundy hit by 'worst frost since 1981'. Chris Mercer in Decanter online, April 28, 2016.
  59. ↑ a b c d Frost damage in agriculture: fire for the vines. tagesspiegel.de, May 1, 2016.
  60. ↑ Winegrowers and fruit growers complain of night frost: Cold nights cause great damage locally. ( Memento of January 7, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) BR24 online, April 25, 2016.
  61. ↑ The cold affects vines. proplanta.de, April 25, 2016.
  62. ^ Sea of ​​fire in Graubünden - candles against frost. In: Tagesanzeiger online, April 28, 2016.
  63. ↑ The day after the frost in the Bündner Herrschaft. In: SRF online, April 29, 2016.
  64. ↑ a b c Lit. JRC MARS Bulletin, May 2016, ch. Austria, Slovakia and the Czech Republic: Cold spell at the end of April affected winter rapeseed and early sown summer crops. P. 20.
  65. ↑ a b c Lit.JRC MARS Bulletin, May 2016, chap. Slovenia and Croatia: Cold spell affects winter rapeseed and early sown summer crops. P. 23.
  66. ↑ Lit. JRC MARS Bulletin, May 2016, p. 4.
  67. ↑ a b 9,000 Carinthian households still without electricity after snow chaos. In: Der Standard online, April 28, 2016.
  68. ↑ a b c Snowfall: power supply restored. Steiermark.ORF.at, April 28, 2016.
  69. ↑ Flood operations after heavy rain. Steiermark.ORF.at, May 2, 2019.
  70. ↑ cf. Agriculture fears losses from Russian counter-sanctions. In: Der Standard online, August 7, 2014.
  71. ↑ a b Frost destroys almost the entire apple harvest. Steiermark.ORF.at, April 28, 2019.
  72. ↑ a b c Catastrophic frost damage to agricultural crops with serious consequences. ( Memento of the original from April 30, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hagel.at archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Austrian hail insurance, April 28, 2016.
  73. ↑ Fruit growing: 100 million euros in damage caused by frost. Steiermark.ORF.at, April 27, 2016.
  74. ↑ Frosty night in Upper Austria: farmers complain about major damage. In: Oberösterreichische Nachrichten , nachrichten.at, April 29, 2016.
  75. ↑ a b Deep frost affects the vines. In: Die Presse , April 29, 2016 (online April 28, 2016).
  76. ↑ Onset of winter: Most of the Styrian apple harvest probably destroyed. ( Memento from April 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) In: Wirtschaftsblatt online, April 28, 2016.
  77. ↑ Snow tore down hundreds of acres of orchards. In: Kleine Zeitung online, April 28, 2016.
  78. ↑ a b vegetables 15,000 ha, fruit 11,000 ha; Production of fruit, vegetables and special crops in Austria. bmlfuw.gv.at: Production and Markets »Plant Production , August 6, 2015 (accessed January 6, 2017).
  79. ↑ Wine about 45,000 ha, and wine. bmlfuw.gv.at: Production and Markets »Plant Production , undated (accessed January 6, 2017).
  80. ↑ a b c d Major frost damage to fruit in Austria. proplanta.de: Agrar-Nachrichten , November 27, 2016 (accessed January 6, 2017).
  81. ↑ Catastrophic frost damage than ever before - more than 200 million euro total damage in Austrian agriculture .. ( Memento of the original April 30, 2016 Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link is automatically inserted and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hagel.atAustrian hail insurance, April 29, 2016 - with a map of the damage areas.
  82. ↑ a b Frost: clean-up work started. Steiermark.ORF.at, April 27, 2019.
  83. ↑ 2013: For the first time frost damage to apples can be insured. ( Memento of the original from January 6, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hagel.at archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. hagel.at, November 23, 2012; and hail insurance: Unique weather service further improved. ( Memento of the original from January 6, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hagel.at archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. hagel.at, April 30, 2013.
  84. ^ Ö1 Nachtjournal , April 29, 2016.
  85. ^ Federal Minister Rupprechte: Help after frost and snow damage. Press release Ministry for an Austria worth living in, APA OTS0244, April 28, 2016.
  86. ↑ Special guideline of the Federal Minister for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management to cushion extraordinary damage to agricultural crops due to frost in 2016. Original version LE.2.2.23 / 06-II / 5/2016, September 14, 2016 (as amended. online, pdf, bmlfuw.gv.at).
  87. ↑ a b Federal Minister Rupprechter: Applications for frost compensation are possible with immediate effect. Special guidelines of the BMLFUW for cushioning frost damage in force. ( Memento of the original from January 3, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmlfuw.gv.at archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Press release, Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management, Vienna, September 15, 2016 (on bmlfuw.gv.at; quotations ibid).
  88. ↑ Frost compensation: Applications possible from August 8th - Frost compensation has been finalized, EU has approved special directive. Chamber of Agriculture Styria, August 8, 2016 (accessed January 6, 2017).
  89. ↑ a b Sneg povzročil kup nevšečnosti. In: Delo online, April 28, 2016 ('Snow causes a lot of trouble').
  90. ↑ a b c d Razmere se umirjajo, sneg prehaja v dež. ( Memento of the original from April 28, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.delo.si archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Delo online, April 28, 2016 ('Situation calms down, snow turns into rain').
  91. ^ Thousands without electricity as April snow hits Slovenia. b92.net, April 28, 2016.