Finnmark (Fylke)

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coat of arms map
Finnmark Coat of Arms
Spitzbergen Jan Mayen Østfold Vestfold Oslo Akershus Telemark Aust-Agder Vest-Agder Rogaland Hordaland Buskerud Hedmark Oppland Sogn og Fjordane Møre og Romsdal Trøndelag Trøndelag Nordland Troms Finnmark Estland Lettland Dänemark Finnland Schweden Schweden RusslandFinnmark in Norway
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Basic data
Country : Norway
Administrative center : Vadsø
Area : 48,631.07 km²
Residents : 75,865 (January 1, 2019)
Population density : 1.5 inhabitants / km²
Municipalities : 19th
ISO 3166-2 : NO-20
politics
Fylkesordfører : Ragnhild Vassvik Kalstad
Fylkesmann : Gunnar Kjønnøy

Finnmark ( German  "field of seeds " , North Sami Finnmárku , Finnish ( Kven dialects ) Ruija ) is a former Norwegian province, which on January 1, 2020 became the province of Troms og Finnmark . Before that, it was the largest in terms of area and at the same time the most sparsely populated administrative district ( Fylke ) in Norway with just 1.5 inhabitants per square kilometer . The district was in the extreme northeast of the country and had Norway's only direct border with Russia .

The rocky coast of Finnmark to the Barents Sea

The administrative area is known u. a. bird watching on the Varanger Peninsula to the east. This region is one of the most important bird areas in Norway.

Almost half of all Norwegian Sami (Sámi) , the members of an ethnic group who immigrated to northern Scandinavia about 10,000 years ago , also live in Finnmark . In Norway today there are officially 11,500 adult Sami who are eligible to vote for the Sami Parliament (according to the Samemanntallet ), but more than 60,000 adult residents are Sami.

Several thousand people, descendants of Finnish immigrants in Finnmark, speak Kven .

Municipalities

Location of the municipalities in the province of Finnmark
local community Residents
January 1, 2019
Alta 20,665
Berlevåg 981
Båtsfjord 2,270
Gamvik 1,169
Hammerfest 10,536
Hasvik 1,045
Karasjok 2,673
Kautokeino 2,924
Kvalsund 988
Lebesby 1,328
Loppa 917
Måsøy 1,235
Nesseby 941
North cap 3,218
Porsanger 3,944
Sør-Varanger 10.156
Tana 2,900
Vadsø 5,894
Vardø 2,081

history

Finnmark has been populated for around 10,000 years. The Sami are the oldest known population group still living here today. Traces of the Komsa culture (rock paintings near Alta), a reindeer hunter and fishing culture, can be found from the early days .

Finnmark is documented as Norwegian even before 1000 AD. From the 13th century until the end of the 15th century, Northern Norway was exposed to the Karelian raids . From the 14th century onwards, there was greater Norwegian immigration . The oldest church in Finnmark, the Church of Trondenes, is believed to date from the 15th century . The region was firmly integrated into the European trading system at an early stage. Trade led many foreigners to the north. The inland Sami traded fur eastward with the Kola Peninsula and the Baltic States . Sami on the coast participated in the Hanseatic trading system . A lively international coastal culture quickly developed on the coast.

From 16./17. In the 19th century, when nation- states formed in Europe , the interest of Sweden , Denmark and Russia in territorial control of Finnmark grew . The coast of the region should serve as a starting point for the control of trade routes to Russia and the Far East. From 1611 to 1613 Denmark and Sweden waged the Kalmark War , at the end of which Finnmark fell under Danish sovereignty.

The colonization of Sami areas by the Norwegians began in the 18th century. Nevertheless, Hammerfest remained a multilingual city for a long time. In the 19th century there was a clear economic development.

The center of Kirkenes after the German withdrawal

In the 1920s and 1930s, Finnish fascist movements worked towards the incorporation of the Finnish-speaking areas of Finnmark into Finland.

After the German occupation of Norway in 1940 , the governor of Finnmark, Hans Gabrielsen (1891–1965) tried to withdraw some of the Norwegian troops from the Germans and deploy them on the Narvik Front against the invaders. After the surrender of the Norwegian troops on June 10, 1940, he was sent to the German concentration camp Grini near Oslo. As part of the Nordlicht company , the complete and ruthless deportation (forced evacuation) of 50,000 people and the destruction of all accommodation east of the Lyngenfjord by the Wehrmacht took place in 1944 . Another 25,000 people were able to evade deportation and fled to the mountains. Were destroyed u. a. 11,000 residential buildings and 350 bridges.

The events of this time and that of the reconstruction are documented in the reconstruction museum (Museene for Kystkultur og gjenreisning i Finnmark IKS) in Hammerfest. There is a partisan museum in Kiberg ( Vardø municipality ) and a war museum in Narvik .

Merger of Finnmark and Troms

For several years, as part of an administrative reform, there have been plans to merge the county of Finnmark with the neighboring county of Troms to form a new county of Troms og Finnmark . This project met with considerable opposition in Finnmark. On March 15, 2018, Finnmark's Fylkesting (district assembly) voted 21 against 11 against the planned merger and voted for a referendum on this issue with only 4 votes against. The referendum on the merger of Finnmark and Troms was held in Finnmark on May 14, 2018. Of the 59,625 eligible voters, 87% voted against the merger. The turnout was 58.5%. On January 1, 2020, the merger to form the province of Troms og Finnmark was completed.

traffic

Air traffic


Finnmark had eleven airports in 2009,

Airport ICAO IATA location
Alta ENAT ALF 69 ° 58 ′ 34 "N, 23 ° 22 ′ 18" E
Båtsfjord ENBS BJF 70 ° 36 ′ 5 ″ N, 29 ° 41 ′ 46 ″ E
Berlevåg ENBV BVG 70 ° 52 '16 "N, 29 ° 1' 50" E
Hammerfest ENHF HFT 70 ° 40 ′ 47 "N, 23 ° 40 ′ 7" E
Hasvik ENHK HAA 70 ° 29 ′ 10 "N, 22 ° 8 ′ 34" E
Honningsvåg ENHV HVG 71 ° 0 ′ 35 ″ N, 25 ° 59 ′ 1 ″ E
Kirkenes ENKR KKN 69 ° 43 ′ 30 ″ N, 29 ° 53 ′ 16 ″ E
Lakselv ENNA LKL 70 ° 4 ′ 0 ″ N, 24 ° 58 ′ 26 ″ E
Mehamn ENMH MEH 71 ° 1 ′ 42 "N, 27 ° 49 ′ 35" E
Vardø ENSS VAW 70 ° 21 ′ 19 ″ N, 31 ° 2 ′ 42 ″ E
Vadsø ENVD VDS 70 ° 3 ′ 55 "N, 29 ° 50 ′ 41" E

railroad

There was no railroad in Finnmark.

Road traffic

The European route 6 crossed the entire Finnmark and roughly followed the course of the coast. This is only not the case between Lakselv and the Varangerfjord. Several European roads branch off from the E 6 in different directions.

Web links

Commons : Finnmark  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Finnmark nekter å møte Troms og Mæland: - Det vil være det samme som å gi opp (Finnmark refuses to meet with Troms and [the Minister for Municipalities and Modernization] Monica Mæland : - It's the same as giving up) . NRK (Norwegian), August 14, 2018, accessed August 19, 2019
  2. Bokmålsordboka / Nynorskordboka "finn" ( Memento from March 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  3. Bokmålsordboka / Nynorskordboka "mark" ( Memento from March 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  4. Destinations / Northern Norway. Kirkenes & Eastern Finland. Find attractions and activities . Norway Tourist Office website, accessed 19 August 2019.
  5. On culture and ethnology of Finnmark: Lorenz Kazaleh: Whose culture preserve? Licensed thesis, University of Basel 2000, [1]
  6. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Societal-cultural movements, University of Rostock; accessed on April 28, 2013. )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.phf.uni-rostock.de
  7. Arnim Lang: Operation Northern Lights - The Destruction of Northern Norway by German Troops… , in: End of War in the North: From Hot to Cold War , Eds. Robert Bohn and Jürgen Elvert, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1995, ISBN 3-515-06728-0 .
  8. ^ Website of the Coastal Culture and Reconstruction Museum (Norwegian, English).
  9. ^ Website of the War Museum in Narvik (Norwegian, English).
  10. Frank Ertesvåg: Finnmark fylkesting sa nei til avtalen om sgenösslåing - and yes til folkeavstemning. March 15, 2018, Retrieved May 18, 2018 (Norwegian).
  11. Stian Eliassen: Her er de endelige results from folkeavstemningen om fylkess Bäumenlåing. Nordlys , May 16, 2018, accessed May 18, 2018 (Norwegian).
  12. fact. January 13, 2009, Retrieved July 19, 2019 (Norwegian).

Coordinates: 70 ° 15 ′ 36 ″  N , 25 ° 55 ′ 12 ″  E