Gazprom

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PAO Gazprom

logo
legal form PAO (Public Company )
ISIN RU0007661625
founding 1989
Seat Moscow , RussiaRussiaRussia 
management Alexei Miller
Number of employees 473,800 (2019)
sales 122.6 billion US dollars (2019)
Branch Petroleum , natural gas , satellite communications
Website www.gazprom.de
As of December 31, 2019

Gazprom headquarters in Moscow

The PAO Gazprom ( Russian Газпром , scientific transliteration and English transcription Gazprom , German transcription Gazprom , short form of Russian газовая промышленность gasowaja promyschlennost , gas industry ') is the world's largest natural gas production company (2019) and one of the largest natural gas production companies (2019) with the largest market capitalization of 98 billion dollars European companies . In Russia , Gazprom is one of the largest employers in the country with around 473,800 employees (2019) . The Russian state holds 50 percent and one share in the company and the majority of the seats on the supervisory board . Gazprom is listed in the RTS index . The company's headquarters are in Moscow . Gazprom has been a public company since 1992 .

Gazprom reported that it produced around 501.2 billion cubic meters of gas in 2019 and piped 679 billion cubic meters of gas through its 175,200 km pipeline network.

Gazprom controls the Russian pipeline network for natural gas and thus has a de facto monopoly on its export. Other Russian natural gas producers, independent companies or Gazprom holdings depend on this network. Thus, in 2019, 132.1 billion cubic meters of gas from other natural gas producers were routed through Gazprom's transport system.

With a turnover of 122.6 billion US dollars and a profit of 22.7 billion US dollars, Gazprom ranks 32nd among the world's largest companies according to Forbes Global 2000 (as of 2020). A 2019 study found that Gazprom was the third-highest company in the world during this period, emitting 43.23 billion tons of CO 2 equivalent since 1965.

Development of the company

Gazprom is an abbreviation for gas industry ( Russian газовая промышленность , gasowaja promyshlennost ) and was formerly the gas extraction and gas transport industry division of the USSR Ministry of Oil and Gas (Mingazprom), a so-called industry ministry . In the course of perestroika , the authority was converted into the Russian state-owned company Gazprom in 1989. The previous Minister for Oil and Gas, Viktor Chernomyrdin , was elected the first executive chairman of the board. When Chernomyrdin became prime minister in 1992 , his deputy Rem Vyachirev succeeded him as Gazprom's chairman.

Alexei Miller has been CEO since May 2001 . The former Russian Prime Minister Viktor Subkow has been the Chairman of the Supervisory Board since June 2008 . Both are considered close confidants of Russian President Putin , whom he has known since his work in the city administration in Saint Petersburg. The future Russian President Dmitry Medvedev held this post until Zubkov was appointed chairman of the supervisory board .

The merger of the gas producer with the state-owned oil company Rosneft , wanted by the government , was carried out on March 2, 2005 against the reluctance of its management. Rosneft obtained a majority stake in Gazprom through a share swap . On July 14, 2011, Gazprom and RWE announced a strategic cooperation on the German electricity market.

On May 21, 2014, Gazprom signed a contract with the state-owned Chinese oil company China National Petroleum Corporation for the supply of at least 38 billion cubic meters of natural gas to China annually from 2018 for a period of 30 years. In total, the deal was worth around $ 400 billion. The desired contribution to the financing from China did not materialize. This made a profit for Gazprom from the politicized project a little less likely.

Main business areas and corporate strategy

Gazprom largely controls Russia's gas industry , has a monopoly on natural gas exports from the country, and is the world's largest gas exporter. There are only a few other extraction and trading companies in the natural gas sector. The company generates around 85 percent of Russian natural gas production, which corresponds to around a fifth of global production. During the ruble collapse in 2015, other gas producers, most notably Rosneft , demanded direct access to the pipeline transport system. Thanks to the weak ruble, Gazprom was able to buy gas cheaply from other producers and, as a monopolitical exporter, benefit from it.

In 2005, the German companies E.ON and BASF agreed with Gazprom to lay a natural gas pipeline through the Baltic Sea . Gerhard Schröder , no longer Chancellor after the 2005 Bundestag election , accepted an offer from Gazprom to join the NEGP Supervisory Board .

Gazprom is not only active in the natural gas sector. Other business areas in Russia - in addition to the oil sector - are in particular the electricity industry, the media sector and banking. Critics of corporate policy are demanding that Gazprom management concentrate on the energy industry. You see a fragmentation that makes the company unmanageable. Gazprom is also repeatedly accused in press reports of being particularly susceptible to corruption. The company's activities are politicized in such a way that Gazprom ultimately cannot generate any profits. A bank analysis in 2018 found that the beneficiaries of the investments in the Kraft Siberia , Nord Stream 2 or Turkish Stream projects were more likely to be the contractors.

The declared goal of the Gazprom management is to develop the company into the world's leading energy group . In recent years it has made significant investments in the oil ( Sibneft ) and electricity sectors . In doing so, Gazprom does not want to limit itself to Russia and the export of energy from Russia, but also to intensify its activities abroad, including the sale of energy to end consumers, through its export company Gazprom Export .

Gazprom commented on its future strategy at a general meeting on June 29, 2007. It would like to remain the most important gas supplier in Russia in the future and also secure the main sales market in Europe by building new pipelines. The start of gas production on the Yamal Peninsula in Siberia in 2011 was important. Gazprom is also actively considering partnerships with European partners.

On January 25, 2008, in the presence of Russian President Vladimir Putin and Serbian President Boris Tadić, a purchase agreement for a majority stake in the Serbian state energy company Naftna industrija Srbije (NIS) for 400 million euros was signed without prior tendering . In addition, the Russian and Serbian sides reached an agreement regarding the construction of the South Stream gas pipeline across Serbian territory in order to secure the gas supply to Southeast Europe.

facts and figures

Employee
Gazprom employs around 467,400 people (2011)
these are divided into: 54.5% manual workers, 13.9% managerial staff and 36.1% skilled workers and other employees
Natural gas reserves and resources
Gazprom has around a sixth of all safely economically exploitable gas reserves in the world. There are also extensive potential resources, especially in western and northern Siberia.
Natural gas production
545 billion cubic meters (m³) (2004)
Line network
Gazprom's pipeline network, around 150,000 kilometers long, is the largest in the world and transports natural gas to 179 distribution stations. Companies and households in around 80,000 cities and towns in Russia are supplied via a further distribution network of 428,000 kilometers .
sales
around 48 billion US dollars (2005, excluding Sibneft)
$ 72.61 billion (2007)
$ 159.97 billion (2013)
$ 67.24 billion (2014)
$ 91.35 billion (2016)
$ 122.6 billion (2019)
Export sales
around 25 billion US dollars (estimated in 2005)
net profit
161 billion rubles or 4.689 billion rubles (34.3347 rubles for 1 euro)
net profit
estimated at almost 25 billion US dollars (2007)
Security identification numbers
903276 ( WKN ) and US3682872078 ( ISIN )
Billion cubic meters 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
natural gas 552.5 555.0 556.0 548.6 549.7 461.5 508.6
Sources : Gazprom in figures 2004–2008; Gazprom Annual Report 2010

In 2010 the Gazprom Group produced around 508.6 billion cubic meters of natural gas; of this, 262.1 billion cubic meters, corresponding to 52% of the annual production at an average price of 58.20 € per 1000 cubic meters in Russia and 70.2 billion cubic meters corresponding to 14% of the annual production, at an average price of 159.10 € per 1000 Cubic meters sold in states of the former Soviet Union . 148 billion cubic meters, corresponding to 29% of the annual production, were exported to countries outside the former Soviet Union at an average price of € 184 per 1,000 cubic meters. Of this, 35.3 billion cubic meters went to Germany, 16 billion cubic meters to Turkey , 13.1 billion cubic meters to Italy , 11.8 billion cubic meters to Poland , 10.7 billion cubic meters to Great Britain , 9 billion cubic meters to the Czech Republic , 8.9 billion cubic meters to France , 6.9 billion cubic meters to Hungary , 5.8 billion cubic meters to Slovakia , 5.6 billion cubic meters to Austria , 4.8 billion cubic meters to Finland , 4.3 billion to the Netherlands , 2.6 billion cubic meters to Romania , 2.3 billion cubic meters to Bulgaria , 2.1 billion cubic meters each to Greece and Serbia , 1.1 billion cubic meters to Croatia , respectively 0.5 billion cubic meters to Belgium and Slovenia , 0.2 billion cubic meters to Bosnia and Herzegovina and 0.1 billion cubic meters to Macedonia .

In 2014 Gazprom supplied 30.2 percent of the European Union's gas imports.

Gazprom has (as of November 2017) the world's largest natural gas reserves. Their share in gas reserves is 17 percent worldwide and 72 percent in Russia. Gazprom accounts for 11 percent of global and 66 percent of Russian gas production. The Group is currently actively implementing large-scale gas resource development projects on the Yamal Peninsula, the Arctic Shelf, Eastern Siberia and the Far East, as well as several projects to prospect and extract hydrocarbons abroad.

The group owns the world's largest gas transport system, the length of which is 171,200 kilometers and theoretically enables Russia to sell natural gas via the Baltic Sea and the Baltic Sea pipeline ( Nord Stream ). In the region around Vladivostok on the Pacific there are ports with further export opportunities. The two “Sakhalin” projects exist in the Pacific region. The two projects are supported by an infrastructure for liquefied natural gas built north of the complexes as well as numerous tanks and petrochemical buildings.

This is where Gazprom helps countries that have so far only produced very limited amounts of natural gas with their decades of experience and the necessary equipment. The Group's strategy can currently be observed in Vietnam, Vietnam is now also expanding the natural gas sector. In such markets, Gazprom's help is of great interest to both sides. Gazprom is pursuing similar assistance in the development and production of natural gas in many places, as the group is now active in over 30 additional countries.

Company details

Ownership structure

The total number of shareholders is over 500,000 legal and natural persons. The Russian state controls the management through a majority in the supervisory board.

The shareholdings were distributed as follows: (as of 2012)

At the end of 2016, 10 percent had been transferred to Rosneftgaz and the Federal Agency for the Management of State Property had been reduced to 38.37 percent.

The limit on the proportion of shares held by foreigners to a maximum of 20 percent was lifted at the end of 2005. One of the larger foreign shareholders was the German E.ON group, which bought 6.4% of Gazprom shares between 1998 and 2003. In 2010 he sold them again. The heads of the audit department are (2018) Vadim Bikulov and Petr Enis.

Subsidiaries

Gazprom has 61 wholly owned subsidiaries and the majority of shares in 45 other companies. Gazprom has stakes in 69 companies, including the Horizon Investment Company.

Corporate governance

Gas price policy

At home, the state-owned company Gazprom is demanding gas prices that are significantly lower than the prices for deliveries abroad, since the focus in their own country is on maximizing overall social welfare . This explains why Gazprom sells almost two thirds of its gas domestically, but only generates around one third of its sales. Some experts consider the domestic prices for individual consumer groups as not cost-covering.

The gas price on NYMEX in New York at the end of 2007 was again at $ 7.53 per MMBtu, at 26.4 m³ per MMBtu or 37.88 MMBtu per 1000 m³, this results in a price of $ 285 per 1000 m³. Converted to the end user unit, this is 2.57 US cents or around 2 euro cents per kWh.

According to press reports, Gazprom charges very different prices in the export business.

The following prices are based on 1000 standard cubic meters of natural gas:

country Gas price 2005 in US $ Gas price 2006 in US $ Gas price 2007 in US $ Remarks
Armenia 56 110 110 Price remains constant until 2009 for the transfer of the gas networks
Azerbaijan 60 110 235
Baltic states 90 123 240
Germany 200 250 k. A.
Georgia 68 110 235
Moldova 80 160 170
Poland 120 260 290
Russia k. A. 42.6 49
Ukraine 50 95 130
Western Europe 174 250 260
Belarus 47 47 110 Gradual increase to Western European level agreed until 2011, purchase option for gas network

Russia has not ratified the European Energy Charter . In 2004 Gazprom had an 87 percent share of Russian natural gas production.

Gas dispute with Ukraine

At the end of 2005, Gazprom's gas supply contract to Ukraine expired . Negotiations on a new contract did not lead to an agreement. Gazprom demanded a price increase of 360 percent (from the very low price of 50 US dollars per 1,000 cubic meters) to 230 US dollars (the price level for deliveries to Western European customer countries). An increase in the price of gas not only corresponded to the profit interests of Gazprom's shareholders, but also to demands from the World Trade Organization (WTO), which rejects energy price subsidies that distort competition. Ukraine was only willing to give a weaker increase in price. As a result, only 120 million cubic meters of gas reached Ukraine on January 1, 2006. Just one day later, the conflict affected other countries whose pipeline gas supplies Ukraine is only a transfer country.

In the further course of the dispute, Gazprom accused the Ukrainian gas supplier Naftohas of illegally tapping pipelines that run through Ukraine and transport natural gas to Western Europe. The Hungarian gas supplier MOL reported a quarterly decline in the amount of gas.

An agreement was reached a few days after deliveries to Ukraine were stopped. Gazprom resumed deliveries to Ukraine.

In the course of 2006, the new government of Ukraine under the pro-Russian Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych avoided another dispute and this time reached an early agreement with Gazprom on the price for 2007: 130 dollars (100 euros) for 1,000 cubic meters of gas is 40 percent more than in 2006, but only half the price of gas that Russia charges other former Soviet republics.

From an economic point of view, the transit fees for Gazprom did not represent a significant factor in 2018 either. The bypassing of Ukraine by the new Nord Stream 2 pipeline to be built was purely political and put a strain on Gazprom's bill.

Conflicts with Belarus and other former Soviet republics

In December 2006 , the dispute between Gazprom and Belarus , which resulted from increased price demands, culminated . Instead of the previous amount of about 50 US dollars per 1000 m³ (relatively cheap), 105 US dollars were now being demanded. At the same time, Russia's neighboring country to the west was to transfer 50 percent of the shares in the natural gas distribution system to the energy company.

Gazprom's price disputes to a lesser extent than those with Ukraine and Belarus also arise with two other oil suppliers to the former Soviet Union - with the Central Asian states of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan . At the end of 2006, the small Tajikistan and its utility company Tajikgaz had to agree to an almost doubled price for natural gas from Uzbekistan; the relevant market volume in 2007 totaled 700 million cubic meters of gas for 70 million US dollars (100 US dollars per 1000 m³). Uzbekistan is the third largest supplier of natural gas to the former Soviet Union after Russia and Turkmenistan.

European Commission antitrust proceedings against Gazprom

In September 2011, the EU Commission carried out house searches at several gas companies. In addition to Gazprom, RWE and E.ON were also affected . The companies were suspected of having made common cause and, among other things, divided markets. It was also about the suspicion that Gazprom alone is taking advantage of the other companies. Gazprom's offices in several European countries were searched and around 150,000 files were seized. After evaluating the data, the EU Commission opened a competition procedure in September 2012 because the group was abusing its dominant market position in the Eastern European member states of the EU. The commission accused Gazprom of obstructing gas transport, foreclosing the market and unfair prices. In this way Gazprom wanted to secure its monopoly on the Eastern European energy markets.

On April 22, 2015, the EU Commission published its preliminary research results. As a result, Gazprom prevents competition in eight EU member states. The countries affected are Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland and Slovakia. Gazprom is breaking the competition rules by trying to foreclose these markets. In the states concerned, Gazprom has added territorial restrictions such as destination or export ban clauses to its supply contracts. In this way, the Russian company prevents Russian gas from being traded across borders (e.g. as reverse flow) and wholesalers from reacting to price differences. The company is also continuing its unfair pricing policy, which in some cases is over 40% disproportionately above benchmarks such as production and transport costs, market prices, prices in other markets. According to the Commission, this is the case in Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. In addition, the group linked gas deliveries with independent infrastructure decisions. For example, in Bulgaria Gazprom made gas supplies dependent on the participation of the gas importer and trader in the South Stream pipeline and in Poland on control over investment decisions in the Yamal-Europe pipeline.

In April 2018, internal documents of the EU Commission were leaked to the media. According to the Commission, Gazprom has exerted targeted pressure on the governments of Eastern European EU countries and acts as an extension of Russian foreign policy. According to the published documents, Germany in particular benefited from particularly advantageous conditions at the expense of other member states. For example, while Poland was charged $ 350 per 1,000 cubic meters, Germany, which was further away, had to pay $ 200 per 1,000 cubic meters. Denmark, Finland, Italy and the Netherlands are also affected by very overpriced prices, but the Commission did not want to include these countries in its cartel proceedings. In order to avoid a competition fine in the billions, Gazprom submitted a compromise proposal to the EU Commission, which the Commission wants to accept, according to media reports and according to statements by members of the European Parliament. However, one of the published documents shows that the EU Commission assessed Gazprom's offer negatively. Polish politicians accused Germany in particular of suppressing the publication of the results of the investigation and trying to reach an amicable agreement with Gazprom.

In the agreement dated May 24, 2018, Gazprom undertakes to remove all restrictions on resale . In the second point, Gazprom also supplies relevant customers with gas that should have been supplied to the network, for example Hungary, also to Bulgaria or the Baltic States, both areas that are insufficiently connected. Gazprom is therefore obliged to integrate isolated markets . The third point concerns the prices in isolated countries, whereby the customers of the isolated markets can demand lower prices every two years if the Western European price level is exceeded. If there is no agreement, an arbitration tribunal would be invoked in these cases. The last point is no exploitation of the dominant position . These commitments are legally binding. If Gazprom fails to meet an obligation during the eight-year period, the commission can fine up to ten percent of global sales.

Future plans in the European Union

According to a report in March 2007 in the Russian business newspaper Kommersant , which was rebuilt by Boris Berezovsky after 1999 , Gazprom managers see direct access to every gas heating system in Germany and Europe as their goal. This means that they can bypass middlemen who take in $ 400 to $ 500 per thousand cubic meters of gas instead of the previous $ 290, and the end user also pays lower prices. If Gazprom could acquire the shares in local gas suppliers in Germany and at the same time join forces with other gas producers such as Algeria , Iran , Qatar and Venezuela to form an organization like OPEC , that would disempower Western energy companies. In this scenario, Russia could dictate prices to Europe and the EU would become more dependent on Moscow for energy issues. Europe is trying to prevent Gazprom from expanding, but the company is unwaveringly sticking to its goals. Since 2001, the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) has been the approach to developing an equivalent to OPEC in the natural gas sector.

On April 15, 2007, Gazprom and Soteg announced the construction of a gas turbine power plant in Eisenhüttenstadt . The plans became obsolete with a financial crisis in 2009.

Gazprom's expansion plans met with some political resistance in Germany. The then Hessian Prime Minister Roland Koch , in an interview with the newspaper Bild am Sonntag at the beginning of July 2007, spoke out against Gazprom's expansion plans in Germany: “If the Russian company Gazprom suddenly had everything from raw material extraction to the German energy company, then it would something would have gone wrong. I would find that a dangerous addiction, ”explained Koch. “It cannot be that, for example, companies privatized by us in Germany, for example in the energy industry, suddenly belong to foreign governments.” In this context, Koch called for legal protection against unwanted foreign investors.

In July 2008 it was announced that Gazprom would buy up all of Libya's natural gas and oil exports at current market prices. The energy exports of other countries are also to be bought up. The future strategy of Gazprom is also viewed very critically. a. Jürgen Roth holds on.

In the summer of 2013, Gazprom recognized the decision of an international arbitration tribunal that the long-term contract prices in gas trading with RWE should be reduced to the market prices that had fallen since 2010. Thanks to the transfer from Moscow, RWE was able to post positive business results despite depreciation from the power plant business.

criticism

In December 2005, the German publicist Jürgen Roth claimed in an interview with Spiegel that Gazprom stands "for corruption, for a gigantic self-enrichment of the former Soviet nomenclature, the new Russian business elite and criminal structures."

Stern editor Hans-Martin Tillack described Gazprom's activities in Europe as an “invasion” and spoke of “letterbox companies that don't even have a letterbox”, as well as of “interlocking companies and sub-companies that do one thing above all else: you hide cash flows ”.

Greenpeace criticized Gazprom because the company is drilling for oil in the Arctic , including with an action at the Champions League game in Basel against FC Schalke 04, sponsored by Gazprom, or with an action by a ballet swan dying in oil in front of the Tonhalle Zurich on the occasion of a production also sponsored by Gazprom. In 2014 Gazprom also won the negative Public Eye Award in the “Audience” category.

Sponsorship

Gazprom has been the main sponsor of the Bundesliga soccer club FC Schalke 04 since January 1, 2007 .

In order to increase its profile in Germany, Gazprom signed a sponsorship agreement with FC Schalke 04 that will run for five and a half seasons. Gazprom pays the association a basic amount of around 12 million euros per year. Depending on the sporting success, there are allowances so that the sponsorship can reach a volume of up to 125 million euros over the entire term of the contract. In May 2011, the contract between Schalke and Gazprom was extended to the end of June 2017.

Gazprom is the owner of the Russian soccer club Zenit Saint Petersburg , the main sponsor of the Serbian superleague club FK Red Star Belgrade , the Russian volleyball club ZSK Gazprom-Ugra Surgut and the Russian table tennis club Gazprom Fakel Orenburg .

Gazprom has been the official partner of the UEFA Champions League since the 2012/2013 season and the official partner of the international football association FIFA since 2015 .

Gazprom also supported the former Italian Formula 1 team Minardi in 2002 and 2003 .

Gazprom is a sponsor of the Russian professional cycling team Katyusha, which was founded in 2009 .

Gazprom has been sponsoring the Blue Fire Megacoaster in Europa-Park in Rust since October 2009 .

Gazprom is the main sponsor of the Nord Stream Race , a long-distance regatta for Swan 60 yachts and ORC yachts that has been held annually in the Baltic Sea since 2012 .

Gazprom sponsors the nationwide national cup "Learn Russian by playing".

The sports portal GAZPROM Football presents up-to-date comprehensive reports on the sponsored clubs (from Schalke 04 to Zenit St. Petersburg to Red Star Belgrade) and the UEFA Champions League in German, English and Russian.

Movie

  • Giant Gazprom - The Germans and their gas from the East. Documentation, Germany, 2008, 45 min., Written and directed: Hubert Seipel, production: WDR , first broadcast: February 2, 2009, review:

See also

literature

English

Web links

Commons : Gazprom  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Alexey Miller. gazprom.com, accessed May 25, 2018 .
  2. ↑ a b c d PJSC Gazprom Annual Report 2019 English. In: Gazprom homepage. PJSC Gazprom, accessed June 29, 2020 .
  3. ^ Heiko Pleines: Energy industry and energy policy. In: Heiko Pleines, Hans-Henning Schröder (Eds.): Country Report Russia. Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-8389-0066-7 , p. 329 ff.
  4. ↑ a b Gazprom on the Forbes Global 2000 List . In: Forbes . ( forbes.com [accessed June 29, 2020]).
  5. ↑ Revealed: the 20 firms behind a third of all carbon emissions. The Guardian, accessed October 9, 2019 .
  6. ↑ Program for the Issuance of Loan Participation Notes. In: ise.ie , material from Gaz Capital SA. Retrieved on March 2, 2019 (English): "the state-owned gas concern Gazprom"
  7. ^ Augsburger Allgemeine of March 2, 2010: The date section .
  8. ↑ Electricity provider: Gazprom and RWE announce cooperation. In: Stromsparer.de. Retrieved July 14, 2011 .
  9. ↑ Russia and China sign a billion-euro contract for natural gas , Die Zeit, May 21, 2014.
  10. ↑ a b c Gazprom loses and with it Russia , Novaya Gazeta, May 24, 2018
  11. ↑ Competitors call for Gazprom to be split up , Zeit Online , September 1, 2015.
  12. ↑ Gazprom monopoly on pipeline gas exports “unshakeable” -Putin aide , Reuters, July 23, 2015.
  13. ↑ Gazprom takes over the Belarusian Yamal management. ( Memento from December 25, 2014 in the web archive archive.today ) In: stadtwerke-herne.de. November 28, 2011, accessed January 26, 2017.
  14. ↑ Roland Götz: Gazprom's strategy for the future. In: SWP. July 2007.
  15. ↑ Gazprom is buying into Serbia's oil industry. ( Memento from August 1, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) In: Financial Times Deutschland . January 25, 2008.
  16. ↑ HR policy. Retrieved May 25, 2018 .
  17. ↑ a b c Gazprom's sales to 2014. statista.com, accessed on March 29, 2016 .
  18. ↑ Jens Hartmann: Gazprom boss Alexej Miller. The most powerful gas man and his real boss. In: The world . December 25, 2007
    And the Gazprom boss is not afraid to turn the gas taps on unpleasant countries.
  19. ↑ Gazprom in figures 2004–2008 (PDF; 5.2 MB)
  20. ↑ Gazprom Annual Report 2010 ( Memento of November 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 4.2 MB)
  21. ↑ Gazprom's market share in Europe is growing , Wirtschaftsportal, OWC-Verlag für Außenwirtschaft GmbH, June 12, 2015
  22. ^ "About": Facts about Gazprom. Shares, pipeline network length, etc.
  23. ↑ a b The structure of the Russian oil and gas industry in transition. (PDF; 306 kB) In: Analyzes of Russia. No. 97, 2006, p. 9.
  24. ↑ Shareholders and Investors - Shares on the Gazprom homepage ( Memento from March 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  25. ↑ Shareholders and Investors - Shares on the Gazprom homepage ( Memento of April 13, 2018 in the Internet Archive )
  26. ↑ Revision Commission. Retrieved May 25, 2018 .
  27. ↑ About Gazprom, Management, Shareholders Meeting , accessed June 22, 2015
  28. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Matthias Streitz: No more Druzhba. In: Spiegel Online , January 8, 2006.
  29. ↑ Gaz zdrożeje o 10 per cent. In: TVP Info . November 21, 2006.
  30. ↑ Gazprom wydarł nam 270-290 dol. interia.pl, November 21, 2006
  31. ↑ Jerzy Malczyk ( PAP ): Rosja: "Kommiersant": cena gazu dla Polski na r. 2007 to 270-290 USD. In: Money.pl. , November 21, 2006.
  32. ^ Competition infringement: EU opens antitrust proceedings against Gazprom . In: Zeit Online , September 4, 2012.
  33. ↑ a b EU documents lay bare Russian energy abuse . In: EU Observer , April 12, 2018.
  34. ↑ Analysis: Gazprom and the EU rules of the internal market - also a political question . In: Federal Agency for Civic Education , November 24, 2015.
  35. ↑ Leaked EU files show Brussels cover-up and collusion on Putin's Gazprom abuses . In: The Telegraph , April 12, 2018.
  36. ↑ EU turns blind eye to Russian stranglehold over European gas supplies . In: Financial Review , April 13, 2018.
  37. ↑ Gazprom bows to EU requirements and escapes a fine , NZZ, May 25, 2018, page 27
  38. ↑ Mikhail Zygar, Natalia Grib: Cartel in the Cards - "Gas OPEC" to be created in Doha Next Month. ( Memento of August 30, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) In: Kommersant , March 19, 2007.
  39. ↑ Martin S. Lambeck, Claus Strunz: Then the SPD should vote out Kurt Beck after all. ( Memento from November 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) In: Bild , July 8, 2007 ( Roland Koch in an interview).
  40. ↑ Claus Hecking, Wolfgang Proissl: Agenda: Gazprom surrounded Europe. ( Memento from January 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  41. ^ Gazprom and Eastern Europe: Carrot and Stick , fairobserver.com, May 2, 2012
  42. ↑ Manager-Magazin: RWE successful in price dispute with Gazprom , June 27, 2013
  43. ↑ Manager-Magazin: Gazprom transfer saves RWE's balance sheet , August 14, 2013
  44. ↑ Jürgen Roth: Gazprom is a synonym for corruption. In: Spiegel Online, December 22, 2005.
  45. ↑ Hans-Martin Tillack: The Gazoviki, the money and greed. In: Stern . September 22, 2007.
  46. ↑ Archive link ( Memento from January 10, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  47. ^ Greenpeace campaign in Basel during the football game against Schalke sponsored by Gazprom
  48. ↑ When the dying swan lies in the oil . Swiss television , October 20, 2013
  49. ↑ "Gazprom" joins Schalke. In: Kicker . October 10, 2006.
  50. ↑ Gazprom wants to reach the end customer through Schalke. In: handelsblatt.de. May 19, 2011.
  51. ↑ sports sponsorship of GAZPROM. In: gazprom-germania.de. Retrieved December 17, 2016 .
  52. ↑ FIFA partners. In: FIFA.com. Retrieved December 17, 2016 .
  53. ^ Website Nord-Stream Race ( memorial from September 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on September 20, 2015.
  54. ↑ Gazprom supports FK Austria Wien, with a particular focus on the academy and the 2nd league team, the Young
    Violett's GAZPROM Football. In: gazprom-football.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016 ; accessed on December 23, 2016 .
  55. ↑ Susanne Amann: Behind the scenes of the energy giant. In: Spiegel Online, February 2, 2009.

Coordinates: 55 ° 39 ′ 31 ″  N , 37 ° 33 ′ 23 ″  E