Hoffmann-La Roche

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F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG

logo
legal form Corporation
ISIN CH0012032113
founding 1896
Seat Basel , Switzerland
management Severin Schwan
( Managing Director )
Christoph Franz
( Chairman of the Board )
Number of employees 97,735 (2019)
sales 61.47 billion CHF (2019)
Branch pharmacy
Website roche.com

The F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG , headquartered in Basel is - converted - almost 64 billion US dollars in sales the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world, followed by Pfizer and Novartis . Roche also manufactures reagents and equipment for medical examination. Roche is currently doing research in the areas of oncology , virology , neurology and transplant medicine.

Roche employs over 94,000 people worldwide. The listed group generated sales of over CHF 61 billion in 2019 .

The main growth preparations are: Ocrevus ( ocrelizumab ) Hemlibra ( Emicizumab ) Tecentriq ( Atezolizumab ) and Perjeta (Pertuzumab).

history

The new high-rise (Building 1) in Basel was moved into in 2016.
Milestones
1896 Company formation
1930s Vitamins
1952 Tuberculosis drug
1960 Benzodiazepines ( Diazepam )
1973 Parkinson's disease drug
1976 Seveso luck
from 1980 Genetic engineering
1994 Acquisition of Syntec, expansion of US activities
1995 Medicines for HIV and cancer
1997 Takeover of Boehringer Mannheim
2000 Oseltamivir (Tamiflu, EU approval 2002)
from 2000 Focus on pharmaceuticals and diagnostics
2003 market leader in diabetes with Roche Diabetes care
2004 Avastin and Tarceva on cancer therapy
2005 Acquisition of Glycart Biotechnology in Schlieren
2009 Acquisition of Genentech, with a focus on biotechnology
2010 Actemra approved for rheumatoid arthritis
2013/14 USA / EU approval of Gazyvaro against leukemia (CLL)
2014 Acquisition of cobas Liat PCR system from IQuum
2018 Acquisition of Foundation Medicine
F. Hoffmann-LaRoche & Co AG participation certificate from January 15, 1932

The F. Hoffmann-La Roche company was founded in Basel in 1896 by Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche . The first product was Aiodin, a thyroid preparation. In 1898 the cough suppressant Sirolin, which contained the proprietary active ingredient Thiocol , was introduced. It was marketed for over 60 years. A standardized cardiac glycoside preparation brought onto the market in 1904 was also successful . Around 1900 Roche engineers succeeded in developing a process they called continuous double extraction . With this method they were able to obtain morphine and codeine from raw opium without loss . At the suggestion of Hermann Sahli , a purified and injectable opium extract was produced from 1909 under the name Pantopon . Pantopon contained the alkaloids of opium in their natural composition. From 1915 onwards, Pantopon was also offered in sterile ampoules with a permanently attached injection needle (Tubunic). The need for tubinics increased sharply during the First World War. The factories concentrated in Basel could not meet the demand even through continuous shift operation. Pantopon was still being produced and sold in the 1970s. In 1919 Roche was converted into a public company.

In the 1930s Roche became active in the field of vitamins . The company achieved market leadership in this field, particularly through the synthetic production of large quantities of vitamin C. In 1952, the Isoniazid Rimifon, a drug against tuberculosis , entered the chemotherapeutic sector .

Leo Sternbach , who has been researching for Roche in the USA since 1941, discovered the calming effect of benzodiazepines in 1957 . Valium with the active ingredient diazepam was the best-selling drug in the world for many years. In addition to pharmaceutical research and production, Roche also began manufacturing diagnostic products in 1968. In 1971 the Institute for Immunology Basel was opened.

After dopamine deficiency was identified as the cause of Parkinson's disease , Roche launched the first dopamine preparation, Madopar ( levodopa ), on the market in 1973 .

In 1976 the Sevesoung accident occurred in an Italian subsidiary belonging to the Roche Group , in which over 200 people were injured by the dioxins released and the environment was permanently damaged.

From 1980 Roche worked with the American biotech company Genentech . This marked the beginning of the era of interferons and other genetically engineered substances.

In December 1995 the first newly developed AIDS drug was approved in the USA . The HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir (Invirase) is still used today as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy .

1997 Boehringer Mannheim was taken over. Their pharmaceuticals division was integrated into that of Roche, while the diagnostics divisions of both companies were merged to form Roche Diagnostics . This was expanded in April 2000 with the acquisition of the medical technology department of AVL List and the takeover of the insulin pump manufacturer Disetronic (2003 for 1.6 billion Swiss francs). In 2002, the Vitamins and Fine Chemicals division was sold to the Dutch chemical group Koninklijke DSM for 1.75 billion euros . In 2004, the 50% share in the joint business with OTC drugs - that is, drugs that are freely available in pharmacies without a prescription - was sold to joint venture partner Bayer AG for 2.38 billion euros .

In January 2008, the US company Ventana Medical Systems , which specializes in tissue diagnostics, was taken over for 3.4 billion dollars to strengthen the Tissue Diagnostics division .

In 1990 Roche acquired a controlling stake in the Californian biotech company Genentech and in 1995 it acquired it completely, but brought Genentech back on the New York Stock Exchange in 1999 and sold a total of 40% of Genentech's shares in the following months. In March 2009 Roche repurchased all of the outstanding shares in Genentech for $ 46.8 billion. According to Bloomberg data, this was the largest biotechnology deal to date.

In September 2014 Roche took over the Californian company InterMune, Inc., which had been traded on the NASDAQ stock exchange up to that point . InterMune's lead drug (Esbriet / Pirfenidon) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of certain pulmonary fibrosis a few weeks after its acquisition . The purchase price was $ 8.3 billion, of which $ 5.75 billion was raised on the capital market. At the same time, the cobas Liat PCR system from the American company IQuum was purchased for $ 275 million (plus up to $ 175 million if certain milestones were reached). The device is used for blood analysis and can detect a disease within 20 minutes.

In January 2017 Roche took over ForSight Labs . In June, the company bought the diabetes management platform, mySugr, for an unpublished price. In late December, Roche announced that it would acquire Ignyta Inc for its expanding global cancer business. In 2019, Roche acquired the gene therapy specialist Spark Therapeutics for $ 4.3 billion .

structure

Divisions

The group is divided into the two divisions Pharmaceuticals and Diagnostics . The Chairman of the Board of Directors is Christoph Franz , who succeeded Franz B. Humer , who replaced Fritz Gerber in 2001 , in March 2014 . Chief Executive Officer since early March 2008 Severin Schwan , chief executive officer (CEO) of the Division Pharmaceuticals is William N. Anderson, CEO Division Diagnostics is Thomas Shin Ecker.

The Pharma Division is a global leader in oncology . Other therapeutic areas include anemia , inflammatory and autoimmune diseases , central nervous system diseases, transplants, and viral infections . Roche has held a majority stake in the Japanese pharmaceutical company Chūgai Seiyaku since 2001 . Further focal points are infectiology and rheumatology.

The Diagnostics Division is a global leader in in-vitro diagnostics . It is headquartered in Rotkreuz ( Canton Zug ) and has additional locations in Mannheim , Penzberg ( Bavaria ), Indianapolis ( Indiana , USA) and Pleasanton ( California , USA) as well as Sant Cugat del Vallès ( Barcelona , Spain ). The division is divided into the areas of Applied Science, Molecular Diagnostics, Professional Diagnostics, Tissue Diagnostics and Diabetes Care .

Roche Germany

The Roche Germany Holding GmbH has its headquarters in Grenzach-Wyhlen , Baden-Wuerttemberg, and has more than 14,000 employees and a turnover of 5.3 billion euros one of the major national companies Roche (2013). It comprises the subsidiaries Roche Pharma AG ( Hoffmann-La Roche AG until summer 2006 ) in Grenzach-Wyhlen, Roche Diagnostics GmbH and Roche Diagnostics Deutschland GmbH in Mannheim and Penzberg , Roche mtm laboratories AG Mannheim (acquired in 2011 for 160 million euros ), Roche Diagnostics IT Solutions GmbH Berlin (taken over in 2009; (uses brand name Swisslab )), Roche Verum Diagnostica GmbH Munich (taken over in 2012), Roche PVT GmbH in Waiblingen and Remseck-Aldingen (taken over in 2011) and Signature Diagnostics in Potsdam ( Adopted in 2015). The most significant expansion took place in 1997, when the competing company Boehringer Mannheim was taken over and incorporated for 18.7 billion DM. Its former Diagnostics division became an integral part of Roche Diagnostics GmbH .

Roche's sales in Germany for 2013 break down into the following proportions:

  • Pharma: 1,480 million euros, as number 2 in the pharmaceutical market in Germany
  • Diagnostics: 913 million euros
  • intra-group deliveries: 2,931 million euros.

Roche as a whole company was named Top Employer Europe 2014 . Germany was also specifically named, where Roche was ranked top employer Germany in 2014 in the overall ranking.

According to the company, almost 1.8 billion euros were invested in Germany between 2007 and 2012. In 2013 a further 700 million euros were committed for investments in Germany. Roche employs more than 14,000 people in Germany, around 8,000 of them in Mannheim.

Capital structure

Roche's share capital consists of 160 million bearer shares and almost 703 million non-voting profit participation certificates . Both titles are on the SIX Swiss Exchange listed , however, the majority of the bearer shares is in firm hands.

Roche has been paying its shareholders a steadily increasing dividend for several years . For the year 2018 Roche has increased the dividend for the 32nd time to CHF 8.70 (previous year: CHF 8.30). This makes Roche one of the few listed companies in the world that has been able to increase its dividend every year for more than 31 years.

The largest shareholder is the Roche shareholder pool of the founding families and now the charitable Wolf Foundation with a stake of 45.01 percent. After the departure of Maja Oeri , who now directly holds 5.057 percent of the bearer shares, the pool consisting of Vera Michalski-Hoffmann , Maja Hoffmann , André Hoffmann, Andreas Oeri, Sabine Dusgliché-Oeri, Catherine Oeri, Jörg Dusmalé and Lukas Dusmalé thus loses its own previous majority share of 50.01 percent.

The Hoffmann and Oeri families are considered to be the second richest of the 300 richest in Switzerland , with assets estimated at between CHF 18 and 19 billion . By 2018, assets had grown to an estimated CHF 25 to 26 billion.

The second largest owner of Roche bearer shares is the Swiss pharmaceutical company Novartis with a stake of 33.33 percent .

Products

Hoffmann-La Roche is essentially represented in three product categories:

Medication

Due to its presence in the media, Tamiflu is one of the manufacturer's best-known drugs. Hoffmann-La Roche is also very well represented in the field of cancer drugs and drugs against viral and metabolic diseases.

Selection:

Trade name Generic name indication application Registration year
Avastin Bevacizumab colorectal cancer / breast cancer / bronchial cancer / kidney cancer / brain tumor intravenous 2005/2007
Bonviva Ibandronic acid menopause 2004
BVK Roche B vitamin complex Vitamin deficiency
Cellcept Mycophenolate mofetil Transplants 1995
Esbriet Pirfenidone Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 2014
Fuzeon Enfuvirtide AIDS 2003
Gazyva Obinutuzumab blood cancer intravenous 2013
Hemlibra Emicizumab hemophilia subcutaneous 2018
Herceptin Trastuzumab Breast cancer / gastric cancer intravenous 1998
Kadcyla Trastuzumab emtansinum Breast cancer intravenous 2013
Lariam Mefloquine malaria perorally 1984
Lucentis Ranibizumab Macular degeneration 2006/2007
MabThera Rituximab malignant lymphoma / rheumatoid arthritis intravenous 2006
Ocrevus Ocrelizumab Multiple sclerosis (MS) intravenous 2017/2018
Pegasys Peginterferon α -2a Hepatitis C / Hepatitis B intramuscular 2002
Perjeta Pertuzumab Breast cancer 2012/2013
Pulmozyme Dornase alpha Cystic fibrosis 1994
RoActemra Tocilizumab Rheumatoid arthritis parenteral 2009
Tamiflu Oseltamivir Influenza perorally 2000
Tarceva Erlotinib Bronchial carcinoma / pancreatic tumor perorally 2005/2007
Valcyte Valganciclovir Retinitis in AIDS patients perorally 2002
Xeloda Capecitabine colorectal cancer perorally 2001
Zelboraf Vemurafenib Skin cancer perorally 2012

The cancer drug Avastin was awarded the Galenus von Pergamon Prize in 2007 , a science award for pharmaceutical research and drug innovations in Germany.

In September 2017 Roche received several EU drug approvals: Tecentriq was approved for the immunotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer and for the treatment of metastatic bladder cancers. Actemra received EU approval for the treatment of giant cell arteritis .

Diagnostics

Diagnostics include a wide range of instruments and tests for diagnosing diseases. In the course of the corona crisis in Europe and the USA in March 2020, Roche was able to develop an automated series test for the virus. Here is a selection of well-known products:

  • Accu-Chek product family - diabetes diagnostics

Research products

Roche Applied Science devices are mainly used in the fields of genomics and proteomics .

Headquarters

Roche planned to expand its headquarters in Basel by 2011 for 550 million Swiss francs and, in this context, to build Building 1 , which was supposed to be reminiscent of the double helix of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) . In December 2009 a modified plan was presented; the new skyscraper, the Roche Tower (Building 1) , is 178 meters tall and is the tallest skyscraper in Switzerland and exceeds the double helix design by 21 meters. As part of a comprehensive redesign of the headquarters in Basel, additional high-rise buildings for research and administration are being built, including the Roche Tower (Building 2) , which is projected to be 205 meters high and is due to be completed in 2021.

The former Hoffmann-La Roche building in Vienna was built in 1962. It was placed under protection by the Federal Monuments Office in 2009 and has been used as a hotel since 2011.

criticism

Vitamin Cartel

In 2001, Roche had to pay a fine of 462 million euros imposed by the EU Commission for prohibited price fixing in connection with vitamin preparations. In addition, Roche is accused of having been involved in illegal price fixing in the previous decades.

Bribery allegations

In 2008, the Iraqi government made serious allegations against foreign companies, including Roche, according to which the Iraq to times of dictatorship under Saddam Hussein had incurred billions in losses through bribery.

Financial donations to doctors

In the book Korrupte Medizin - Doctors as accomplices of corporations , the journalist Hans Weiss raises allegations against numerous pharmaceutical companies, including Roche, in relation to financial donations to doctors with the aim of influencing the prescribing practice.

Sales of CellCept in China

In 2010 Roche received the negative Public Eye Award in the “Swiss” and “People” categories (Internet polls ) for the sale of the immunosuppressant CellCept , which prevents the rejection of transplanted organs. The drug is also sold in China, but Roche allegedly did not know anything about the origin of transplanted organs in China. At the end of 2008, the Chinese Vice Minister of Health admitted that 90% of the organs come from those executed, whose organs are removed after the execution of the death sentence without the prisoners' consent during their lifetime.

Doubts about the correctness of the Tamiflu studies

The Cochrane Institute has since expressed strong doubts about the studies that led the World Health Organization (WHO) to recommend Tamiflu against avian flu , which has brought Roche billions. According to the article in the period from 25 January 2012, the authors were employed by Roche or employed as a consultant, and 8 of 10 referenced studies were never published. Independent studies found no evidence to support the statements.

Overpriced drugs for multiple sclerosis

Roche has long sold a cancer drug that was also used against multiple sclerosis (MS). However, no application was made for approval, as the patent for the active ingredient had expired. Therefore, a similar active ingredient was developed, and approval for MS treatment was applied for and granted. So far, MS patients have been treated with the cancer drug after off-label use . However, since there is now an approved drug, this is no longer permitted in Germany. The old drug cost 3,000 euros a year, the new 33,000 euros a year. The statutory health insurance companies expect additional costs of two billion euros per year.

Use Avastin instead of Lucentis for wet age-related macular degeneration

Roche's drug Avastin is used to treat wet age-related macular degeneration, but is not approved for this use. Criticism was raised with regard to the dependence on the shareholder Novartis in connection with its significantly more expensive drug Lucentis when the CATT study in 2011 came to equally good results for treatment with Avastin, but approval was not in prospect due to the dependencies. In the years that followed, legal uncertainties remained when using Avastin. In 2014, fines were imposed on Roche and Novartis on suspicion of anti-competitive agreements by the Italian competition authority, although the resulting proceedings are still ongoing in 2018.

literature

  • Klaus Ammann, Christian Engler: Cough, pain and communism: the Basel pharmaceutical company F. Hoffmann-La Roche in Eastern Europe, 1896–1957. Chronos, Zurich 2007, ISBN 978-3-0340-0791-7 .
  • Jesko Dahlmann: Innovative entrepreneurship in the sense of Schumpeter: theory and economic history. Metropolis Verlag, Marburg 2017, ISBN 978-3-7316-1313-8 , p. 453 ff.
  • Hans Fehr (artist): Fragments from Roche history: 3 times 25 years. Basel 1971, OCLC 918161475 .
  • Hans C. Peyer, Paul Sacher (eds.): Roche - history of a company 1896–1996 . Basel 1996, ISBN 3-907770-68-4 .

Web links

Commons : Hoffmann-La Roche  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Roche with very good annual results for 2019 Roche press release of January 30, 2020, accessed on January 30, 2020
  2. ↑ How Roche and Novartis are conquering the top of the pharmaceutical industry , Handelsblatt dated February 2, 2020, accessed on February 2, 2020
  3. ↑ Roche Annual Report 2016 Roche AG
  4. ↑ Dominik Feldges: Roche is preparing for a profound change. NZZ, January 31, 2019, accessed on February 4, 2019
  5. ↑ Aktiensammler 01/12, p. 14f, ISSN  1611-8006
  6. ↑ H. v. Tappeiner: Textbook of drug theory. Leipzig 1918, p. 276.
  7. ↑ Knud O. Møller: Pharmacology. 2nd Edition. Basel 1953, p. 294.
  8. ↑ E. Bernoulli, H. Lehmann, PG Waser: Overview of the common and newer drugs. 14th edition. Basel / Stuttgart 1973, p. 42.
  9. ^ Roche: Milestones. Roche, October 12, 2015, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  10. ↑ Roche takes over AVL medical technology. In: pressetext.com. April 10, 2000, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  11. ↑ Roche pays a high price for Disetronic. In: Handelsblatt . February 10, 2003, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  12. ↑ DSM pays Roche 1.75 billion euros - EU approves sale of vitamin division. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . July 23, 2003, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  13. ↑ Bayer buys Roche OTC business for 2.380 billion euros. In: Handelsblatt . July 14, 2004, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  14. ↑ Roche acquires Ventana for $ 3.4 billion. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . January 22, 2008, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  15. ^ Roche's Genentech IPO Raises $ 1.94 Trillion, a Biotech Record. In: Los Angeles Times . July 20, 1999, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  16. ^ Genentech chronology: A history of firsts. (No longer available online.) Genentech , archived from the original on April 30, 2016 ; accessed on April 30, 2016 (English).
  17. ↑ Roche before mega deal in the US Handelsblatt of July 12, 2013, accessed on July 13, 2013.
  18. ↑ FDA approves Esbriet (pirfenidone) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in the United States. Roche, October 16, 2014, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  19. ↑ Roche takes over US biotech group Intermune for 8.3 billion. In: The world . August 24, 2014, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  20. ↑ Roche buys US company IQuum. Neue Zürcher Zeitung , April 7, 2014, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  21. ↑ ForSight Vision4, Inc .: ForSight Vision4, Inc. Announces Acquisition by Roche. www.prnewswire.com, accessed July 12, 2018 .
  22. ^ John Miller: Roche buys diabetes app firm in digital health push. Retrieved July 12, 2018 .
  23. ↑ Roche takes over US cancer specialist report in pharmacy adhoc from December 22, 2017 ( memento from December 22, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) accessed on December 24, 2017.
  24. ↑ Handelsblatt dated February 27, 2019.
  25. ↑ Peter Schuppli: Franz B. Humer follows Fritz Gerber to the presidium - Walter Frey surprisingly nominated as a board member - Ebner is not the largest single shareholder. Finanz und Wirtschaft , December 16, 2000, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  26. ^ Executive Committee. Accessed November 28, 2019 .
  27. ↑ Roche merges with Chugai in Japan. Handelsblatt , December 10, 2001, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  28. ↑ Roche is expanding its range of tests for cervical cancer by taking over mtm laboratories AG. Roche, July 19, 2011, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  29. ↑ Roche expands its portfolio of laboratory information systems and laboratory automation solutions for large laboratories. Roche, November 19, 2008, archived from the original on April 30, 2016 ; accessed on April 30, 2016 (English).
  30. ↑ Multiplate Analyzer: Roche expands hemostasis portfolio. Roche, July 26, 2012, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  31. ↑ Roche takes over PVT to strengthen laboratory automation in clinical diagnostics. Roche, March 15, 2011, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  32. ↑ Roche takes over Signature Diagnostics. In: Handelsblatt . February 10, 2015, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  33. ^ Roche swallows Boehringer Mannheim. In: Der Tagesspiegel . May 26, 1997, accessed April 30, 2016 .
  34. ↑ Press release February 13, 2014
  35. ↑ Press release March 12, 2014
  36. ↑ Extract from the commercial register Roche Holding AG, CHE-101.602.521
  37. ↑ Roche Dividend 2019, Dividend Calendar Switzerland
  38. ↑ Financial Report 2013, p. 126.
  39. ↑ Media release Scobag Privatbank AG, January 28, 2009 - Roche shareholder pool extended unlimited ( Memento from September 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  40. ^ Business magazine Bilanz, November 23, 2007 - the 300 richest in Switzerland
  41. ↑ 10 richest Swiss own 203 billion francs. In: watson.ch . November 29, 2018, accessed November 30, 2018 .
  42. ↑ Handelszeitung.ch: PRESSE / Roche-CEO: Familienpool and Maja Oeri maintain their independence ( Memento from July 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  43. ↑ Product overview drugs Hoffmann-La Roche ( Memento from August 14, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  44. ↑ George Underwood: EU green light for Roche's Tecentriq. In: pharmatimes.com. September 25, 2017, accessed September 26, 2017 .
  45. ↑ Roche receives European approval for Actemra / RoActemra in giant cell arteritis. In: myscience.org. September 22, 2017, accessed September 26, 2017 .
  46. ↑ url = https://www.handelszeitung.ch/unternehmen/quantensprung-neuer-covid-19-test-von-roche-verandert-die-lage
  47. ↑ Product overview diagnostics Hoffmann-La Roche ( Memento from August 13, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  48. ↑ Product overview research Hoffman - La Roche ( Memento from August 14, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  49. ↑ Roche press release, December 17, 2009 on the new Building 1 ( Memento from September 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  50. ↑ From pharmaceutical headquarters to city hotel - Hotel Daniel, Vienna (June 9, 2017)
  51. ^ Report Spiegel online, Vitaminkartell
  52. ↑ Online report - Vitaminkartell
  53. ↑ Spiegel Online report , allegations of corruption
  54. ↑ Hans Weiss : Corrupt Medicine - Doctors as accomplices of the corporations . Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2008.
  55. ↑ Nominated for the Public Eye Swiss Award 2010 by Déclaration de Berne: Roche. (PDF; 45 kB) Public Eye , 2010, accessed on August 21, 2017 .
  56. ↑ Article in the period from 25 January 2012: zeit.de: Pharma scandal: the Tamiflu-secret.
  57. ↑ Chris Humbs, Ursel Sieber: MS drugs from Roche: Questionable business of the pharmaceutical companies. In: tagesschau.de. RBB , February 8, 2018, accessed February 9, 2018 .
  58. ^ Adelheid Müller-Lissner: Cancer drugs against eye diseases - dispute over approval. In: Tagesspiegel Online. Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH , June 13, 2011, accessed on February 15, 2018 .
  59. ↑ Kirsten Sucker-Sket: Roche and Novartis shouldn't talk badly about Avastin. In: DAZ.online. German pharmacist publisher Dr. Roland Schmiedel GmbH & Co. KG , January 24, 2018, accessed on February 15, 2018 .

Coordinates: 47 ° 33 ′ 31 "  N , 7 ° 36 ′ 27"  E ; CH1903:  612711  /  two hundred sixty-seven thousand five hundred and fifty-eight