Elevation cracks in Staufen im Breisgau

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Crack between town hall and town hall cafe

The uplift cracks in Staufen im Breisgau are caused by terrain elevations in the historic center of the city in Baden-Württemberg . Discovered in 2007, they are believed to be a consequence of geothermal drilling carried out in the same year and are ongoing. In addition to the events in Staufen, there were comparable incidents caused by uplifts and subsidence as a result of geothermal drilling, e.g. B. in Kamen in the Ruhr area and in Rudersberg in the Rems-Murr district.

history

Drilling

In the years 2006 to 2007 the Staufen town hall from the 16th century was renovated and refurbished. In the course of the work, among other things, a heating system was installed that was supposed to heat the rooms using geothermal energy in winter and cool them in summer.

For this purpose, seven geothermal exploratory boreholes (EWS 1 to EWS 7) were drilled between September 3 and 21, 2007 . The first 14 meters were drilled with a diameter of 161 mm and removed as standpipes . From there the diameter was reduced to 135 mm. The wells were each planned and approved for a depth of 140 meters. While boreholes EWS 3 to EWS 7 reached the planned depth, borehole EWS 1 collapsed in the last 5 meters before the geothermal probes were installed. The EWS 2 borehole probably collapsed from a depth of 105 meters. The drilling was done as a down-the- hole hammer using compressed air as the drilling fluid.

Cause and discovery

As it turned out later, the boreholes had created a connection between a layer of groundwater under high pressure and a layer of gypsum keuper about 75 m thick . As a result of the absorption of water, the anhydrite stored in the gypsum keuper layer has started to transform itself into gypsum . During this conversion, the volume can increase by up to 60%. If the lithostatic pressure of the rock above the gypsum keuper layer is less than the swelling pressure of the anhydrite, this cannot be compensated and has an effect on the earth's surface.

The consequences of this expansion, which is also known as salt blasting or gypsum keuper springs , were already evident shortly after the city hall opened on September 21, 2007, when fine cracks were visible, which were erroneously attributed to the dried, freshly applied paint. The occurrence and size of the cracks increased and expanded to other inner-city buildings. In January 2008, 26 measuring points were set up in the city to record the movement of the earth's surface. At first it was assumed that the earth's surface was sinking as a result of the boreholes, but that during the course of the measurement it largely turned out to be an uplift. In May 2008, 21 additional measuring points were set up, which were later followed by 10 additional ones. The motive for these last probes was the reported damage at a greater distance from the town hall. They mainly occurred in Mühlengasse and on Auf dem Graben . The Lilienhof School , 200 meters from the town hall, also reported damage.

At the measuring point in Rathausgasse 8 between January 14th and August 19th, 2008, an uplift of 66 mm was detected in seven months, which corresponds to about one centimeter per month. About 120 houses had already been damaged.

Expert opinion 2008

In August 2008, the materials testing institute of the University of Stuttgart presented an expert opinion that had been commissioned by the city administration as part of the evidence preservation procedure . It concluded that the soundings are likely, but not proven, to be the cause of the uplift. It could not be proven that a more careful, but more cost-intensive way of working by the contractor would have prevented the uplift. The drilling method with down-the-hole hammer and air flushing is also referred to as the state of the art .

In contrast, there is currently no method for stopping the uplift that can also be described as the state of the art. The probes 2 and 7 should not be installed in the heating circuit, but rather close the probably permeable annular space by injecting the probe tubes or by icing and later pressing . According to the report, the icing should be operated for two years. If the measure is successful, the increase would be reduced by 15 to 30 percent per year.

For the town hall and other acutely affected buildings, the report recommended that stabilization measures be carried out in 2009. The basement of the building should be expanded to a stable box using a base plate . This means that the buildings could later be corrected using a procedure such as Compensation Grouting . Adjoining buildings should be separated to prevent common load-bearing walls.

It was pointed out that the process of uplift and the formation of the associated cracks could continue for decades, but should slow down. The report sees the core problem zone in the area between Meiergasse, Jägergasse, Kirchstrasse and Hauptstrasse. The church would probably fall into the area of ​​elevation, while this was rather doubted with the damage from the Lindenhof school. Further reports should follow for both buildings. However, once additional requirements have been met, the system in the town hall can be put into operation, as this should not have any effects on the swelling process. The town hall is meanwhile heated again with a gas heater.

Countermeasures

In December 2008 a core drilling was announced for February of the following year , which should bring further knowledge about the processes underground near the town hall. Drilling began at the beginning of March and was to advance into the Lettenkeuper at a depth of 140 m within six to eight weeks . Just two weeks after drilling began, it became clear that the exploratory drilling and the probe field were located on two geologically different clods of earth due to a tectonic fault. Therefore, a second borehole ( EKB 2 ) was started closer to the probe field. In mid-July the drill bit was only at about 100 m. In September 2009 the desired depth was reached.

In the course of the drilling, one of the boreholes for the geothermal probes was found and quality defects were discovered in the cement that had been used for the sealing. In addition, the boreholes showed a deviation of up to 20 m from the perpendicular , as shown by the borehole measurement with a measuring probe specially developed for this purpose. As a result, it was not possible to carry out a precise over-drilling with a larger diameter in order to seal the leaky drill holes.

Instead, a process, which was also specially developed for this purpose, was used to carry out the subsequent annular space sealing of the geothermal probe boreholes. After the tubes of the probes were specifically perforated, special cement is in the annulus and the surrounding mountains pressed . By mid-December 2009, all seven boreholes had been sealed with concrete in the lower area, with one of the probes taking approximately ten times the amount of cement in the lower area compared to the others with 1000 liters. A total of 8,000 liters of cement was required to seal this last borehole.

According to experts from the State Office for Geology, Raw Materials and Mining , the EWS 2 borehole , which had not been expanded into a geothermal probe due to the collapse at the bottom 40 meters, cannot be regarded as properly hydraulically sealed even after the completion of the measure.

Fountain

Parallel to the sealing of the boreholes, exploratory borehole 2 behind the town hall had been converted into a well in order to pump out part of the confined groundwater.

At an information event in February 2010 as the provisional final point of its analyzes, the State Office for Geology, Raw Materials and Mining was able to report falling temperatures in places where unusually high temperatures had previously been measured. Since the higher temperatures are viewed as a sign of gypsum swelling activity, it was assumed that the sealing measures were effective and that the permanent pump operation would also contribute to lowering the groundwater level. In addition, the area of ​​the strongest uplifts has become smaller.

In September 2010, the construction of a second well for groundwater extraction began for around 370,000 euros and went into operation in March 2011. Instead of the originally planned 160 m depth, the final depth of this well bore 3 (BB 3) was only 127 m, as the amount of water found there was considered sufficient. By spring 2013, the pumping rates of the two wells had dropped to around four liters: in the exploratory well, the pumping rate was 1.8 liters per second instead of the previous 2.2 liters per second. In the well bore it had even fallen from 3.6 or 3.8 to 2.3 liters per second. Investigations into the age of the water also suggest that it now comes mainly from precipitation and no longer from the vicinity of the probe field. The geologists of the state office therefore suspected that no additional conversion of anhydrite into gypsum was in progress and that the sealing measures were successful. From June 2013 to spring 2015 the pump rates fell to three liters in total.

The continuous decrease in the uplift rate was significantly lower in 2013 than in the first two years after the defense measures were completed. In July 2013 the uplift was between three and five millimeters per month. In October 2013, it was below three millimeters for the first time at a maximum of 2.9 millimeters per month, but stagnated in April 2014.

The reason for this was assumed to be constant, albeit low, groundwater access to the swellable layers in the area of ​​EWS 2, which the previous defense measures could not prevent. In order to prevent the inflow, the groundwater level must be lowered. Since this apparently could not be achieved by increasing the delivery rate with the two existing wells, the construction of a new well was applied for in spring 2014. The drilling started on October 6th in the inner courtyard between the technical town hall and the Kirchstrasse 3/7 buildings, where the former city planning office had previously been located. The borehole had to be cemented and re-drilled twice during the work because the borehole wall was unstable. The cost of construction was around 600,000 euros.

After pumping operations in the new well bore 4 started at 1 l / s in September 2015 and the pump in well bore 3 was replaced, the total pumping rates from then until summer 2016 were 3.5 liters per second.

At the same time, the maximum rate of uplift continued to decrease: from 2.8 millimeters in September 2014 to 2.34 in November 2015, it was 2.1 millimeters per month in March 2016 and fell to below 2 millimeters in the course of 2017. The maximum elevation in the central area was 57 centimeters up to March 2016. The horizontal shift, which had reached up to 40 centimeters in places by November 2014, slowed down in November 2015. In 2020, the country reckoned that groundwater would have to be pumped out permanently in order to avoid damage to buildings.

Gas network

By August 2011, the local gas network operator Badenova had invested 1.15 million euros in the security of the gas network in the uplift area. Most of the expenditure went into the sectioning of the network, which was completed in 2009. This enables Badenova to switch off individual parts of the gas pipeline without interrupting the supply for the entire city. Expansion arches were also installed at 16 points in the network in order to be able to compensate for any possible deformation caused by the lifting forces. In October 2013 it was declared that the 100-millimeter arch in Rathausgasse had already expanded by 89 millimeters and that it had to be replaced. In June 2014 the expansion arches in Rathausgasse and Hauptstraße had again reached their maximum and had to be replaced again.

Stadtwerke Müllheim Staufen acquired the gas networks of both cities on January 1, 2015 for 8.75 million euros. Badenova's seven-figure claim for damages due to the lifting cracks made negotiations more difficult. In the end, however, both sides had agreed on this and agreed not to disclose the result. Badenova has leased the networks to operate for 10 years.Template: future / in 5 years

Building damage

House Kirchstrasse 5 with crack and plaster mark applied over a large area (March 2013)

By October 2010, 268 houses were affected by damage, of which 127 were particularly badly damaged and are regularly monitored by a building construction office.

Schlossberg laundry on the day before the demolition

In December 2012, the city administration announced that the city's former water workshop could no longer be saved and should be demolished. On August 5, 2013, the demolition of this first building, which had been damaged by the drilling, began. It was built in 1915 and was used by the former Schlossberg laundry before it served the city as a workshop and warehouse. The building had risen a total of 45 centimeters.

In November 2009, the city building authority was evacuated due to the risk of collapse. However, it was not initially demolished to serve as a demonstration object.

In September 2014, however, the demolition began in order to drill well bore 4 there. The demolition cost 90,000 euros.

The building originally served as an agricultural outbuilding before it was converted for use by the fire department. In 1967 the former barn was expanded to include a hose tower . When the town hall was renovated in 1971, the fire station had completely moved into this and the former barn next door, which the municipality had acquired in 1877. The move was combined with a large-scale renovation of the building fabric. Until the fire brigade moved to the new fire station in 1996, it was housed on the ground floor. The municipal building authority with a water workshop and land registry were located on the second floor. Above that, the fire department's equipment attendant's apartment was furnished. After the fire brigade moved away, their rooms were converted for the city archive in 1997. After the evacuation in 2009, the water workshop was transferred to the newly founded Stadtwerke Müllheim Staufen, the building department moved into newly rented rooms in Adlergasse and the city archive was relocated to Grunern .

However, only part of the building was demolished, the neighboring former farrenstall will initially be kept to secure the neighboring building and for further investigations before it - after a security concept has been drawn up - is also to be demolished in the medium term. In November 2014, a provisional staircase was installed to make the remaining part of the building accessible.

Another candidate for demolition could be the town hall café, according to the Staufen cityscape working group in 2015. In May 2015, however, Mayor Benitz contradicted this assessment and pointed out that the working group did not always have all the information. However, as explained at the press conference in November 2015, special attention was paid to the building. In January 2016 he confirmed, after a corresponding report in the Badische Zeitung, that the building was not in danger of collapsing.

Financial help

City of Staufen

In December 2008, the city announced that it would pre-finance the core drilling, which was later taken over by the state, for 300,000 euros, as well as any temporary arrangements for the static protection of buildings. In the five years between September 2007 and 2012, the cracks caused urban spending of 2.5 million euros. In order to avoid bankruptcy , this was last financed through loans. In November 2011, the municipality had to borrow EUR 1.2 million, while other municipalities were able to use the economic upswing to reduce debt.

Estimates call pure building damage of up to 50 million euros. In April 2013 it was still unclear what proportion of this the city administration would have to bear. On May 2, a top meeting took place with representatives of the district assembly, the city assembly and the municipal assembly as well as representatives from the interior, environment and finance ministries, at which this question was discussed. In June 2013 it was announced as a result of this meeting that a proposal from the ministries would shortly be submitted to the cabinet for decision. The Badische Zeitung interpreted statements by Mayor Benitz at the press conference in October 2013 to the effect that a regulation had already been found, the details of which, however, still had to be discussed by the cabinet. In the course of the follow-up event in February 2014, Benitz stated that an agreement had been reached on the content of a financing agreement for the first major part of the repair of the damage caused by the cracks with four ministries and the municipal umbrella organizations. On March 20, he signed an agreement with Prime Minister Winfried Kretschmann , City Council President Barbara Bosch and Municipal Council Vice President Artur Ostermaier to finance 30 million euros for the repair of damage within the next 15 years Template: future / in 5 years: 12 million each come from the state and the municipal financial equalization scheme , the rest six million are borne by the city.

The cumulative costs for damage prevention and for the previous renovation work amounted to 9.49 million euros up to September 2015, of which the city of Staufen bears around 3 million including its own services by the city administration and the municipal building yard.

State of Baden-Württemberg

The Minister for Economic Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister Ernst Pfister announced in February 2009 that the state would pay for the exploratory drilling with 300,000 euros, but would have to negotiate again if the costs were higher. He also indicated that the country could take over bank guarantees for loans to carry out urgent restructuring and could also help through economic stimulus programs.

By October 2009 the city administration received an initial payment from the state of 614,000 euros. In December 2009 it was decided to provide Staufen with 2 million euros from the municipal investment fund. In January 2011, the state provided a total of 3.6 million euros for the exploration and rehabilitation of the probe field and a further million for the arbitration board. On February 2, 2011, the third supplementary budget for 2011 released a further 2 million euros to support the city of Staufen.

15 February 2012 was also regulated, "that 50 percent of the amount of the city's supporting this investment for remedial measures to cope with the raising disaster grants the country in consultation with the municipal regional associations of the city Staufen after deducting" from the intergovernmental fiscal transfers come .

By March 2014, the country had taken over EUR 5.3 million of the EUR 7.5 million that the crisis had already cost.

Arbitration and community of interests

Mayor Michael Benitz had already declared in October 2008 that he would like a political solution to repair the damage caused by lifting. The country should bring all parties involved to one table and offer them an amicable, non-legal solution to the problem. At the end of this, according to Benitz, there should be a fund into which everyone can pay and from which all bills for the purpose of renovating houses can be paid.

In the summer of 2010, several members of the arbitration board were appointed and rules of arbitration were adopted by the local council. This was signed on September 22nd, 2010 in the presence of Minister of State Helmut Rau . Jochen Teigeler, who had been President of the Freiburg Regional Court until May 2010, was appointed chairman of the arbitration board . The Bad Krozingen engineer Hans-Eckart Zipfel became his deputy. To support the arbitration board, a position was advertised in the Staufen building authority, but this was not yet filled when it was signed. The country provided the arbitration board with one million funds, but did not sign the arbitration rules so as not to create a legal obligation.

The city's contractual partner was the IGR , an interest group of those damaged by cracks , which was presumably founded in 2009 . It is a civil law company which, according to its own statements, represents the owners of around 90% of the badly affected buildings in downtown Staufen.

In October 2010, the arbitration board, which was limited to immediate measures, only received an application to cover the costs of a repair. The mayor's deputy, Helmut Zimmermann, attributed this to the fact that the municipal building authority had already carried out all the urgent work.

History since September 2012

In the presence of State Minister Silke Krebs (Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen) as well as MPs Bärbl Mielich (Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen) and Christoph Bayer (SPD), the arbitration regulations for the settlement of the damage were signed on September 17th, 2012. It was initially valid for one year. However, the validity is automatically extended for a further year if the contract is not three months before [date] is terminated by one of the two parties.

By September 17, 2012, 68 immediate measures had been carried out via the arbitration board according to the first arbitration rules. As part of the second arbitration order, 90 applications had been received by February 2013, the majority of which were processed. Around half a million euros had been paid out. By September 2016, 366 applications had already been received, 165 of them using the simplified procedure.

initiative

The association Arbeitskreis Staufener Stadtbild e. V. called for a fundraising campaign in April 2009. According to the chairman Konstantin Technau, this is covered by the association's statutes, but one must still check whether the donations are tax-deductible. The association is part of the We hold Staufen together initiative , which was formed in spring / summer 2009 to collect donations. A website was created and an information stand was operated in the city center. On a website she announced u. a. wants to sell historical roof tiles from the old town. The price is determined by the number of damaged houses.

Foundation, endowment

Crack between town hall and town hall cafe with zipper "Staufen must not break"

In December 2009 the Staufen municipal council approved the statutes of the " Foundation for the Preservation of the Historic Old Town in Staufen i.Br.", which was established on January 13, 2010. The following public figures have been won over to the Board of Trustees: Erwin Teufel , Klaus Mangold , Christian Hodeige , Christian Nienhaus , Alexander von Vegesack and Jochen Glaeser .

The foundation collects donations under the motto “Staufen must not break”, for example through charity concerts , art auctions and the sale of various merchandising items on which cracks can be seen that are stuck over or held together by a red ribbon / plaster. So appeared a commemorative stamp , which, however, only in local and regional shops, banks and wine cooperatives to buy, as well as a limited pitcher majolica - factory in Karlsruhe.

Even if the former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder did not succeed in winning the Board of Trustees, he was one of the celebrities who advertised the foundation as part of an advertising campaign. Other personalities of the campaign were Ulrich Wickert , Peter Boudgoust , Cherno Jobatey , Frank Elstner , Tomi Ungerer , Tony Marshall and the radio presenters Sascha Zeus and Michael Wirbitzky . In addition to private individuals and companies, donors also include municipalities, for example Breisach am Rhein (2012) and Oberried (2013).

In mid-March 2013, after deducting all expenses, there were 420,000 euros in the foundation's fund. The inventory of stone mugs was still 2900, from the original 5000. The SC Freiburg team signed 30 of the stone mugs, which were auctioned online by the foundation between March and May and brought in proceeds of 4,657 euros. In June 2016 there were still over 2000 copies of the stone mugs available for sale.

On May 20, 2016, the foundation began selling 50,000 lottery tickets at a price of EUR 2.50 each in order to increase the foundation 's capital. The drawing of the 100 main prizes out of a total of 5,000 prizes took place on January 6, 2017.

Legal proceedings

In the spring of 2009, the SPD member of the Bundestag Elvira Drobinski-Weiß asked the federal government who would be liable for damage like the one in Staufen. Michael Müller , the parliamentary state secretary of the Federal Environment Ministry, replied that there was no special liability law for the near-surface use of geothermal energy and that a claim for damages had to be based on the general law on damages .

In February 2010, the Staufen homeowner Claus Hermann sued the city of Staufen and later the state of Baden-Württemberg for damages at the Freiburg Regional Court (file number 14 O 471/08), as, in his opinion, they should never have approved the drilling. The state of Baden-Württemberg doubled the regular three-year limitation period up to December 31, 2013 in order to prevent legal action due to time pressure. In autumn 2013, the Council of Ministers agreed to extend the waiver of the statute of limitations objection by a further five years until the end of 2018 [out of date] .

The city announced on 31 March 2010 the country the dispute and decided, even an isolated third counterclaim on finding submit. This was directed against Wälderbau GmbH from Schwarzenberg near Bregenz, the Vörstetter planning office Hölken & Berghoff ( GbR ) and against the planning office Systherma from Starzach-Felldorf. At that time, however, the city waived an official liability suit against the state.

Nevertheless, Hermann was able to have his emergency aid regulated by the arbitration board. Henning von der Forst, a second plaintiff, was denied this. Bednatz gave the reason for the action, which in this case had taken place after the decision to set up the arbitration board.

The trial of Hermann's lawsuit began on September 28, 2011 before the 14th civil division of the Freiburg Regional Court. This decided on November 4, 2011 to split the proceedings, as the number of parties involved had increased massively due to the numerous additions to the lawsuit and eleven lawyers were involved. One of these proceedings, which is referred to in the media as that of a house owner against the city of Staufen with an amount in dispute of 400,000 euros, is Hermann's lawsuit, which is being continued by his heirs. Another procedure includes its extension to the state of Baden-Württemberg as well as to the planning offices and the drilling company. The third separate procedure between the city, planners and drilling company has the largest amount in dispute of 30 million euros.

The proceedings of both plaintiffs, Hermann and von der Forst, were still pending in September 2012. By April 2015, however, one of the two procedures was declared dormant by the homeowner and a proposal for arbitration was submitted.

reception

The Staufen uplifting cracks experienced a high media presence at the beginning, which was favored by the fact that Mayor Benitz decided in favor of the fastest possible and unfiltered information policy and organized monthly press conferences. National media also reported. B. The World , Spiegel Online and the WDR telecast Quarks & Co . Some reports pointed to the irony of the elevation cracks in Staufen as the place where Johann Georg Faust died . The Badische Zeitung spoke of a crack drama and a crack crisis , the Green politician Bärbl Mielich of an uplifting disaster . and the newspaper Die Welt compared the ground under the city to a swelling yeast dough .

While the media mostly emphasized the drama of the events, the hydrogeologist Nico Goldscheider, together with the geologist and geophysicist Timothy D. Bechtel, criticized the situation in Staufen and those responsible in the spring: In the opinion of these authors, existing geological and geotechnical knowledge was used during the work ignored what led to a predictable and preventable disaster. They also criticize the report by Schad, in which the probability of the drilling as a cause was rated at 2: 1 compared to natural causes. This quota lacks any basis. In addition, it is not helpful for the homeowner that the drilling method was state of the art. If this really is the state of the art, according to the authors, there could be something wrong with it. Mirko Benesch, the Freiburg lawyer for several plaintiffs against those allegedly responsible, is of the opinion that "the disaster could have been prevented to the extent". In December 2008, in Tagesspiegel , he described the core statement of the damage report and the city's announcement that the house owners would have to pay for repairs and safety measures until the cause was clarified, as a "slap in the face" for those affected.

Since then, Staufen has been cited several times as an example to illustrate the dangers of drilling into the gypsum keuper. This could be observed in the debate about the Stuttgart 21 rail project , in the course of which tunnel construction work is also to be drilled into dry anhydrite. As a result of the reporting, there was also an influx of onlookers and geologists.

In response to a request from the SPD parliamentary group under Claus Schmiedel , the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of the Environment stated in July 2009 that the ratio of known damage cases to the 14,775 geothermal wells that existed at the time (twelve of them in Staufen) was low. To prevent similar problems, a drilling depth limit to the plaster level has existed in comparable areas since February 2009. In March 2010, the nearby city of Freiburg tightened its guidelines for boreholes below 100 m. According to the Ministry of the Environment in Baden-Württemberg and other federal states, significantly fewer geothermal probe systems were commissioned in 2011 than in previous years.

On October 7, 2011, the Ministry of the Environment introduced the guidelines for quality assurance geothermal probes (LQS EWS), which replaced the guidelines for the use of geothermal energy with geothermal probes . In August 2012, the ministry reported a positive response to the nationwide guidelines. The guidelines reduced the risks for new claims through their required quality standards. In addition, the geothermal industry sees the debt-independent insurance prescribed in the guidelines as a competitive advantage. The guidelines were essentially adopted in the amendment to the Water Act , which was released for hearing by the state government on January 15, 2013 and passed by the Council of Ministers in July 2013. After the state parliament of Baden-Württemberg passed the law on November 27, 2013, it came into force on January 1, 2014.

literature

Web links

Commons : Hebungsrisse in Staufen im Breisgau  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Prehistory of the uplift cracks ( memento of the original dated February 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, accessed on March 6, 2013
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Alexander Huber: Staufen: Interim balance sheet: Risse drama lasts 5 years - but Staufen is looking ahead , Badische Zeitung, September 22, 2012, accessed on March 6, 2013
  3. ↑ Sass, Burbaum, 2010
  4. ↑ Information from Ingo Sass on request by email, archived by the support team in the ticket: 2013042210009481
  5. ↑ a b c Hans Christof Wagner: Risse - Hope in Staufen: Swelling processes are diminishing , Badische Zeitung, February 23, 2010, accessed on October 17, 2010
  6. ↑ a b Herbert Louis, Klaus Fischer: Allgemeine Geomorphologie , De Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 1979, p. 121 f., Full text / preview in the Google book search
  7. ↑ Birgit Müller, Franz Schilling, Thomas Kohl: Answers to questions about geothermal energy 2012 (PDF; 1 MB) , Landesforschungszentrum Geothermie, May 2012, p. 14
  8. ^ Schad, p. 7
  9. ↑ a b c Schad, p. 9
  10. ^ A b Staufen: Background: Chronicle: Staufen's Risse Crisis , Badische Zeitung, September 22, 2012, accessed on March 6, 2013
  11. ^ Staufen: Spread of the damage in the town of Faust: Dossier: Chronicle of the cracks in Staufen , Badische Zeitung, April 21, 2009, accessed on March 7, 2013
  12. ↑ a b Markus Donner: Staufen: Cracks in the old town of Staufen: Core drilling should provide information , Badische Zeitung, December 18, 2008, accessed on March 7, 2013
  13. ↑ Markus Donner: Staufen: Exploratory drilling begins today in Staufen , Badische Zeitung, March 9, 2009, accessed on March 7, 2013
  14. ^ Staufen: To clarify the uplift cracks in Staufen: Second exploratory borehole necessary , Badische Zeitung, March 20, 2009, accessed on March 7, 2013
  15. ↑ Damages add up to 41 million euros , Badische Zeitung, July 17, 2009, accessed on March 7, 2013
  16. ^ Staufen: Damage in Staufen: How Mayor Benitz wants to help those damaged by cracks , Badische Zeitung, September 12, 2009, accessed on March 7, 2013
  17. ↑ Wulf Rüskamp: Südwest: Underground: Cracks in Staufen: Is the drilling company to blame? , Badische Zeitung, November 13, 2009, accessed March 7, 2013
  18. ↑ a b c d Swelling processes under the old town of Staufen: Elevations are decreasing, Regional Council Freiburg, Dept. 9 LGRB, February 20, 2010, accessed on March 8, 2013
  19. ↑ a b c Hans Christof Wagner: Staufen: Glimmer of Hope: Staufener Risse: Earth rises slower , Badische Zeitung, December 17, 2009, accessed on March 7, 2013
  20. ↑ http://www.lgrb-bw.de/geothermie/staufen/schadensfall_staufen_bericht_2012/Sachstandsbericht2-Staufen-sum.pdf , p. 22
  21. ↑ Markus Donner: Staufen: rear town hall is to be demolished: Staufen city building authority clears buildings , Badische Zeitung, November 12, 2009, accessed on March 7, 2013
  22. ^ A b c Hans Christof Wagner: Staufen: "Slowly, but continuously" , Badische Zeitung, September 14, 2010, accessed on March 8, 2013
  23. ^ Hans Christof Wagner: Staufen: Well goes into operation , Badische Zeitung, March 19, 2011, accessed on March 8, 2013
  24. ↑ a b c Press release on the elevation cracks ( Memento of the original from July 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, June 27, 2013, accessed June 30, 2013
  25. ↑ a b c Press release on the elevation cracks ( Memento of the original from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, April 25, 2013, accessed on May 21, 2013
  26. ↑ a b Press release on the elevation cracks ( memento of the original from November 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, March 23, 2015, accessed on November 19, 2016
  27. ^ Franz Schmider: Südwest: Risse-Katastrophe: No end of the uplift in Staufen in sight , Badische Zeitung, Sat, July 13, 2013, accessed on August 13, 2013
  28. ^ A b c Rainer Ruther: Staufen: Press conference: Risse crisis in Staufen: The damage continues to increase , Badische Zeitung, November 25, 2013, accessed on November 29, 2013
  29. ↑ Press release on the elevation cracks ( memento of the original from November 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, April 25, 2014, accessed on November 19, 2016
  30. ↑ a b Press release on the elevation cracks ( memento of the original from November 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, September 25, 2014, accessed on November 19, 2016
  31. ↑ Press release on the elevation cracks ( memento of the original from November 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, February 25, 2015, accessed on November 19, 2016
  32. ↑ a b Press release on the lifting cracks  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.staufen.de   , staufen.de, September 9, 2015, accessed on November 19, 2016
  33. ↑ a b Press release on the elevation cracks ( memento of the original from November 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, June 26, 2014, accessed on November 19, 2016
  34. ↑ Press release on the elevation cracks ( memento of the original from November 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, July 14, 2016, accessed on November 19, 2016
  35. ↑ a b Press release on the elevation cracks ( memento of the original from November 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, November 13, 2015, accessed on November 19, 2016
  36. ↑ Press release on the elevation cracks  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.staufen.de   , staufen.de, March 17, 2016, accessed on November 19, 2016
  37. ↑ a b Press release on the elevation cracks ( memento of the original from November 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, November 20, 2014, accessed on November 19, 2016
  38. ↑ dpa: Staufen has to continuously pump out water to protect buildings. Badische Zeitung, March 9, 2020, accessed on March 9, 2020 .
  39. ↑ a b badenova takes care of Staufen ( memento from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) , badenova.de, press release, August 11, 2011, accessed on November 29, 2013
  40. ↑ a b Ute Wehrle: Staufen: Management Report: Risse in Staufen: No all-clear from pumps , Badische Zeitung, October 15, 2009, accessed on March 8, 2013
  41. ↑ a b Press release on the elevation cracks ( memento of the original dated December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, November 21, 2013, accessed on November 29, 2013
  42. ↑ Katja Mielcarek: Staufen: Sales are wrapped up. Badische Zeitung, December 23, 2014, accessed on November 19, 2016 .
  43. ↑ a b c Hans Christof Wagner: No all-clear in the town of Faust - cracks in Staufen: Pumps, repair and hope , Badische Zeitung, October 17, 2010, accessed on March 8, 2012
  44. ↑ In Staufen, a second house cannot be saved ( memento of the original from December 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tagblatt.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Schwäbisches Tagblatt Tübingen, December 24, 2012, accessed on March 8, 2013
  45. ↑ Soil surveys Staufen: First building demolition after geothermal drilling , swr.de, August 1, 2013, accessed on August 4, 2013
  46. ^ Staufen: Alte Wasserwerkstatt: Crack catastrophe in Staufen: The first building has to be demolished - badische-zeitung.de. Retrieved August 5, 2013 .
  47. ↑ Six years after geothermal drilling: House damaged by cracks falls - Nachrichten :: Baden-Württemberg. In: SWR.de. Retrieved August 5, 2013 .
  48. ↑ a b c d e Rainer Ruther: Staufen: Renovations are picking up speed , Badische Zeitung, February 23, 2013, accessed on March 8, 2013
  49. ^ Southwest: Second demolition in Staufen. Badische Zeitung, September 6, 2014, accessed on December 5, 2015 .
  50. ↑ Partial demolition of the rear town hall building and start of the fourth well drilling. (No longer available online.) Staufen.de, September 5, 2004, archived from the original on June 12, 2017 ; Retrieved November 19, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de
  51. ↑ a b Jörg Martin: Partial demolition of the rear town hall building. (No longer available online.) Staufen.de, September 5, 2014, archived from the original on November 19, 2016 ; Retrieved November 19, 2016 .
  52. ↑ Rainer Ruther: Staufen: "There was never any talk of a total write-off". Badische Zeitung, May 9, 2015, accessed on December 5, 2015 .
  53. ↑ Staufen: lifts slowed down. Badische Zeitung, November 17, 2015, accessed on December 5, 2015 .
  54. ↑ Press release on the elevation cracks ( memento of the original from November 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, January 22, 2016, accessed on November 19, 2016
  55. ↑ Alexander Huber: Staufen: Staufen: Financial feat of strength: The processing of the elevations , Badische Zeitung, February 12, 2012, accessed on April 1, 2013
  56. ↑ a b c Alexander Huber: Staufen: Contract signing: Arbitration in Staufen should avoid disputes about cracks in buildings , Badische Zeitung, September 17, 2012, accessed on March 8, 2013
  57. ↑ Press release on the elevation cracks ( Memento of the original dated December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, February 21, 2013, accessed on March 8, 2013
  58. ↑ a b Alexander Huber: Staufen: "Day of Hope for Staufen". Badische Zeitung, March 21, 2014, accessed December 5, 2015 .
  59. ↑ Markus Donner: Staufen: Minister of Economic Affairs visits cracks in the old town: “Land does not abandon Staufen” , Badische Zeitung, February 5, 2009, accessed on March 8, 2013
  60. ^ Roland Muschel: Südwest: Kommunaler Investitionsfonds: Land gives millions for Staufen and Feldberg , Badische Zeitung, December 8, 2009, accessed on March 8, 2013
  61. ↑ raising disaster in Staufen: defensive measures and financing of the damage (PDF, 51 kB) , the request of the Abg. Bärbl Mielich u. a. GREEN and statement of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Landtag of Baden-Württemberg, 14th electoral period, printed matter 14/7377, December 17, 2010, accessed on March 8, 2013
  62. ↑ Third supplementary budget 2011 ( Memento of December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) , fraktion.cdu-bw.de, February 2, 2011, accessed on March 8, 2013
  63. ↑ Household Supplementary Act 2012 (PDF; 42 kB) , legislative resolution of the Baden-Württemberg state parliament, 15th electoral period, printed matter 15/1258, February 15, 2012, accessed on March 8, 2013
  64. ↑ Hans Christof Wagner: District of Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald: Staufen is looking for a political solution , Badische Zeitung, October 15, 2008, accessed on March 8, 2013
  65. ^ A b Hans Christof Wagner: Staufen: Stabilization: For the first time, no new houses in Staufen affected - arbitration position occupied , Badische Zeitung, July 15, 2010, accessed on March 8, 2013
  66. ^ Staufen: The order is signed , Badische Zeitung, September 23, 2010, accessed on March 8, 2013
  67. ^ Staufen: State father visits Risse: Oettinger promises Staufen millions of aid , Badische Zeitung.de, August 9, 2009, accessed on March 8, 2013
  68. ↑ Interest group of the crack victims Staufen i. Br. , Retrieved March 8, 2013
  69. ↑ Alexander Huber: Staufen: "Dispute unbureaucratically" , Badische Zeitung, September 24, 2010, accessed on March 8, 2013
  70. ^ Arbitration rules for the regulation of the damage caused by the elevation and relocation of the terrain in the urban area of ​​the city of Staufen im Breisgau (PDF; 525 kB) , September 17, 2012, accessed on April 1, 2013
  71. ↑ Press release on the elevation cracks ( memento of the original from November 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, September 15, 2016, accessed on November 19, 2016
  72. ↑ Markus Donner: Staufen: Appeal of the Staufen Cityscape Working Group: Donation campaign for those damaged by cracks , Badische Zeitung, April 14, 2009, accessed on March 8, 2013
  73. ↑ Staufen: "We will not tolerate Staufen falling apart" , Badische Zeitung, July 17, 2009, accessed on March 8, 2013
  74. ↑ tile / WHSZ watches with original stone Staufener Rathaustreppe , wir-halten-staufen-zusammen.de, accessed on March 8, 2013
  75. ↑ Foundation for the Preservation of Staufen Old Town: Statutes , staufenstiftung.de, accessed on March 8, 2013
  76. ^ Foundation for the Preservation of Staufen Old Town: Kuratorium , staufenstiftung.de, accessed on March 8, 2013
  77. ↑ Hans Christof Wagner: Special stamps and more: This is how the Staufen Foundation should help , Badische Zeitung, November 9, 2010, accessed on March 8, 2013
  78. ↑ staufenstiftung.de: Foundation for the Preservation of Staufen Old Town , accessed on March 5, 2011
  79. ↑ Alexander Huber: Former Chancellor should help Staufen old town , October 22, 2010, accessed on October 23, 2010
  80. ^ Breisach: A gesture of solidarity , Badische Zeitung, June 23, 2012, accessed on March 21, 2013
  81. ^ Oberried: Risse: Oberried helps Staufen , Badische Zeitung, January 9, 2013, accessed on March 21, 2013
  82. ↑ a b Rainer Ruther, Alexander Huber: Staufen: Staufen: Staufen realizes numerous construction projects in 2013 , Badische Zeitung, March 17, 2013, accessed on April 1, 2013
  83. ↑ Ralf Deckert: Geothermal: Not enough donations for Staufen , Schwarzwälder Bote, June 29, 2011, accessed on April 1, 2013
  84. ↑ Auction of hand-signed jugs (PDF; 594 kB) , press release, accessed on April 1, 2013
  85. ↑ Press release on the elevation cracks ( memento of the original from November 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, June 6, 2015, accessed on November 19, 2016
  86. ↑ Press release on the elevation cracks ( memento of the original from November 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staufen.de archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , staufen.de, May 13, 2016, accessed on November 19, 2016
  87. ↑ Written questions with the answers of the Federal Government received in the week of June 2, 2009 (PDF; 1.2 MB) , German Bundestag, 16th electoral period, printed matter 16/13307, June 6, 2009, accessed on April 1, 2013, P. 59
  88. ↑ a b Alexandra Sillgitt: Staufen: Risse: Staufen: Damaged homeowner sued Land , Badische Zeitung, February 19, 2010, accessed on March 8, 2013
  89. ↑ Ute Wehrle: Staufen: Minister of State Helmut Rau in Staufen: Another million euros from the country , Badische Zeitung, May 20, 2010, accessed on March 18, 2013
  90. ↑ Extract from the minutes No. 03/2010 on the public meeting of the municipal council (PDF; 2.3 MB) , March 31, 2010, accessed on March 8, 2013
  91. ↑ Roland Muschel and Franz Schmider: Südwest: Geothermie: Risse-Stadt Staufen sues drilling company , Badische Zeitung, May 15, 2010, accessed on March 8, 2013
  92. ↑ Plenary minutes 14/92 ( Memento of December 12, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.3 MB) , Landtag of Baden-Württemberg, April 15, 2010, accessed on March 18, 2013, p. 36
  93. ↑ Hans Christof Wagner: Staufen: Dispute: Staufener Risse: City does not pay due to security lawsuit , Badische Zeitung, August 25, 2010, accessed on March 8, 2013
  94. ↑ Risse in Staufen: The first process begins today ( memento of the original from May 9, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.neckar-chronik.de archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , neckar-chronik.de, September 28, 2011, accessed on March 18, 2013
  95. ↑ a b c Trial of Staufener Risse - Regional Court draws up timetable , Regional Court Freiburg, November 4, 2011, accessed on March 18, 2013
  96. ↑ Information on March 13, 2013 by email in the support team - ticket: 2013031810011764 received from the office of the mayor of Staufen.
  97. ↑ Huber mentions two legal proceedings and probably means the two original plaintiffs Hermann and von der Forst. At least both plaintiffs stated by telephone that their proceedings were still ongoing.
  98. ↑ a b c d Marco Lauer: Dangerous geothermal heat: Why the earth swells under Staufen like yeast dough , welt.de, 23 August 2009, accessed on 1 April 2013
  99. ↑ Jens Lubbadeh: After geothermal drilling: A city tears up , spiegel.de, November 15, 2008, accessed on May 20, 2013
  100. ↑ Staufen - the spirits I called ... , wdr.de, broadcast on May 5, 2009, accessed on May 20, 2013
  101. ↑ Staufen: Mielich: "Land is moving" , Badische Zeitung, May 26, 2010, accessed on May 20, 2013
  102. ^ Nico Goldscheider, Timothy D. Bechtel: Editors' message: The housing crisis from underground - damage to a historic town by geothermal drillings through anhydrite, Staufen, Germany . In: International Association of Hydrogeologists (Ed.): Hydrogeology Journal . No. 17 . Springer, March 2009, ISSN  1431-2174 , p. 491–493 , doi : 10.1007 / s10040-009-0458-7 ( online [PDF; accessed on May 21, 2013]).
  103. ^ Staufen: Eine Stadt crumbles , tagesspiegel.de, December 1, 2008, accessed on May 27, 2013
  104. ^ Philipp Schlittenhardt: Education & Knowledge: Staufen: Built on Salt , Badische Zeitung, December 18, 2010, accessed on May 20, 2013
  105. ↑ Expert assesses risk for the "Stuttgart 21" tunnel , merkur-online.de, November 20, 2011, accessed on May 20, 2013
  106. ↑ Birgit Fritz: Staufen: Magnet for onlookers: Tourists visit the Staufener Risse , Badische Zeitung, April 21, 2009, accessed on May 20, 2013
  107. ↑ Responsible handling of the expansion of geothermal energy generation in Baden-Württemberg (PDF; 90 kB) , Landtag of Baden-Württemberg, 14th electoral period, printed matter 14/492329, August 28, 2009, accessed on April 1, 2013
  108. ↑ Beate Beule: Freiburg: Residual risk: Freiburg tightens requirements for geothermal projects , Badische Zeitung, March 16, 2010, accessed on April 1, 2013
  109. ↑ a b Perspective and use of geothermal energy in Baden-Württemberg (PDF; 68 kB) , Landtag of Baden-Württemberg, 15th electoral period, printed matter 15/1607, April 25, 2012, accessed on May 21, 2013
  110. ↑ Guidelines for quality assurance geothermal probes (LQS EWS) ( Memento of the original dated December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.um.baden-wuerttemberg.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , um.baden-wuerttemberg.de, accessed on April 1, 2013
  111. ↑ State government initiates amendment to the Water Act , baden-wuerttemberg.de, January 15, 2013, accessed on April 6, 2013
  112. ^ Draft law of the state government. Law on the reorganization of water law in Baden-Württemberg (PDF; 2.8 MB), Landtag of Baden-Württemberg, 15th electoral period, printed matter 15/3760, July 9, 2013, accessed on August 13, 2013
  113. ↑ 83rd meeting on Wednesday, November 27, 2013. Agenda (PDF; 135 kB) , 15th Landtag of Baden-Württemberg, November 28, 2013, accessed on November 29, 2013