History of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau
The history of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau can be traced back around 900 years. Almost 100 years after the city was founded in 1120 by the Zähringer family , their family died out. The unloved Counts of Freiburg followed as city lords , whom the citizens got rid of with ransom and connection to the House of Habsburg in 1368. The (Catholic) Austrian era did not end until the beginning of the 19th century, when Napoleon ordered the transfer of the city and the Breisgau to the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1806 . Until 1918 Freiburg belonged to the Grand Duchy, until 1933 to the Republic of Baden and in the Third Reich to the Gau Baden. After the Second World War , the city was the state capital of (southern) Baden from 1949 to 1952 . Today Freiburg is the fourth largest city in the state of Baden-Württemberg .
Castle and town foundation
The first mention of settlements in the area of today's Freiburg, the Wiehre and Herdern , can be found in a document in 1008 in which King Heinrich II overwrites the wild bans in the forests of the area to Bishop Adalbero of Basel . A trade route through the Rhine Valley (today Zähringer-, Habsburger- and Kaiser-Joseph-Strasse ) and an imperial imperial road through Höllental towards Breisach / Colmar (today Salz and Bertoldstrasse) crossed near the Dreisam to the south of the present-day districts of Freiburg Zähringen and Herdern .
To control these trade routes, Bertold II von Zähringen built a castle, the Castrum de Friburch, on the Schlossberg above today's town, probably in 1091 . This included a settlement of servants and craftsmen at the foot of the mountain in today's area of the southern old town and Oberlinden, which was under special protection by the lords of the castle. This castle settlement was partially absorbed by the merchant settlement that Konrad , the brother of the reigning Duke Bertold III. , founded in 1120 and to which he granted market rights. He granted the residents of the market extensive privileges, including exemption from court interest and free choice of pastor.
Noteworthy is the network of the Bächle , which was probably planned around 1170 , water channels in the streets of the old town, whose water comes from the Dreisam and which in the Middle Ages was used for service water supply and waste water disposal, but above all as permanently available extinguishing water . Drinking water was led through dikes (in Freiburg: Deichele) from springs above the city to the public wells. For the operation and management of watercourses in the city - in addition to the Bächle also channels (Runzen) (eg tannery, Granatschleiferei etc.) For the operation of businesses were Runzgenossenschaften to hold and for a reasonable distribution established which serviced the watercourses had to worry about the water.
Rise of the city
The rich silver deposits discovered on the western edge of the Black Forest at the end of the 10th century soon helped the city to prosperity. The Zähringer received the mining rights from the Bishops of Basel, who in turn received the Bergregal from Emperor Konrad II in 1028 . With the rise of Freiburg, the town church, in which Bernhard von Clairvaux preached the Second Crusade in 1146 , soon proved to be too small, so that the last Zähringer duke Bertold V had a new, spacious parish church built around 1200. The Freiburg Minster was first started in Romanesque style and later continued in Gothic style. After his death in 1218, Berthold V was the last Zähringer to be buried in the cathedral he founded. A council ( consilium ) already existed before 1178 under his predecessor, Bertold IV. The council constitution was established during Duke Bertold V's lifetime. The council in Freiburg probably developed, similar to that in the episcopal cities on the Upper Rhine, from a council of the city's lords, consisting of the am City municipality involved in the court.
The Counts of Urach as Counts of Freiburg
After the Zähringer population died out in 1218, rule over the city came with Egino I , Bertold V's nephew, to the Counts of Urach , who from then on called themselves Counts of Freiburg and resided in the castle on the Schlossberg above Freiburg. Since the citizens did not trust their new rule, they wrote their old rights granted by the Zähringer in a council constitution (the city sled of 1218), according to which 24 councilors from the old families ruled Freiburg. From 1248 onwards, there were just as many councils that changed annually. At the end of the 13th century, the craftsmen came to the city council through the guilds.
In the 13th century, several orders settled within the city walls . The Dominicans founded the preacher's monastery in 1236 , where Albertus Magnus held the office of reading master from 1236 to 1238. The first mention of a Johanniterhaus dates from 1240 . In 1246, Count Konrad transferred the Martinskapelle with four farmsteads to the Franciscan mendicant order . Then the barefoot monks built their monastery and expanded the chapel to the still existing Martinskirche by 1318 . The beginnings of the German Order Coming from Freiburg date back to 1258. As a third order, the Augustinians found a place for their monastery in the narrow old town in 1278 between Salzstrasse and the city wall.
The years of the rule of the Counts of Freiburg were marked by frequent feuds between them and the city, almost always about money. In 1299, the Freiburg residents refused to meet new demands for money from Count Egino II and shot at his castle on the Schlossberg with throwing machines. Egino then called his brother-in-law Konrad von Lichtenberg , the Bishop of Strasbourg, for help. In the battle that followed, the bishop fell - a Freiburg butcher named Hauri is said to have stabbed him with a spear - which meant victory for the city, but the citizens had to pay the count a considerable amount of atonement every year for the bishop's outrageous killing. When in 1366 Count Egino III. tried to penetrate the city with an army at night, the Freiburgers destroyed the castle on the Schlossberg. In order to finally get rid of the rule of the counts, the citizens bought their freedom in 1368 with 20,000 marks * silver and then voluntarily submitted to the protection of the House of Habsburg . The city thus belonged to Upper Austria and shared the rise and fall of the Habsburgs until the dissolution of the German Empire in 1805. Regardless of this, Freiburg merged with numerous other mints on both sides of the Upper Rhine and in Switzerland to form the so-called Rappenmünzbund , including the Alsace Colmar and Thann , in Switzerland among others Basel , Schaffhausen , Zurich and Bern as well as other areas in Breisgau and Sundgau . This uniform coin system made trade on the Upper Rhine easier. The Rappenpfennig , the Freiburg mint, was the main currency unit. In 1584 this union was dissolved.
* One mark weighed 237.5 grams of silver and was the base size, divided into 678 pfennigs.
Freiburg under the Habsburgs
The Habsburgs immediately committed Freiburg. For the wars against the Swiss Confederation , the city had to provide financial aid and provide knights, as was the case in 1386, when the Swiss were victorious in the bloody battle of Sempach and not only the Austrian Duke Leopold III. slain, but also wiped out almost the entire Freiburg nobility . With that, the guilds took power in the city council.
After Duke Friedrich IV. Deposed Pope John XXIII at the Council of Constance . (Anti-pope) had in 1415 helped escape to Freiburg, imposed King Sigismund on the Habsburg Duke the imperial ban . With this, the Breisgau fell back to the empire as a fief, and Freiburg was an imperial city from 1415 until Friedrich's pardon in 1425 .
In 1448, Archduke Albrecht, as lord of the Habsburg foreland, founded a Studium generale in Freiburg , from which the Freiburg University emerged with the founding deed of 1457 .
A highlight in the city's history was the Reichstag , which the Roman-German King Maximilian I convened in Freiburg in 1498. Here Maximilian and the estates negotiated the initiation of a Swiss peace. But nothing came of that, because the Confederates rejected both the imperial tax and the jurisdiction of the imperial chamber court and withdrew from their obligations to the empire after they had decisively defeated the army of Maximilian I in the Swabian War near Dornach in 1499 .
After the completion of the high choir, the responsible bishop of Constance had the Freiburg cathedral inaugurated in 1513 . In the same year, under the banner of the Bundschuh, enslaved and impoverished peasants gathered under their leader Joß Fritz . The uprising was betrayed and ended before it even started with exemplary punishment of the participants.
Reformation and Peasant Wars
But the Reformation and, above all, the spread of Luther's writing, On the Freedom of a Christian , reignited rebellious activities. On May 23, 1525, 18,000 peasants under the leadership of Hans Müller captured Freiburg during the Peasants' War and forced the city council to join an Evangelical Christian association to establish a common peace and to settle the unreasonable complaints of the common poor man . After the suppression of the uprising, the city assured the Habsburgs of its good Catholic attitude. In addition to Freiburg, Breisach, Waldkirch and Endingen also remained loyal to the Catholic cause, while Kenzingen, Neuchâtel, Rheinfelden, Waldshut and Strasbourg converted to the Protestant faith. When the iconoclasts fundamentally enforced Protestantism in Basel in 1529, the prominent scientist Erasmus von Rotterdam (until 1535) and the Basel cathedral chapter fled to the safe and still Catholic city of Freiburg. They were accommodated in the Haus zum Walfisch or in the Basler Hof .
From the 15th to the 17th century, plague epidemics plagued the city again and again . One of the worst raged in 1564, when around 2,000 people died of the epidemic, a quarter of the population, as reported by the city doctor at the time, Johannes Schenck.
Witch persecution in Freiburg
As everywhere in Europe, witch trials took place in Freiburg. Between 1550 and 1628, 131 of a total of 302 convicts were executed. The years 1599 and 1603 were characterized by process waves. The proportion of women convicted of the "hideous vice of sorcery and witchcraft" was much higher than that of men. On March 24, 1599 u. a. Catharina Stadellmenin, Anna Wolffartin and Margaretha Mößmerin beheaded in Freiburg and burned outside the city. A plaque on Martinstor commemorates these victims. In the period around 1599 37 women were executed as witches and only 2 men as sorcerers . In 1603, 30 women and 4 men were on trial for witchcraft, of which 13 women were sentenced to death, including Agatha Gatter .
The Thirty-Year War
At the beginning of the Thirty Years War , the south-west of the empire was largely spared from the fighting. In order to be armed not only militarily but also spiritually and religiously against the new faith, the Jesuits took over the University of Freiburg in 1620 after the neighboring universities of Tübingen , Basel and Heidelberg had become Protestant.
When the Swedish king Gustav Adolf inflicted a crushing defeat on the imperial troops under Tilly in the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) , all of southern Germany was open to his troops. At Christmas 1632 the Swedish General Horn appeared at the gates of Freiburg, which surrendered on December 30th. With the arrival of the Spaniards in 1633 under the Duke of Feria , the Swedes vacated the city, only to retake it the following year. After the victory of the Spanish and imperial troops in the Battle of Nördlingen in 1634 over the Protestant army under General Horn and the Wettin Duke Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar , the Swedes finally left southern Germany and thus also Freiburg.
Plundered several times by frequent changes of occupation, the Freiburg population, decimated by the effects of war and epidemics, hoped, like all people in the empire, for the result of the Peace of Prague , which the young King Ferdinand III. In 1635 negotiated with the Protestant imperial estates for the beloved fatherland of the noble German nation .
While the exhausted Swedes were not averse to a peace settlement, Catholic France under Cardinal Richelieu sided with the Protestant Union and intervened in the war with fresh troops. When Richelieu, in the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, signed the Landgraviate of Alsace, which belonged to the House of Habsburg, to the landless Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar in 1635 , he created a loyal vassal in the duke . As expected by the cardinal, Bernard started the war again when he crossed the Rhine in 1637 with 18,000 men, financed by France, and attacked the Breisgau. Although the Duke withdrew to winter quarters near Mömpelgard with decimated troops towards the end of the year , Bernard took the cities of Säckingen , Waldshut , Rheinfelden , Rötteln and Laufenburg in quick succession after setting out on January 28, 1638, successfully fighting the battle mastered at Rheinfelden . On Easter Vigil 1638 he stood at the gates of Freiburg, which surrendered on April 12th after an eleven-day siege. Bernard then besieged the Breisach fortress for eight months . After their fall through starvation, the duke made the city the seat of his Princely Saxon government , but with his sudden death, his conquered territories went to France in 1639.
In the summer of 1644, an imperial Bavarian army under the generals Franz von Mercy and Jan van Werth shocked the city. This was followed by the battle of Freiburg between the Imperial Bavarian and Franco-Weimar troops, led by Marshals Turenne and Enghien . At the end of the several days of conflict there was no winner, only losses, which Jan van Werth commented: Having been familiar with the blood trade for twenty-two years, [I] have never attended such a bloody meeting .
In June 1648, when the peace negotiations in Münster and Osnabrück were about to be concluded, the Breisach fortress commandant von Erlach besieged Freiburg on behalf of Cardinal Mazarin in order to improve France's negotiating position at short notice. The population remaining in the city was relieved (it had shrunk to 2,000 souls in 17 years after a total of five sieges) when, after three long weeks of anxiety, the French, worn down by continuous rain, withdrew without having achieved anything.
Freiburg under the crown of France
With the loss of Alsace and the Sundgau to France in the Peace of Westphalia , Freiburg on the right bank of the Rhine became not only the capital of the Austrian provinces , but also a front-line city instead of Ensisheim .
In 1661, after Cardinal Mazarin's death, the young Louis XIV took over the government in France . From 1667 the Sun King led according to the motto: The most appropriate and pleasant occupation for a ruler is to expand four consecutive wars of conquest against the Spanish Netherlands , Holland , the Electoral Palatinate and Spain .
The war of devolution from 1667 to 1668, in which Louis XIV asserted claims to Brabant and invaded the Spanish Netherlands with his troops, did not affect Freiburg. In the next, the Dutch War from 1672 to 1677, the city was initially spared, but when the peace negotiations in Nijmegen had already begun, Marshal François de Créquy, contrary to all war custom, did not send his troops to the winter quarters, but surprisingly crossed the Rhine at the beginning of November besieged Freiburg ( Siege of Freiburg (1677) ). After a first bombardment, the city capitulated on the advice of the city commander Schütz. The Emperor could not offer any serious resistance on the Upper Rhine, especially since the Turks, in silent agreement with France, threatened the empire on its eastern flank. The front-Austrian government was relocated to Waldshut , the university to Konstanz. The main fortress of the Austrians in the Black Forest was now Villingen and it was further fortified. Villingen now also had the chairmanship of the Breisgau regional parliaments in the third estate (cities).
In the Nijmegen Peace of 1679, which was finally negotiated , Louis XIV Leopold I dictated his conditions: The Emperor had to approve of France's conquests in Alsace, but Ludwig Leopold generously left the decision whether he would rather have Freiburg or Philippsburg back from his previous possessions . The emperor renounced the city of Freiburg including fiefdom , Betzenhausen and Kirchzarten .
In addition to the bridgehead Breisach on the right bank of the Rhine, France now had an outpost with the city of Freiburg in the middle of the Habsburg foothills.
Louis XIV instructed Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban to develop the city into a modern fortress. To gain a clear field of fire, Vauban had what was left of the suburbs leveled in the fighting of the Thirty Years' War. Freiburg was now part of the French province of Alsace . As the last of the free imperial cities guaranteed in the Peace of Westphalia on the left bank of the Rhine , Ludwig XIV had occupied Strasbourg in 1681 . In the same year, the French king also visited his new acquisition Freiburg on the way to find out about the progress of the fortification work.
From 1688 to 1697 Louis XIV waged the Nine Years War , in which he a. a. Cologne , the Palatinate , Mainz , Trier and again Philippsburg took. A great alliance between the Emperor, Spain , Sweden , England , Holland , Savoy , Brandenburg , Saxony and Hanover defied the Sun King and ended the march of conquest. But the victory was bought at a high price, because on the retreat the French troops practiced the principle of the scorched earth : Heidelberg , Mannheim , Philippsburg , Koblenz , Worms and Speyer with its Imperial Court of Justice were destroyed. In the Treaty of Rijswijk in 1697, Louis XIV was allowed to keep the Spanish Free Counties of Burgundy , Lille and the territories occupied in Alsace including the free imperial city of Strasbourg , but had to give up Freiburg again. The actual evacuation did not take place until June 11, 1698.
Towards the end of the War of the Spanish Succession from 1701 to 1713 in which the great Hague Alliance and Louis XIV. In the Netherlands , Germany , Italy , Spain and faced in the colonies, the French under Marshal crossed Claude Louis Hector de Villars in Neuenburg the Rhine and stood in front of Freiburg in September 1713. Although the city was one of the strongest fortresses in the empire thanks to Vauban, the 10,000 defenders under the city commander and governor von Harrsch faced around 150,000 attackers. After a three-week siege, the crew, decimated by artillery fire, had to withdraw from the city to the fortress on the Schlossberg . Now Freiburg was defenseless against the attacks of the French. In dire need the town clerk Dr. Franz Ferdinand Mayer hit a bastion in a hail of bullets and, waving a white flag, showed the besiegers the surrender of the city. Villars then declared Freiburg the property of the French king. For his courageous act, the emperor raised Dr. Mayer to Baron von Fahnenberg. In the Rastatt Peace of 1714, Emperor Karl VI. the Italian and Dutch possessions of the Spanish Habsburgs. Louis XIV kept his acquisitions on the left bank of the Rhine, but had to restitute Freiburg, Breisach and Kehl . In 1732 Johann Franz Tillier was governor of Freiburg.
When Maria Theresia needed her troops to be deployed in the east against Frederick the Great in 1744 in the second Austrian War of Succession and had them withdrawn from the western foreland (only a crew of 6,000 remained in Freiburg), the French saw an opportunity for another attack the realm. First, under Marshal François de Franquetot, they defeated the Austrians near Weissenburg in Alsace on July 5, 1744 and then moved into the Breisgau. Louis XV personally directed the cannonade of Freiburg from Lorettoberg . He took quarters in the castle in Munzingen .
The town clerk of Kornritter noted: En fin, it would be no different than when the living hell was open. After a six-week siege, Freiburg surrendered and the French occupied the city and fortress of Freiburg for the fourth time after 1638, 1677 and 1713. After the Peace of Füssen Louis XV. In 1745 the town was returned to the Habsburgs . Before that, however, the French razed their fortifications built half a century ago and blew them up so thoroughly that all the houses around the town, so close to the fortification, were totally ruined . Only the Breisacher Tor remained as part of the Vauban buildings. The city was extremely poor. In 1754 there were only 1627 male and 2028 female residents in Freiburg.
In 1770, the city was the station of Marie Antoinette's bridal procession for a day and a half . The Freiburg residents gave the “Dauphine” an enthusiastic reception. The Court of Auditors in Vienna was not so enthusiastic, which reprimanded the effort made. Emperor Joseph II visited Freiburg in 1777, although he more than clearly expressed his displeasure with the city, the university and the headquarters in a letter to his mother Maria Theresa of July 20 and 24. The city renamed the "Große Gasse" to the " Kaiserstraße " and the "Hotel Storchen" to the "Hotel zum Römischen Kaiser" in honor of Joseph II.
The consequences of the French Revolution
When the revolution broke out in Paris in 1789, this event caught the three-tier society that had grown over centuries in Germany by surprise, including in Freiburg.
In Breisgau the first, the clergy, was the most important, despite the secularization of part of the church property because of its wealth - think of the property of the monasteries St. Peter, St. Blasien and St. Trudpert. The second estate included the old imperial nobility with their lands, but also the poor new knights created by the generous ennobling practice of the Habsburgs. As administrative officials, lawyers and university professors, they gave feudal society a solid framework. The third estate was the citizenry, well organized in the guilds , who had come to prosper. The peasants, on the other hand, even if no longer serfs , still lived in dependence on the ecclesiastical and secular landowners.
Internally it remained calm in Breisgau, since our nation is… neither so depraved, so depressed, nor so enthusiastic as Emperor Leopold II found in distant Vienna. But when the National Convention in Paris in 1792 to secure the “natural borders” of France decided to implement the achievements of the revolution in other European countries as well, the Habsburg possessions on the Upper Rhine were directly threatened. The Freiburg government president Joseph Thaddäus von Sumerau turned to his emperor in Vienna: "My heart bleeds when I think that these good, loyal subjects are to be delivered to the robbery and murder of their neighbors, these cannibals."
After the revolutionary army of the Reich had occupied Alt-Breisach in 1793 , the French took Freiburg in the summer of 1796, but only after the resistance of the citizen militias under the "Mayor and City Councilor Ignaz Caluri" , as did Sumerau's brother-in-law, General Max Freiherr von Duminique (1739–1804) on a plaque that still hangs on the Martinstor today - a rare case for a general to erect a memorial to his troops.
This time, however, the Habsburgs did not abandon their possessions on the right bank of the Rhine; After three months, the French Schreck , Archduke Karl , drove the French out of Freiburg.
The Napoleonic period
After several defeats by the Austrians in Northern Italy against the revolutionary troops of the Armée des Alpes under their commander Napoleon Bonaparte , in 1797 in the Peace of Campo Formio the latter consolidated the conquered territories into the Cisalpine Republic . So did the Duke of Modena Ercole III. d'Este (German: Hercules III) lost its Italian possessions and received the Breisgau as compensation in the Peace of Lunéville in 1801 . Hercules III however, did not agree with this exchange, as he did not consider his losses to be sufficiently compensated. Even when the prince was also awarded Ortenau after Austria's renewed defeat in the Second Coalition War in 1801 , the change of rule took place only hesitantly. The business of government was conducted by Baron Hermann von Greiffenegg , who formally took possession of the Breisgau for the House of Este on March 2, 1803 . After Hercules' death in October 1803, the Breisgau fell to his daughter Maria Beatrice , who had married into the House of Habsburg and was married to the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand , the uncle of Emperor Franz II . The Breisgau thus initially remained de facto Habsburg, even if the rule was formally passed to a branch line of the house.
In 1805, Franz II (now as Franz I Austrian Emperor) challenged the self-proclaimed French Emperor Napoleon again in the Third Coalition War , but Austria suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Austerlitz . The fashionable-Habsburg interlude for the Breisgau and the Ortenau lasted only a short time, because Napoleon decreed that these areas fall to Baden from occupied Vienna . Freiburg found itself relegated from the Habsburg outpost on the Upper Rhine to a provincial town in a buffer state promoted to the Grand Duchy of Baden by Napoleon's grace in 1806 .
Mercilessly Napoleon squeezed money and, above all, fresh troops from the coalition states, which he needed for his campaign against Russia . Among the 412,000 men in the Grande Armée , who fought their way to Moscow in 1812, there were also around 150,000 Germans, but only around 1,000 of them returned home.
This blood toll raised the anti-Napoleonic mood in the German lands, but while the Prussian Freikorps rose against Napoleonic rule, Grand Duke Karl Friedrich had Baden mercenaries fight alongside Bonaparte in the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 as part of his obligations in the Confederation of Rhine . So it is not surprising that in the former Habsburg town of Freiburg the Baden coat of arms was torn down from the government building and, in return, an imperial double-headed eagle was attached to the district directorate at night.
Freiburg finally becomes Baden
When the troops allied against Napoleon moved through Freiburg on the way to Paris in the winter of 1813, a meeting took place between the Austrian Emperor Franz I (formerly Roman-German Emperor Franz II), the Russian Tsar Alexander I and the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III. Friborg citizens loyal to the Habsburgs gave Franz I an enthusiastic welcome. Old feelings broke out: Vienna and Habsburg-Catholic Austria were closer to the Freiburgers than Karlsruhe and Protestant northern Baden.
However, all the political efforts of the Freiburg city council were of no use. Freiburg and the Breisgau stayed with Baden. With the final abandonment of the former Austrian Vorlande on the Congress of Vienna put Metternich at the centuries-old French-Habsburg conflict of interest on the Rhine, but created a new potential Franco-Prussian than Prussia rather than Austria with its new acquisitions on the Lower Rhine , the Watch on the Rhine took over.
Thus Freiburg did not return to the gentle hand of Austria . Many people were disappointed, but ultimately saw the opportunity for liberalization. The Freiburg professor and liberal Karl von Rotteck also initially complained about the " rift of the mild scepter who had made us happy for centuries , but then worked on the very liberal Baden constitution and saw in it above all a unifying element: We have a permanent one Preserved the constitution, a political life as a people ... we were not a people of Baden. But from now on we are one people, have a collective will and… a universal right. "
The restoration in the Grand Duchy of Baden
The Karlovy Vary resolutions stifled the hope of political liberalization in German lands that had sprung up during the wars of liberation. Although Baden had a relatively liberal constitution, the government in Karlsruhe pursued a reactionary policy. The bourgeoisie withdrew into the domestic life of the Biedermeier . In the years after the Congress of Vienna, Freiburg developed into an economic and political center on the Upper Rhine . Within Baden, Freiburg was the seat of a city office and two regional offices, which were combined in 1819 to form a Freiburg regional office, into which the municipalities of the dissolved St. Peter's Office were incorporated. In 1827 Freiburg became the seat of the newly founded Archdiocese of Freiburg with the Freiburg Minster as the episcopal church.
When Grand Duke Ludwig died in 1830 , the people of Baden had high expectations of his successor Leopold , who was fully committed to the constitutional monarchy. His new cabinet with progressive-minded members passed a liberal press law at Christmas 1831, but in July 1832 the Baden government reintroduced pre-censorship in Frankfurt under pressure from the Bundestag . The student protests that followed in Freiburg lasted until autumn. Thereupon a government decree of September 12, 1832 ordered the closure of the Albertina-Ludovica because of the pernicious direction that the university has taken for a long time in political and moral terms, and the resulting no less pernicious influence on the university scientific education of students . After Karl von Rotteck's protest against a despotic change in the university constitution, under which teaching was resumed, the government put him and the liberal Professor Carl Theodor Welcker into early retirement on October 26, 1832. Her newspaper, Der Freisinnige , was also banned. From 1832 Freiburg was the seat of the Upper Rhine District , to which several offices belonged.
When the Freiburg residents elected Karl von Rotteck as mayor with an overwhelming majority in 1833, the government informed them: After plowed collegial consultation, one finds oneself weighed, the one on the retired major. Councilor and Professor Dr. Karl von Rotteck's election as mayor of this city in Freiburg, the confirmation as herewith happens, to fail . In order to prevent the reprisals against the city announced in the event of resistance, Karl von Rotteck renounced the mayor's office in favor of his nephew Joseph von Rotteck . After the northern section of the Rhine Valley Railway had reached Freiburg, the inauguration of the station took place in 1845 .
The revolution of 1848/49
When, at the end of February 1848, the citizen king Louis-Philippe I was overthrown in the motherland of the revolution and the second republic was proclaimed, a freedom movement also awoke to the right of the Rhine . In Baden it was above all the lawyers Friedrich Hecker and Gustav Struve who demanded unconditional freedom of the press, jury courts modeled on England, the arming of the people and the immediate establishment of a German parliament . As everywhere in Germany, the revolutionary camp in Baden was divided into supporters of a constitutional monarchy and a republic. The disputes over this question reached their climax on March 26, 1848 at a people's assembly in Freiburg.
The constitution of the elected Frankfurt National Assembly could not slow Hecker's enthusiasm. He wanted the armed uprising and called on the members of the Paulskirche : Come with us instead of threshing empty straw in Frankfurt . Then on April 12, 1848, in Constance, he called on the people on behalf of a provisional government to an armed uprising and moved north, recruiting volunteers on the way. Government troops put the revolutionary Hecker train to flight in the battle on the Scheideck near Kandern.
Government troops, transported from North Baden on the recently completed railway , were also ready near Freiburg to crush the revolution. That is why around 1,500 militants barricaded themselves in the city at Easter and waited for the relief of 5,000 armed revolutionaries under Franz Sigel . Meanwhile, government and Hessian troops tightened the siege ring around the city. A vanguard of the revolutionaries gathering in Horben of about 300 men under Gustav Struve rushed forward against Sigel's express order in the direction of Freiburg. On the way shortly to Günterstal, the small team encountered superior government forces at the Jägerbrunnen . After only a short battle, 3 soldiers and 20 militants were killed, which triggered a mass exodus. When the rest of Sigel's irregulars finally appeared at the gates of the city on Easter Monday, April 24th, there was bloody fighting with the government troops, in which the badly armed insurgents were quickly defeated.
After Hecker's failure, Struve stepped into the breach. In September, coming from Switzerland, he started a march on Karlsruhe in southern Baden with initially 80 armed men. In Lörrach ( see : here ) and Müllheim he shouted under the motto: Prosperity, education, freedom for everyone! the republic from. But even this amateurish attempt, popularly known as the Struwwelputsch based on the well-known children's book , was suffocated in the fire of the government troops. Struve had to answer before a public jury (one of the revolutionary demands) in March 1849 in Freiburg.
The rejection of the German constitution drawn up by the Frankfurt National Assembly by the Prussian king and most of the regional princes led to the imperial constitution campaign in 1849 . This meant a renewed rise in revolutionary efforts, especially in Baden and the Palatinate . On May 11th there was a fraternization of the Republicans with the 2nd Baden Infantry Regiment in Freiburg. On May 12th, the people in Offenburg demanded that the government of Baden recognize the constitution. The federal fortress of Rastatt rose. With the flight of Grand Duke Leopold from Karlsruhe on 13/14 May won the revolution in Baden. The Grand Duke asked for Prussian arms help in the fight against the uprising.
While the revolutionary army withdrew to Freiburg after several defeats, a constituent assembly met in the Basler Hof on June 28th . At the request of MP Struve, who had been released from custody in Rastatt, the committee decided to continue the war against the enemies of German unity and freedom with all possible means. Colonel Sigel took over command of the remaining revolutionary army, which had been joined by irregulars from Alsace and Switzerland.
The suppression of the uprising in Baden and the Palatinate was done by Prussian troops under the command of the "grape prince" Wilhelm . On July 7, 1849, citizens loyal to the duke handed Freiburg over to the corps of General Moritz von Hirschfeld . There was no fighting because there was a change of mood and numerous Baden revolutionary soldiers were taken prisoner in Prussia. Hirschfeld released them all immediately. On July 11, a Prussian court martial sentenced the revolutionary Johann Maximilian Dortu from Potsdam to death. The revolution ended on July 24th with the fall of the Rastatt fortress. Thereafter, the Prussian-Baden courts-martial commenced their work. How Dortu were Friedrich Neff and Gebhard Kromer in the cemetery in the Wiehre shot , more in Rastatt and Bruchsal 26 revolutionaries. The suppression of the Baden uprising meant for a long time the end of the revolutionary bourgeois freedom and unity efforts in Germany. The Heckerlied recalls the spirit of the revolutionary people of Baden.
Founding times and empire
In 1864 the City and Land Office of Freiburg were merged to form the Freiburg District Office. The districts of Breisach , Emmendingen , Ettenheim , Freiburg, Kenzingen (dissolved in 1872), Neustadt in the Black Forest and Staufen belonged to the new greater Freiburg district . In the same year, the first German hiking club, the Black Forest Association, was founded in the city.
After founding of the second German Empire in 1871, Baden proved from the outset as a loyal part, but the ruling house was kinship connected to the imperial family , Grand Duke Friedrich as husband Princess Louise was the son emperor Wilhelm I . After 1871, Sedan Day was celebrated in Baden like everywhere else in the empire , but the Southwest also celebrated the day of the Battle of Belfort . The common war experience was intended to unite the Germans and had to be stretched. In 1876, in the presence of Wilhelm I, the Grand Duke and Bismarck in Freiburg, Baden's official victory monument was inaugurated.
In 1899, the University of Freiburg was the first university in Germany to enroll a woman.
The city lived the economic boom of the Wilhelminian era, not least because of the annexed Alsace, because Kolmar in the left-Rhenish Reichsland was connected to Freiburg by a railway line . Towards the end of the 19th century, a previously unknown building boom set in under Mayor Otto Winterer , so that after 25 years in office he was called “the second founder of the city” when he retired in 1913. As an up-and-coming city with a tendency towards the modern, Freiburg operated an electric tram after having operated a horse-drawn bus since 1891 . For this purpose a power plant was built in Stühlinger. In October 1901 the first line A was opened from Rennweg to Lorettostraße.
In 1910 the new city theater on the western edge of the city center was inaugurated, followed by the opening of the new main university building (today Collegiate Building I) diagonally opposite in 1911.
During the Winter period, new residential areas such as the Wiehre and Stühlinger were built - the number of buildings and residents of Freiburg doubled. This was also due to the influx of older and wealthy people from the industrial areas of West Germany or from Hamburg, where cholera was raging, so that the city was nicknamed All-German Pensionopolis ( Gerhart von Schulze-Gaevernitz ). These newcomers soon made up 20% of households. The medieval-looking cityscape, embellished by Winterer with a lot of historicism , hit the zeitgeist. The proximity of the Black Forest and Kaiserstuhl as well as the warm climate attracted people.
This idyll whitewashed increasing social tensions. While in Wiehre (Goethestrasse or Reichsgrafenstrasse) and in Herdern (Wölflinstrasse and Tivolistrasse) mostly affluent rentiers lived, a growing, poor proletariat lived in Stühlinger.
It was an outrageous provocation of the bourgeois idyll of Freiburg when Rosa Luxemburg denounced class differences and German militarism in the overcrowded art and festival hall in April 1914 on the eve of the Great War . To eliminate them, she called on the workers to go on a general strike. Under the influence of the speech of the traitor to the fatherland in bourgeois eyes , 280 Freiburg citizens joined the Social Democratic Party.
The First World War
The state of war, announced in Freiburg on July 31, 1914, caused great jubilation among most Freiburg residents (see August experience ).
After fighting with French troops near Mulhouse , the first wounded arrived in Freiburg on August 8th. At the end of the month, more than 2,000 soldiers were injured in the hospitals that were hastily set up in schools and gyms . In August 1914, Mulhouse was briefly captured twice by French troops, during which numerous civilians were deported to internment camps in France (see also History of Alsace )
A total of around 100,000 wounded in the city's hospitals were counted during the war. The lists of the fallen were also published for a longer time and by the end of 1914 no longer in the newspapers. The First World War also hit the civilian population hard. The poor supply situation (see also German economic history in the First World War ) and the flow of refugees from Alsace were heavy burdens for the citizens.
year | Number of bomb attacks |
Drops |
---|---|---|
1914 | 3 | 15th |
1915 | 6th | 50 |
1916 | 3 | 43 |
1917 | 7th | 102 |
1918 | 6th | 78 |
cast . | 25th | 289 |
During the First World War - for the first time on December 14, 1914 - the French Air Force (it was in the lead at the time) dropped bombs on the unarmed and open city of Freiburg. The German High Command saw this as a breach of the restrictions under international law under the Hague Land Warfare Regulations ; the air war against civilian targets escalated more and more.
The Reich government immediately used the attacks for propaganda purposes : names and types of injuries, especially the children, are welcome here (to the General Staff in Berlin) . Because of its proximity to the front, allied planes and zeppelins bombed Freiburg a total of twenty-five times, more often than other German cities. They dropped more bombs on Freiburg than on any other German city.
The air raids increasingly changed public life. In December 1914, attacks were prohibited from leaving; since April 1916 blackout measures had to be taken. In May 1916, the city reduced public lighting to 1/4, in May 1917 it completely stopped. The worst, a French air raid on April 15, 1917, left 31 people dead.
The situation of the bombing shows that the supply routes leading through the city to the front in Alsace should be hit, because there were no targets of importance to the war in Freiburg, i. H. neither fortifications, special artillery installations, nor larger troop contingents or important armaments factories. However, the Pharmacological Institute produced detonating needles that were essential to the war effort, while the Upper Rhine Metallwarenfabrik produced grenades, projectiles and trucks.
In addition, the Freiburgers experienced the war in nearby Alsace visually and acoustically: the gunfire on the heights of the Vosges could be heard and seen.
Soon, as everywhere in the empire, the first shortcomings in supplying the population became apparent. The food cards and vouchers for daily needs that were gradually issued were often not worth their paper. With the shortage of flour, the bread was stretched with potato starch, and when the potatoes also became scarce, other additives such as bran, corn, barley, lentils and even sawdust were found in the war bread . When all bicycle tires had to be delivered in the summer of 1916, 10,000 bicycles failed to be transported in Freiburg. Leather was one of the raw materials that were no longer available for civil purposes when the war began. The majority of Freiburg's people were soon wearing uniform shoes made of fabric with wooden soles or walking barefoot in summer. In July 1917, most of the cathedral bells were donated. After the German spring offensive collapsed in 1918 and defeat was foreseeable from August , the Spanish flu hit the undernourished population and the wounded in the hospitals in October , from which 444 people died in Freiburg.
On the morning of November 9, 1918, disregarding the orders of their superiors, over 9,000 soldiers gathered on Karlsplatz. They wore red cockades on their uniforms . Military police shot; nobody was injured. Speakers urged prudence and called for peace and freedom. When the news arrived in the afternoon that Philipp Scheidemann had proclaimed a republic in Berlin, soldiers' councils initially took over the city. In the evening they met with quickly formed workers' councils to maintain law and order in Freiburg.
The Weimar Republic
The reunification of Alsace with France after the lost war meant the loss of part of its hinterland for Freiburg. With the establishment of a right-Rhenish demilitarized zone 50 km wide, in which industrial settlements are also prohibited, the city also lost its garrison. Both contributed to the region's economic decline.
In the young Weimar Republic in 1920, the 68-year-old Freiburger lawyer, parliamentarian and parliament speaker Constantin Fehrenbach after the collapse of the Weimar coalition chancellor of a minority government from the center , German Democratic Party and German People's Party , however, appeared as early as May 1921 because of disagreement between the coalition the performance of the Versailles Treaty . His successor was the former Baden finance minister, the left center deputy and Freiburg native Joseph Wirth with a cabinet made up of social democrats, the Democratic Party and the center, who had to start with the unpopular compliance policy . In search of allies against the victorious powers, Wirth and his Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau signed the Treaty of Rapallo with Russia on April 16, 1922 , thus leading Germany out of its isolation from foreign policy. In November 1922, Wirth resigned because of coalition quarrels.
In 1923, on the initiative of the French member of parliament and pacifist Marc Sangnier, around 7,000 people from 23 nations came together at the 3rd International Peace Congress in Freiburg to discuss ways of reducing hatred between nations, international understanding and overcoming war. One of the German participants was the later Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ludwig Quidde .
In the course of a district reform in 1924, the Breisach district was dissolved and most of its communities were assigned to the Freiburg district office.
The NSDAP was already quite active in Breisgau before 1933, but a down-to-earth center party and a strong social democracy in Freiburg prevented the Nazis from taking power prematurely, as happened in the Goethe city of Weimar in 1932. When Hitler visited the Möslestadion in 1932, there were protest rallies in the stadium by the population of Freiburg. He is said to have avoided the city since then. The more the economic situation worsened, the more the Weimar Republic lost its popular support. At a celebration of the founding of the Bismarck Empire on January 18, 1933, the German national, Baden member of the state parliament, Paul Schmitthenner in Freiburg, invoked the strengthening of the German defense concept in the belief in a coming great German Reich that would use German forces and eradicate weaknesses, capital and Labor reconciles, an earthly kingdom in splendor and glory .
National Socialism
The " seizure of power " by the National Socialists in Berlin at the end of January 1933 also led to a quick brown takeover in Freiburg:
- On March 6, the Nazis hoist the swastika flag at the Freiburg town hall without the consent of Mayor Karl Bender , while the district leader and editor of the battle paper of the National Socialists of Upper Baden Der Alemanne Franz Kerber and SA Oberführer Hanns Ludin hold speeches from the balcony.
- On March 10, the Reich Commissioner for Baden Robert Wagner issued the first measures for security and order in the state of Baden, ordered the SPD and KPD to be banned from gathering and ordered protective custody for Marxist leaders. On the same day, an express court in Freiburg convicted the SPD party functionary Seger for the weapons found in the Freiburg trade union building.
- On March 16, Mayor Josef Hölzl and City Councilor Franz Geiler, both SPD, were arrested in the town hall.
- On March 17, between 4 a.m. and 5 a.m., the Jewish social democratic member of the state parliament and city councilor Christian Daniel Nussbaum is said to be arrested, who then shoots through the apartment door and fatally injures a police officer.
- On March 18, all local organizations of the SPD and KPD including their auxiliary and subsidiary organizations will be dissolved with immediate effect.
- On March 20, five NSDAP MPs and one DNVP MP declared the city council to be deposed and set themselves up as commissioners who want to work with Mayor Bender.
- April 1st: The people of Freiburg only half-heartedly follow the national boycott of Jewish shops .
- On April 9, after the smear campaign carried out in the newspaper Der Alemanne, Lord Mayor Bender, who had been in office since 1922, resigned. The government in Karlsruhe installed Kerber as Bender's successor. After the last non-compliant MPs have been pushed out, Gauleiter Wagner can report to Karlsruhe: City Council and Citizens' Committee Marxist clean .
- On May 17th, a planned book burning in front of the steps of the minster was canceled due to rain.
At Freiburg University, the new rector Martin Heidegger proclaimed the greatness of the National Socialist awakening and the Führer cult and, in his inaugural address, invoked the bloody forces as the only guardians of German culture .
On April 17, 1936, a group of English schoolchildren on the Schauinsland fell into mountain difficulties and five of them died. The event was then exploited for propaganda purposes by the Nazi regime and two years later the English monument was erected on the Schauinsland.
In March 1937 the " SS - Reichsführer " Heinrich Himmler set up a series of collaborations between Freiburg archaeologists and his organization " Ahnenerbe " after a two-week vacation in Badenweiler .
As in many other places in Germany, the synagogue in Freiburg went up in flames during the November pogroms in 1938 . Subsequently, a large number of Jewish fellow citizens were taken into protective custody. Of these, 100 male Freiburg Jews were deported to the Dachau concentration camp north of Munich for over 18 years.
In 1939 the Freiburg district office was renamed the Freiburg district . The city of Freiburg left the district and became a district.
On 22 October 1940, came in Freiburg as throughout Baden for the deportation of the Jews (first in the French concentration camp Gurs internment camp near the Spanish border, and later from there to the extermination camps ). Numerous “ stumbling blocks ” were laid in Freiburg as a reminder and warning .
From early summer of 1940 to November 1944, the infamous from living people for his medical experiments were talking concentration camp doctor of Auschwitz , Josef Mengele and his wife Irene an apartment together in Sonnhalde in the district Herdern .
At the end of 2021, the Freiburg National Socialism Documentation Center is due to open in the former traffic office. The Freiburg branch of the State Center for Political Education is also to move there.
Second World War
During the bombing raid on Freiburg on May 10, 1940, planes of the German Air Force mistakenly bombed the city, dropping a total of 69 bombs and killing 57 people.
Air War Freiburg was initially largely spared
from the bombing of the Allies ; until the evening of November 27, 1944, when the British Royal Air Force bombed the city center as part of Operation Tigerfish , killing nearly 3,000 people and injuring around 9,600. 14,525 high-explosive, incendiary and marker bombs with a weight of 1,723 tons were dropped on the city; large parts of it were devastated. Further attacks followed on 2/3 December u. a. on the western Wiehre with destruction on the premises of the Ganter brewery and on December 17, 1944 on the Stühlinger , where the Herz-Jesu-Kirche there was badly damaged.
Christoph Meckel , who spent his childhood in Freiburg, describes in an autobiographical story published in 1965 the conflagration after the bombing of the city center: And at the point where, a few kilometers away, the silhouette of Freiburg was usually to be seen, a single, huge flame. The mountain walls were flooded with twitching firelight, the valleys sunk to the side in black shadows, the fir trees stood out clearly on the slopes of the Roßkopf . Fat orange smoke foamed high up into the night, rolled voraciously over the mountain heads and devoured all darkness.
In the midst of the rubble, the cathedral remained largely unscathed. Without direct impact, thanks to its solid stone construction from the Middle Ages, it withstood the air pressure of the bombs detonating in the area, but was covered. With roof tiles, generously donated by the city of Basel, the cathedral was largely covered again by January 1945.
Fighting on the Upper Rhine 1945
After the French General de Gaulle at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 brought about the decision to create a separate zone of occupation, the 1st French Army, reorganized with colonial troops, crossed the Speyer from March 30th to 31st, 1945 Rhine and advanced east on Stuttgart and south on Freiburg. The 19th German Army , which had been weakened by long defensive battles in southern France and Alsace and positioned on the Upper Rhine, disbanded. The Freiburg area was south of the Leopold Canal line from XVIII. SS Army Corps covered. Only the staff consisted of officers of the Waffen-SS , the men were remnants of Wehrmacht divisions, Volkssturm , customs border guards and fortress troops with low "combat value". The commanding officer was SS-General Georg Keppler , who was experienced in the East Front and was "determined to lead the fight according to local needs and not after insane orders from the green table at the Führer headquarters." The French advance quickly put Keppler under pressure:
The task of Freiburg
On April 16, 1945, SS-General Keppler ordered the city of Freiburg to:
“In view of this imminent danger and the lack of emergency services, Freiburg is given up on my orders and on my responsibility, contrary to the repeated express ' Fuehrer 's order ' as a ' fixed place '; the defense forces (2 battalions) designated for this purpose are withdrawn […] This becomes the city Freiburg was at the same time saved from the feared destruction and, as far as possible, kept away from all further fighting. "
Shortly afterwards, Keppler found out that a “' special flying stand trial ' from Hitler” was on the way against him and gave “as a precautionary measure to arrest this special stand trial immediately if it should appear anywhere and bring it to me.” Keppler withdrew his troops to the Black Forest, disempowered Gauleiter Robert Wagner and local party leaders, dissolved werewolf groups and prevented destruction, such as the Schwarzenbachtalsperre . On April 26, 1945, he disbanded his troop units and made a successful breakthrough with volunteer combat groups between Blumberg and the Swiss border. Personally, it made its way to Bavaria and went into American captivity on May 22, 1945.
The French Army Commander Lattre de Tassigny indirectly confirmed the suspension of a defense of Freiburg on April 21, 1945: “At 2 p.m., tanks of the 2nd Africa invaded. Hunter Rgts. and colonial soldiers in the northern suburbs of Freiburg. At 9 p.m., another grouping of the same unit comes from the west. The city surrenders almost without a fight. "
In October 1945 General de Gaulle held a victory parade on Kaiserstrasse. Freiburg belonged to the French occupied zone in Baden.
post war period
In the years up to the currency reform of 1948 , the reconstruction of the city made slow progress. From 1947 to 1949, the rubble was transported to the Flückigersee by the Freiburg rubble railway , popularly known as the rubble express.
As in many other places in Germany, Quaker aid and Swiss donations helped in Freiburg . In the winter of 1947/48 there was a lack of heating material and food.
From 1946 to 1952, as a result of the division of southwest Germany into a French and American occupation zone , Freiburg was the capital of a state (from 1949 of the federal state ) Baden . As part of the denazification , in Freiburg, Mercystr. 24, on the basis of the “State Ordinance on Liberation from National Socialism and Militarism of March 29, 1947”, the “State Commissioner for Political Cleansing” was set up, to which a local tribunal and an investigative committee were assigned at the district level. Efforts to unite the states of Württemberg-Baden , Württemberg-Hohenzollern and Baden into one efficient federal state, the south-western state, led to a vote in 1951 in which a majority in the three states as a whole approved the merger, but the southern Baden residents spoke out against it . Under Prime Minister Leo Wohleb, Freiburg formed the center of resistance against the formation of the south-western state. They wanted to see the old state of Baden rise again along the High and Upper Rhine from Constance in the south to Mannheim in the north. Despite violent protests by the people of southern Baden-Württemberg , the state of Baden-Württemberg was formed with Stuttgart as its capital. When the court had to repeat the vote in 1970, only 18% of those eligible to vote were in favor of Baden's independence. Today, Freiburg is the seat of the administrative district of the same name , which largely corresponds to the former federal state of (southern) Baden .
Freiburg also knew how to celebrate with the constant reconstruction of the city center, which was largely based on the original streets: in 1957 the university was 500 years old, in 1959 the first twinning was established with the French university town of Besançon, which was followed by eight more over the years . In 1964, Freiburg was on the Tour de France route .
The student unrest of the late 1960s also spread to Freiburg. They started here with a demonstration against fare increases by the municipal transport company. For the first time, the police used water cannons .
In 1970 the city celebrated its 850th anniversary with several events.
In 1973, as part of the district reform on January 1, the Freiburg district became part of the new Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald district . Freiburg became the seat of the new great district again, but remained independent. With Ebnet and Kappel , the last two peripheral communities were incorporated on July 1, 1974; the regional reform was thus completed.
In the 1970s, due to the growing political awareness after 1968, Freiburg developed into a center of alternative culture and environmental movement . The starting point was the disputes about the planned Wyhl near Wyhl am Kaiserstuhl nuclear power plant , in which Freiburg individuals and groups also took part. The successful prevention of the planning gave decisive impulses for the emerging environmental movement in Germany. As a result of these events, a strong autonomous scene and a broad ecologically oriented spectrum developed in the city. Thus Freiburg became a stronghold of the newly founded party The Greens . But a climate also developed scientifically and economically in Freiburg that gave the city a leading role as an environmental city.
In 1978 the 85th German Catholic Day took place in Freiburg . a. Mother Teresa attended.
In 1980/81 the "house warfare" raged in the city. Since there was still a shortage of housing, some houses that had been vacant for speculative reasons were occupied. When strong police forces were used to clear the houses, students and supporters of the autonomous scene fought for several weeks in street fights with the law enforcement officers. Only with the engagement of a citizenry group did the situation gradually calm down.
The first tent music festival was held in 1983 , back then in the city center. In 1984 Freiburg was the first German city to successfully introduce a transferable, inexpensive environmental card based on the example of neighboring Basel . It has been valid as a regional environmental map in the city and the neighboring districts of Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald and Emmendingen since 1991 as part of the newly created Regio Verkehrsverbund.
On March 12, 1985 the municipal council declared Freiburg a nuclear-weapon-free zone .
In 1986, Freiburg hosted the seventh Baden-Württemberg State Horticultural Show , which was of great importance for the development of the western districts and also resulted in the establishment of the eco-station . The site of the garden show, the Seepark, is now a local recreation area.
The population growth in Freiburg in the 1990s required the expansion of old and new residential areas. On a site of the former Vauban / Schlageter barracks abandoned by the French garrison in 1992 , the internationally renowned green district of Vauban was built . In 1993 the groundbreaking ceremony for the new Rieselfeld district in the west of the city took place.
In 1996 the city exceeded the population of 200,000. Among them were about 30,000 students who studied at the university and four other colleges. In the same year the Freiburg Concert Hall opened . In 2000 the first buildings of the new Freiburg exhibition center were completed. Both facilities are increasingly used for congresses, trade fairs and meetings.
The 21st century
In 2002, Dieter Salomon , a politician from the Greens, was elected Lord Mayor of a major German city for the first time.
In 2001 and 2010, Franco-German summits of the heads of state and government took place in Freiburg.
On February 12, 2008, Archbishop of Freiburg, Robert Zollitsch, was elected chairman of the German Bishops' Conference. With this election, as the seat of the archbishopric and church institutions such as the German Caritas Association, Freiburg consolidated its position as a center of the Catholic Church in Germany.
With its commitment to environmental issues, Freiburg was a candidate for the European Green Capital Award in Brussels in 2010 . The city landed eighth out of 35 applicants and appeared as the “Green City” at the Expo 2010 in Shanghai .
On September 24th and 25th, 2011 Pope Benedict XVI visited as part of his visit to Germany in Freiburg.
In 2012 the city decided to have all 1,300 street names checked by experts. In 2016, the municipal council decided to rename eleven streets as well as paths and a square whose namesake was National Socialists, racists, anti-Semites, nationalists or misogynists. In addition, additional explanatory signs for 15 other streets were suggested, which should, however, keep their names. In spring 2020, seven paths and streets were renamed and the municipal council voted to rename two more streets and one square.
In 2018 the gang rape in Freiburg made headlines.
As a result of the tense housing market, occupations of vacant houses in various parts of the city have resurrected since 2018. The squatters often leave the houses before the police evacuate them.
After the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to the cancellation of many events of the city's 900th anniversary, the local council decided to extend the celebrations until July 2021. After christening an ICE with the name Freiburg in 2003, Lufthansa named its last new aircraft for the time being, an Airbus A350 , which it accepted in July 2020, on the occasion of the city's 900th anniversary.
Economic history
The Mez company, which had been based in Freiburg under the management of Carl Mez since 1828 at the latest, was of great importance to Freiburg . In the 19th century it was at times the largest silk weaving mill in Germany and at the end of the century employed around 1200 people. From 1920 the company was gradually taken over by the Scottish company Coats, with the family still represented in the management. Production was forcibly interrupted during World War II. In 1987, large parts of the administration and production were relocated to Kenzingen , while the dye works remained in Freiburg on Kartäuserstraße . Part of the company building was put to new uses, including the SWR radio building . After 2000 the dye works was given up and the site was rebuilt from 2007.
The company Michael Welte & Söhne had its headquarters in Freiburg for 80 years (founded in Vöhrenbach in the Black Forest in 1832 , relocated to Freiburg in 1872, destroyed in the air raid in 1944, expired in 1952). She manufactured pneumatically controlled music automatons , mainly orchestrations, and since 1905 also the Welte Mignon reproduction piano.
literature
- Joseph Bader : History of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau. 2 volumes. Herdersche Verlagbuchhandlung, Freiburg im Breisgau 1882/83 ( digitized version ).
- Heinrich Schreiber : History of the city and university of Freiburg im Breisgau. 9 deliveries. Published by Franz Xaver Wangler, Freiburg im Breisgau 1857–1860 ( digitized version ).
-
Heiko Haumann , Hans Schadek (Hrsg.): History of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau. 3 volumes. Theiss, Stuttgart 1992-1996. 2nd edition 2001.
- Volume 1: From the beginning to the "New City Law" of 1520 . 1996, ISBN 3-8062-0874-3 .
- Volume 2: From the Peasants' War to the end of Habsburg rule . 1994, ISBN 3-8062-0873-5 .
- Volume 3: From the rule of Baden to the present . 1992, ISBN 3-8062-0857-3 .
Web links
- History of Freiburg in the digitized Freiburg newspaper (from 1784)
- Online edition of the document book of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau
- Freiburg's history in quotations
- Historic Freiburg with aerial video from 1970
Individual evidence
- ^ Mathias Kälble: Between rule and civil liberty. Municipality and leadership groups in Freiburg im Breisgau in the 12th and 13th centuries . Freiburg i. Br. 2001, ISBN 3-00-008350-2 , p. 100.
- ↑ The Augustinian Museum is located in the building today. The course of the city wall is marked in the pavement southwest of it.
- ^ Friedrich Schaub: The Peasants' War around Freiburg 1525. In: Journal of the Freiburg History Association. 46, 1935, p. 83. Digitized version of the Freiburg University Library
- ^ Otto Schottenloher: Erasmus of Rotterdam, Desiderius. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 4, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1959, ISBN 3-428-00185-0 , pp. 554-560 ( digitized version ).
- ^ Heiko Haumann, Hans Schadek (ed.): History of the city of Freiburg. Vol. 2, p. 104.
- ^ From the report of the Freiburg legal scholar Dr. Thomas Metzger in connection with the trial of Salome Mennin 1603. Quoted from: Sully Roecken, Carolina Brauckmann : Margaretha Jedefrau. Freiburg 1989, p. 215.
- ↑ a b Joseph Bader: History of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau. Herdersche Verlagbuchhandlung, Freiburg 1882/83.
- ^ Herbert Rosendorfer: German history. One try. Volume 4: From the Reformation to the Peace of Westphalia. Nymphenburger Verlag, Munich 2004.
- ^ Hans-Helmut Schaufler: The battle near Freiburg im Breisgau 1644. Rombach & Co, Freiburg 1979.
- ↑ Matthaeus Merian: Theatri Europaei. Fifth part. Wolfgang Hoffmann Buchdruckerey, Franckfurt 1651.
- ^ Martin Wellmer: Leonard Leopold Maldoner. A historian of the Breisgau. In: Schauinsland. 84/85, 1976, p. 207.
- ^ Norman Davis: Europe, a history. Oxford University Press, 1996.
- ^ Hermann Kopf : Christoph Anton Graf von Schauenburg (1717–1787): Rise and fall of the district chief in Breisgau. Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 2000, ISBN 3-7930-0343-4 , p. 37.
- ^ Heinrich Schreiber: History of the City and University of Freiburg im Breisgau . tape 5 . FX Wangler, 1858, p. 204 ( preview in Google Book search).
- ^ Heinrich Schreiber: History of the City and University of Freiburg im Breisgau . tape 5 . FX Wangler, 1858, p. 217 ( preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Hanns Eggert Willibald von der Lühe (ed.): Freiburg (Siege 1744) in: Militair Conversations-Lexikon , Verlag Otto Wiegand, Leipzig 1834, p. 198, full text in the Google book search
- ^ Hermann Kopf : Christoph Anton Graf von Schauenburg (1717–1787): Rise and fall of the district chief in Breisgau. Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 2000, ISBN 3-7930-0343-4 , p. 35.
- ↑ Franz Heilig (Ed.): From Freiburg's past and present. C. Troemers University Bookstore, Freiburg 1920.
- ^ Peter Kalchthaler : Freiburg center: Triumphal Arch in the Kaiserstraße . In: Badische Zeitung . May 3, 2010, accessed December 30, 2010.
- ↑ Alfred von Arneth (Ed.): Maria Theresia and Joseph II .: Their correspondence including letters from Joseph to his brother Leopold. Second volume: 1173 – July 1778 , Carl Gerold's Sohn, Vienna 1867, full text in the Google book search
- ↑ a b Heiko Haumann, Hans Schadek (ed.): History of the city of Freiburg. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2001.
- ^ Alfred Graf von Kageneck: The end of the front Austrian rule in the Breisgau. Rombach & Co. Verlag, Freiburg 1981.
- ^ Heinrich-August Winkler: The long way to the west. CH Beck, Munich 2000, p. 83.
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- ↑ Peter Kalchthaler: The crowd exclaims hurray and cheers. In: Badische Zeitung. July 31, 2004.
- ↑ Everyday life in war. Freiburg 1914–1918. In: City and History. New series from the Freiburg im Breisgau city archive. Issue 15, Schillinger-Verlag 1994, Freiburg i. Brsg, ISBN 3-89155-155-X , p. 7.
- ↑ Michael Schmidt-Klingenberg: The fight in the kitchens. In: Spiegel special. 1/2004. (online at: spiegel.de March 30, 2004)
- ↑ Andrea Haußmann: Everyday Life in War, Freiburg 1914–1918. Schillinger Verlag, Freiburg 1994.
- ^ Heiko Haumann, Hans Schadek (ed.): History of the city of Freiburg. Vol. 3: From the rule of Baden to the present. Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1635-5 , p. 263.
- ^ Oskar Haffner: War history of the city of Freiburg 1914-1918. 1924, p. 13.
- ↑ Everyday life in war. Freiburg 1914–1918. In: City and History. New series from the Freiburg im Breisgau city archive. Issue 10, Schillinger-Verlag, Freiburg i. Brsg 1994, ISBN 3-89155-155-X , p. 7.
- ↑ Gerd R. Ueberschär: Freiburg in the air war: 1939-1945. Freiburg im Breisgau 1990, ISBN 3-87640-332-4 , p. 45.
- ^ Gerd R. Ueberschär: Freiburg in the air war 1914–1945. Freiburg im Breisgau 1990, ISBN 3-87640-332-4 , p. 47.
- ↑ Steve Przybilla: First World War: When bombs fell in Freiburg - The beginnings of the aerial warfare. www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de, March 11, 2014
- ^ A b Roger Chickering: The Great War and Urban Life in Germany: Freiburg 1914-1918 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007, ISBN 0-521-85256-0 = Roger Chickering: Freiburg in the First World War. Total war and everyday urban life 1914–1918 . Schöningh, Paderborn 2009, ISBN 978-3-506-76542-0 .
- ↑ Ernst Otto Bräunche u. a .: 1933 seizure of power in Freiburg and southern Baden. Verlag Karl Schillinger, Freiburg 1983.
- ↑ a b Ulrich P. Ecker, Christiane Pfanz-Sponagel: The history of the Freiburg municipal council under National Socialism. Schillinger Verlag, Freiburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-89155-336-7 .
- ↑ Diethard H. Klein (Ed.): Freiburg. A reader. Husum Verlag, Husum 1987.
- ^ Hans and Inge Kaufmann: Persecution, Resistance, New Beginning in Freiburg 1933–1945. Armbruster publishing house, Freiburg im Breisgau 1989, DNB 840413386 .
- ↑ Gerhard M. Kirk: The book fire fell into the water. In: Badische Zeitung. May 10, 2008.
- ↑ Ulrike Rödling: Reach for Power and The Nazis on Campus. In: Badische Zeitung. January 30, 2003.
- ↑ Bernd Hainmüller: "English Change Luck " on the Schauinsland April 17, 1936. A documentation , April 2016. P. 32ff.
- ^ Badische-zeitung.de , March 26, 2014, Heiko Wegmann: Himmler's visit to Freiburg
- ↑ Heiko Haumann, Hans Schadek (ed.): History of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau. Volume 3. From the Baden rulership to the present , Stuttgart, Theiss 1992, here the chapter: [Heiko Haumann:] The fate of the Jews , pp. 325–339, here pp. 331 ff.
- ↑ Badische Zeitung , January 31, 2015, Helmut Rothermel, badische-zeitung.de: Agents land at the Kaiserstuhl
- ↑ Markus Wolter: The SS doctor Josef Mengele between Freiburg and Auschwitz - a local contribution to the banal and evil. In: “Schau-ins-Land”, magazine of the Breisgau-Geschichtsverein 133, 2014, pp. 149–189.
- ^ Fabian Vögtle: There is still a lot to do for the NS Documentation Center. Badische Zeitung, March 5, 2020, accessed on March 5, 2020 .
- ↑ Gerd R. Ueberschär: Freiburg in the air war 1939-1945. Freiburg im Breisgau / Munich 1990, ISBN 3-87640-332-4 , p. 242.
- ↑ Christoph Meckel: The fire , in: Atlas. German authors about their place , Verlag Klaus Wagenbach, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-8031-3188-X (first edition 1965), p. 248.
- ^ Diary of Georg Keppler (April 15-30, 1945). In: Hermann Riedel: Stop! Swiss border! The end of the Second World War in the southern Black Forest and on the Upper Rhine in documentary reports by German, French and Swiss participants and those affected. Südkurier Verlag, Konstanz 1983, p. 38 f. ISBN 3-87799-023-1 .
- ↑ Jean de Lattre de Tassigny: Histoire de la 1re Armée française - Rhin et Danube. Paris 1949. Excerpted 19. – 30. April in Riedel, 165.
- ↑ The "Quäkerhilfe" brought love , in Badische Zeitung February 15, 2012.
- ^ Street names - www.freiburg.de - culture and leisure / city history / street names. Retrieved March 16, 2020 .
- ^ New street names - www.freiburg.de - Culture and Leisure. Retrieved March 16, 2020 .
- ^ Simone Lutz: Zoff about Guntramstrasse. Badische Zeitung, February 12, 2020, accessed on February 12, 2020 .
- ^ Andreas Peikert & Simon Langemann: Activists occupy the house on Freiburg's Lorettoberg. Badische Zeitung, February 3, 2019, accessed on February 12, 2020 .
- ↑ Manuel Fritsch: Squatting, arson: Freiburg is experiencing troubled times. Badische Zeitung, October 31, 2019, accessed on February 12, 2020 .
- ^ Bernhard Amelung: Activists also occupy a house in the Herdern district. Badische Zeitung, March 4, 2019, accessed on February 12, 2020 .
- ^ Karl Heidegger & Manuel Fritsch: Kronenstraße in Freiburg completely closed after squatting. Badische Zeitung, October 26, 2019, accessed on February 12, 2020 .
- ↑ Anika Maldacker: Police clear the occupied house in Fehrenbachallee in Freiburg. Badische Zeitung, October 21, 2019, accessed on February 12, 2020 .
- ^ Freiburg 20/21 - together.weiter - www.freiburg.de - City Hall and Service / Press / Press Releases. Retrieved July 6, 2020 .
- ↑ Uwe Mauch: The last newly purchased A 350 from Lufthansa is named after Freiburg. Badische Zeitung, July 3, 2020, accessed on July 6, 2020 .