Operation Tigerfish

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Downtown after the attack (summer 1945 or later)

During World War II, Operation Tigerfish was the military code name for by far the heaviest air raid by the Royal Air Force on Freiburg im Breisgau on the evening of November 27, 1944 , killing around 2,800 people. The name Tigerfish goes back to Air Vice Marshal Robert Saundby , who, as an avid angler, had marked all German cities suitable for area bombing with a fish code . Saundby was deputy to Air Chief Marshal Arthur Harris , the commander of RAF Bomber Command .

prehistory

For a long time, people in Freiburg hoped that they would not have to suffer a major attack. In 1935, the Reich Aviation Ministry classified Freiburg only as a 2nd order air raid shelter. This meant that the city had to provide adequate protection for the population by building shelters and bunkers without the Reich's financial means. Even when there were more air strikes on nearby cities, there was still hope of being spared in the bombing war, because Freiburg was only a minor item in the Allied target lists.

In the autumn of 1943, the Allies dropped leaflets in Northern Germany saying that homeless people from Reich territory were welcome in the city. The aim was to trigger a refugee movement to southern Baden. The propaganda campaign had no consequences.

Attacks

Date
of attack 		Time / start Number of
bombs
dropped 		Victim annotation
May 10, 1940 4 p.m. - 4.40 p.m. 69 57 mistaken German attack
October 3, 1943 0.30 a.m. - 0.40 a.m. 6th 12 British attack
October 7, 1943 11.35 p.m. - 11.40 p.m. 7th 2 British attack
September 9, 1944 12 p.m. - - American low-flying attack only with use of on-board weapons
September 10, 1944 1.55 p.m. - - American low-flying attack only with use of on-board weapons
September 12, 1944 4.45 p.m. 2 - Attack on the Höllentalbahn
September 29, 1944 4.10 p.m. - 3 Attack on special train in the moss forest, only use of on-board weapons
October 7, 1944 7.50 a.m. - - American attack only with on-board weapons
October 8, 1944 11.42 a.m. - - only use of guns
November 3, 1944 1:38 p.m. - 1:43 p.m. - 16 American attack on airfield and freight yard
November 4, 1944 3:30 p.m. 21st - Attack with high explosive bombs
November 21, 1944 3:12 p.m. 15th 1 American attack on Haslach
November 27, 1944 7:58 p.m. - 8:21 p.m. 14,525 2797 British attack
December 2, 1944 2.20 p.m. - 2.30 p.m. 34 21st American attack v. a. on the Oberau
December 3, 1944 12.28-12.35 p.m. 49 1-10 British attack
December 17, 1944 12 p.m. - 12.30 p.m. 74 13 two British attacks
December 22, 1944 3 p.m. - 3:30 p.m. 5 - American attack
December 25, 1944 10.12 - 10.13 - 1 Littenweiler station, only use of on-board weapons
December 29, 1944 3.35 p.m. - 3.40 p.m. 13 - Hit freight railway line
December 30, 1944 9.57 a.m. - 2.10 p.m. 47 1 Bombs and on-board weapons
January 1, 1945 2:02 p.m. 32 1 British attack
January 4, 1945 1.35 p.m. 10 - Bombing main railway line
January 15, 1945 12.20 p.m. - 12.40 p.m. 59 3 American attack
January 28, 1945 - - - American attack with on-board weapons
January 29, 1945 - - - American attack with on-board weapons
February 1, 1945 - - - American attack with on-board weapons
February 8, 1945 12.15 p.m. - 4.40 p.m. 248 71 multiple attacks
February 10, 1945 5:00 p.m. - 5:25 p.m. 44 8th American attack on Wiehre and Lower Town
February 13, 1945 2.45 p.m. 1 - American attack on the freight yard
February 16, 1945 - - - American fighter-bomber attack
February 18, 1945 2.35 p.m. - 2.40 p.m. 18th 1 Hit in Betzenhausen
February 21, 1945 4:11 p.m. 7th - American attack on bridges
February 22, 1945 9.32 - 10.05 a.m. 36 22nd American attack
February 23, 1945 - - - Hit v. a. in Zähringen
February 24, 1945 6:06 p.m. 20th 6th Hit v. a. in Zähringen
February 25, 1945 11:05 a.m. - 5:07 p.m. 1024 12 several American attacks
February 26, 1945 11.01 a.m. - 12.27 p.m. 79 - several American attacks
February 26, 1945 16.12 - 16.48 p.m. - - several American attacks
February 27, 1945 - - - several American attacks
February 28, 1945 11 p.m. - 11.10 p.m. 1861 16 American attack
March 1, 1945 10.30 p.m. - - American attack
March 4, 1945 13.09 - 13.24 p.m. 53 7th Fighter-bomber attack, affects Wiehre
March 13, 1945 2:05 p.m. 24 - Attack on railway tracks
March 13, 1945 5.15 p.m. - - Attack on St. Georgen
March 16, 1945 8.30 p.m. - 8.51 p.m. 1801 - British attack on rubble areas and Oberau
April 16, 1945 - - - last attack targeting the main train station and Stühlinger

After Freiburg was mistakenly bombed by German Luftwaffe aircraft on May 10, 1940 , killing 57 people, the city was spared enemy attacks until October 1943.

The first light bombardments began on October 3, 1943, and also on October 7, 1943, when aircraft of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF; 1st Bombardment Division of the 8th Air Force ) bombed the city's railway facilities.

On April 1, 1944, the USAAF launched an attack on Ludwigshafen . However, the planes turned to bomb the planned alternative destination Freiburg; Instead, however, they mistakenly attacked the Swiss city of Schaffhausen .

On November 3, 1944 were Güterbahnhof ▼ and the airfield Freiburg ▼ the target of 16 bombers of the 9th Air Force . Another attack followed on November 21, 1944.

Air raid structures

Concrete bunkers and expanded rock tunnels had proven to be the most effective protection against the force of the Allied air raids . A circular issued by Hitler and Göring on May 31, 1941 ordered the increased expansion of bunkers and flak towers . Freiburg, however, had neither the structural possibilities nor the financial means to implement the decree. There were no state-built bunkers, only air raid tunnels existed or were being expanded. In 1943, the existing tunnels provided space for 3,630 of the 110,000 inhabitants of the city at the time. Structures for a further 3,000 people were in the process of being expanded, 1,500 of whom were to find shelter in the Schönberg mine in St. Georgen . At the beginning of September 1944 there were tunnels for 4,600 people. A total of 8100 people were to find shelter in other partially completed tunnels. The majority of these tunnels were located on Schlossbergstrasse and on the south side of the Schlossberg , where space for 1,600 people had started on Kartäuserstrasse. Even if the occupancy could have been increased in an emergency, these numbers were far below requirements, which corresponded to the situation in other cities in the empire. “Simple” air raid shelters, which had been set up by the Reich or the city, also offered protection for a further 4200 to 4700 people.

Protection and cover ditches made of concrete should provide additional protection . Its construction was supported with funds that Freiburg was able to claim from the Reich through its inclusion in the air protection guide program (expansion) in the spring of 1943. Work began on digging such trenches in the parks at the main train station and in the city center. In October 1943, of a total of twelve planned cover ditches made of concrete, only one was completed at the Zähringer Hof . Since units of the Wehrmacht and Reich Labor Service were only irregularly available for construction work in Freiburg, the mayor of Freiburg, Franz Kerber, suggested that the population be involved in the construction.

According to a decree published in the journal Der Alemanne on June 10, 1944, by the Freiburg police chief, who was also the local air raid protection officer, “primarily” mothers and children should have access to these air raid protection structures. Men between 16 and 70 who were not sick or frail were not allowed to use it. As far as there was enough space, all street passers-by, including men, were allowed entry during an air raid.

According to plans based on experience in connection with the Allied area bombing of other large cities, the Freiburg Building Department urgently ordered additional breakthroughs of fire walls in basements and the rapid tunneling of courtyard entrances and individual street sections of the old town in February 1944 . The wall breakthroughs in the cellars were intended to serve as emergency exits from the underground air raid shelters. Mayor Kerber had already pushed the wall breakthroughs in October 1943 after discussing the effects of the air raids on Mannheim with his colleagues from other cities . This particularly concerned the approximately 34,000 inhabitants of the old town. The new cellar openings had already been ordered in August 1943 by the Deputy General Command of the V Army Corps (Military District Command V) in Stuttgart. An underground connection between the north and south sides of Rathausgasse was supposed to guarantee a free exit to Rotteckplatz. In the spring of 1944, the city commissioned the construction company Brenzinger & Cie. to carry out the appropriate tunneling.

Fire extinguishing

While there were mainly professional fire brigades in northern German cities , in Freiburg, as in most of the rest of southern Germany, there was only one volunteer fire brigade . In 1938 the professional fire brigades became fire protection police units . In Freiburg, as a second-order air raid shelter, there was no compulsion to create a fire protection police. So fire protection initially remained in the hands of this volunteer fire brigade. With its 156 men, this was part of the Security and Emergency Service (SHD), which consisted of 555 men in the event of an alarm and which also included the medical service, repair service, detoxification service, veterinary service, reporting service and drivers.

From August 4, 1941, around 600 men were called up for a barracked security and auxiliary service in Freiburg, as was required for first-order air raids. This was made possible by a decree of the Air Protection Task Force on 30 June 1941. After another decree by Göring and Himmler, full-time SHD employees were transferred to the police reserve as air protection police, which in Freiburg corresponded to 234 deployable forces. With the swearing-in of the first Volkssturm units from Freiburg men on November 12 and 26, 1944, the technical emergency aid responsible for the repair work no longer had free access to the majority of its volunteers in an emergency. In other cities, too, due to the constant demand for personnel for the armed forces and the war industry, sufficient air raid protection personnel was not available.

Not least because of this, the population was actively involved in air protection. The firestorm in Hamburg in the summer of 1943 at the latest had shown that such wildfires could not be extinguished with a fire bat. This aid, actively advertised in Nazi propaganda, was at most suitable against stick bombs that had been dropped in isolated cases in 1940/1941. In the summer of 1941, the Reichsluftschutzbund organized several demonstrations on how to fight British stick incendiary bombs with the air raid handheld syringe and distributed free sand to the population to extinguish them. In some cities that had already suffered major attacks, the population had not dared to put out fires from phosphorus bombs because - according to propaganda - they had been unsure of a possible success. In the spring of 1944, for example, fire extinguishing demonstrations took place in Freiburg, in which the population was to be taught how to deal with such fires with a people's gas mask and water or sand. Ueberschär sees in the recordings of the demonstrations, however, "propagandistic reassurance" rather than "truthful information of the civilian population" about the consequences of a corresponding attack.

target

In the city there were hardly any industrial enterprises important to the war effort. In 1944, Bomber's Baedeker listed Mez AG , Deutsche Acetate Kunstseiden AG “Rhodiaceta” and Hellige & Co. as well as Freiburg's gas works as Category 3 targets. Only the railway junction appears in category 2. Purely military targets were not mentioned.

The Allied bomber commandos increasingly focused on Freiburg as the front approached the border from the west. Thanks to its convenient location on the Rhine Valley Railway and the railway line via Breisach to Alsace , Freiburg played an increasingly important role in the relocation of troops. From 1943 the Allies assumed that it would be possible for the Wehrmacht to move seven divisions from the Eastern to the Western Front within 12 to 14 days . Therefore, General Eisenhower ordered on November 22, 1944 to attack railroad and traffic junctions from the air. After the Americans had attacked Offenburg for one day , the British were to bomb Freiburg the following day. Because the "transport connections were adjacent to closed towns" , Freiburg was viewed in accordance with the Area Bombing Directive as particularly suitable for area bombing aimed at destroying large areas of residential areas. Last but not least, this is also evidenced by the operational order, which envisaged the destruction of the city and the adjacent railway systems as the goal.

attack

Approach and return route as well as mock attack on Mannheim

The preparations for the bombing on November 27, 1944 were carried out by 59 mosquito bombers of No. 8 Pathfinder Group coordinated by a mobile oboe system in France. The target points were near the intersection of Adolf-Hitler-Strasse (today: Habsburgerstrasse) / Bernhardstrasse and near Albertstrasse . After marking the target area with red markings, according to the attack order, marking should be carried out with larger quantities of red and green markings. The marking and bombing were coordinated by a so-called master bomber . In the event that this would no longer have been audible for the bomber pilots, the operational order provided for a prioritization of the drops: first drops on red, then on red and green, then on green and finally on yellow markings.

Between 7:58 p.m. and 8:18 p.m., Freiburg was bombed by 292 Lancaster bombers of No. 1 bomber group , which dropped 3,002 explosive (1,457 t) and 11,523 incendiary bombs and marker bombs (266 t). Only one Lancaster bomber was lost. The reason for this could not be conclusively clarified.

consequences

losses

The death toll was 2,797 and around 9,600 people were wounded. Among the dead were the theologian Johann Baptist Knebel , the artist Hermann Gehri , the prehistorian Georg Kraft and the astrologer Elsbeth Ebertin .

After the bombing of November 27, 1944, numerous citizens left the city. On December 31, 1944, only 63,962 people were counted. At the end of April 1945, the number of residents had reached its low point with 57,974. It was not until the beginning of 1950 that the population of Freiburg rose to its original value.

Destruction

Damage map of the attack on November 27, 1944
Aerial photo shortly after the attack with comments for orientation

The historic old town center , the districts of Neuburg , Betzenhausen and Mooswald as well as the northern part of the Stühlinger were almost completely destroyed . In total, around 30% of all apartments were destroyed or seriously damaged. Entire industrial companies such as Hüttinger Elektronik , M. Welte & Sons and the foundry hall of Grether & Cie. were destroyed.

Numerous historical buildings fell victim to the attack, almost all of which have now been reconstructed:

The city's landmark, the Freiburg Minster , was only slightly damaged .

Commemoration

The victims of November 27, 1944 are remembered in Freiburg through various memorial sites and regular commemorative events.

Memorials

Grave for 1664 victims of the attack in the Freiburg main cemetery
Memorial plaque on the west tower of the Freiburg Minster
  • Grave and memorial in Freiburg's main cemetery , which Lord Mayor Josef Brandel inaugurated on November 27, 1958. There in 1664 victims of the bombing were buried. ▼
  • Memorial for the victims of the war 1939–1945 at the main cemetery: next to the main cemetery 's consecration hall, a cross with a figure "The Mourners" by Richard Engelmann commemorates the victims of the bombing raids on Freiburg during the Second World War. After long negotiations and deliberations, the cross was consecrated on October 18, 1951. ▼
  • On the west tower of the entrance to the Freiburg Minster , a plaque commemorates the victims of the attack and draws attention to the minor damage to the Minster from the otherwise devastating bomb attack. In 1994, Mayor Rolf Böhme unveiled the plaque on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the bombing of Freiburg. ▼
  • In connection with the myth that a drake in the city park warned of the bombing raid, Richard Bampi created a drake statue. Mayor Wolfgang Hoffmann gave this to the Freiburg residents. The statue was inaugurated on November 27, 1953. ▼
  • A crucifix in Deutschordensstraße, which stood at this point from 1963 to 2016, bears the inscription: “In 1944, the year of the war, during the great attack, the Heiliggeiststift on Gauchstraße was destroyed and this cross was badly damaged. In 1957 the Heiliggeiststift was built at this location ▼ and the cross was erected here in 1963. “In the course of the new building, the cross was moved to Karlstrasse in front of the new Heiliggeist house in 2019. ▼
  • On the archway of the main entrance of the Freiburg University Clinic hangs a plaque with the inscription: "Destroyed by the war, November 27, 1944, rebuilt 1945–1953" ▼
  • A memorial plaque hangs on the building at Lehener Strasse 11 in the Stühlinger district , commemorating the destruction of the M. Welte & Sons company . ▼
  • A plaque with the following text hangs on the main post office building in Eisenbahnstrasse: “In 1272 the St. Clarakloster stood here. In 1675 it had to give way to the city fortifications. The post office was built under Heinrich von Stephan in 1878 and destroyed in the bombing raid on November 27, 1944. 99 members of the postal and telecommunications service were killed. The new building was built in 1961. “In the entrance area of ​​the stairwell of the building there is also a large relief with the names of the 99 victims. ▼
  • On the square of the old synagogue there was a memorial place donated by the Herder publishing house . Two lying stone slabs bore the inscription: “As a thank you for the preservation of the city and cathedral on November 27, 1944 and in memory of the synagogue.” The stone tablets were removed in 2016 as part of the redesign of the square. ▼
  • In front of the Herderschen publishing house, which was destroyed, killing eleven employees, there is a memorial plaque with the following inscription: MARTIS CRUENTI VIM HORRIBILEM IGNEIS TELIS DESUPER EFFUSAM THE 27th NOVEMBRIS MCMXLIV NUNTIAT HOC MONUMENTUM TERRIBILE (Translation: Von des Kriegsgotts (Mars) bloody violence, which threw terrible fire bombs on the day of November 27, 1944, heralds this gruesome memorial ). ▼
  • After the foundation stone was laid on November 15, 1965, the new Bertoldsbrunnen was inaugurated on November 27, 1965. It bears the inscription: " Built in 1965 on the site of the Bertoldsbrunnen from 1807 destroyed in 1944. " ▼
  • Only from July 10, 1979 to August 7, 1979 was a more than five meter high wooden figure by the artist Jürgen Goertz on Kaiser-Joseph-Straße as a memorial to commemorate the destruction of Freiburg.
  • There are several concrete reliefs by the artist Emil Wachter from 1979 on the Schlossbergsteg . a. the lettering Coventry , the year of the attack on Freiburg, a hand over the Freiburg Minster , as well as images of bomb-dropping planes and the burning Freiburg.
  • On the keystone of the cathedral tower, a text by Reinhold Schneider recalls the destruction of Freiburg on November 27, 1944. ▼

Memorial events

Drake statue in the city park

The city of Freiburg commemorates the event with a wreath-laying ceremony and events. To commemorate the 50th anniversary, an oratorio was held in the Freiburg Minster, a commemorative event and an exhibition by the city archive. The following events took place on November 27, 2004:

  • Photo exhibition: Operation Tigerfish
  • Exhibition: Air protection is necessary
  • Film screenings: Bombs on Freiburg
  • Exhibition: Symbols of Remembrance
  • Memorial service
  • Oratorio: De Curru Igneo
  • Lecture: How did women experience the war on the home front?
  • Media exhibition in the city library on Münsterplatz.

In addition, the Hosanna bell of the Freiburg Minster rings on every anniversary at the time of the attack.

Other commemoration

On the fiftieth anniversary, the city of Freiburg and the Sparkasse Freiburg issued a commemorative medal, which shows a picture of the drake statue in the city park on the back. On the seventieth anniversary of 2014, Carola Schark published the commemorative book from Dem Vergessen entreißen auf dem Vergessen auf dem Vergessen von dem Vergessen von dem Vergessen von dem Vergessen von dem Vergessen der entreißen.

reception

In his choral work with solos and orchestra, the composer Julius Weismann , Der Wächterruf op. 151 (1946–1949), in addition to the "horrific events of the last decade", dealt with the destruction of his hometown Freiburg.

“The whole of Freiburg, which had once bloomed and shone, consisted only of rubble, smell of fire and chimney stumps. The city was really burned down, like in the Thirty Years War "

- Horst Krüger (1945)

“Was in Freiburg for three days; ¹ / 3 of the beautiful city, the whole city has already (but not all) exposed a lump, the streets. - Churches, theaters, universities are all okay or almost okay. Horribly dead sight; between the ruins there are often wreaths and crosses with inscriptions - people who are buried there. "

- Alfred Döblin (1946)

See also

literature

  • Jurgen Brauer and Hubert van Tuyll: The Age of the World Wars, 1914–1945: The Case of Diminishing Marginal Returns to the Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II . In: Jurgen Brauer and Hubert van Tuyll: Castles, Battles, and Bombs. How Economics Explains Military History. , ISBN 978-0-226-07163-3 .
  • Christian Geinitz: War memorial in Freiburg . Mourning - Cult - Displacement, Freiburg 1995, ISBN 3-928276-06-9 .
  • Thomas Hammerich (Ed.): Civilian population in the bombing war: the destruction of Betzenhausen on November 27, 1944 , Freiburg 2004 ISBN 3-9809961-0-7 .
  • War victims of the city of Freiburg i. Br. 1939–1945 , Freiburg 1954
  • Günther Klugermann: Firestorm over Freiburg: November 27, 1944 , Gudensberg-Gleichen 2003, ISBN 3-8313-1335-0 .
  • City of Freiburg (ed.): The destruction of Freiburg on November 27, 1944 . Eyewitnesses report 1994, Freiburg 1994, ISBN 3-923288-14-X .
  • City of Freiburg (ed.): Freiburg 1944–1994 . Destruction and reconstruction, Waldkirch 1994, ISBN 3-87885-293-2 .
  • City of Freiburg (Ed.): Memento - Freiburg November 27, 1944 . Chronicle of a Commemoration November 27, 1994, Freiburg 1995, ISBN 3-923288-15-8 .
  • Gerd R. Ueberschär : Freiburg in the air war 1939-1945 , Ploetz, Freiburg im Breisgau / Würzburg 1990, ISBN 3-87640-332-4 .
  • Walter Vetter (Ed.): Freiburg in Trümmern 1944–1952 , Vol. 1, Freiburg 1982, ISBN 3-7930-0283-7 .
  • Walter Vetter (Ed.): Freiburg in Trümmern 1944–1952 , Vol. 2, Freiburg 1984, ISBN 3-7930-0485-6 .
  • Elmar Wiedeking: Seeing people in the face of the enemy . The crash of a Lancaster over Freiburg and the fate of its crew. In: Schau-ins-Land 127 (2008), pp. 157–172
  • Regional Association Badische Heimat e. V. and City of Freiburg i.Br. (Ed.): Escape from forgetting , memorial book for the 70th anniversary of the bombing of Freiburg on November 27, 1944, Freiburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-7930-5118-3

Filmography

  • Bombs on Freiburg . Documentary, 63 min. Direction: Dirk Adam and Hans-Peter Hagmann. Germany 2004
  • Destruction, reconstruction, everyday life: Freiburg 1940–1950 . Revised documentary v. Rudolf Langwieler, 38 min. Germany 2010
  • Freiburg under rubble. Faces and stories of a damaged city , 195 min. Film production of the seminar course 2015/2016 of the Friedrich-Gymnasium Freiburg .

Web links

Commons : Operation Tigerfish  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Fish code names , (British original, PDF; 292 kB), German translation (PDF; 214 kB), on: bunkermuseum.de ( Bunkermuseum Emden ), accessed on October 2, 2017
  2. ^ Heiko Haumann , Hans Schadek (ed.): History of the city of Freiburg . Volume 3: From the rule of Baden to the present . Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1635-5 . P. 359.
  3. ↑ a b Heiko Haumann, Hans Schadek (ed.): History of the city of Freiburg. Volume 3. From the rule of Baden to the present. Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1635-5 , p. 360
  4. ^ Walter Vetter (ed.): Freiburg in Trümmern 1944–1952 . Rombach, Freiburg. P. 171: "based on a list made during the war with estimated figures." , As well as Landesverein Badische Heimat e. V. and city of Freiburg i. Br. (Ed.): Snatch from oblivion. Commemorative book for the 70th anniversary of the bombing of Freiburg on November 27, 1944. Rombach, Freiburg 2014, pp. 73f., ISBN 978-3-7930-5118-3
  5. ↑ This figure is based on: Gerd R. Ueberschär : Freiburg im Luftkrieg 1939–1945 . Freiburg im Breisgau / Munich, 1990. p. 242. ISBN 3-87640-332-4 . Walter Vetter has an estimated number of 50,000 bombs.
  6. ↑ Gerd R. Ueberschär: Freiburg in the air war 1939-1945 . Freiburg im Breisgau / Munich, 1990. pp. 181f. ISBN 3-87640-332-4 .
  7. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 188
  8. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 124
  9. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 154
  10. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 155
  11. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 163
  12. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 187
  13. ↑ a b Ueberschär, p. 188
  14. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 134
  15. ↑ a b Ueberschär, p. 153
  16. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 165 f.
  17. ↑ a b Ueberschär, p. 158
  18. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 139
  19. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 122
  20. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 123
  21. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 126
  22. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 181
  23. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 188
  24. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 137
  25. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 123
  26. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 157 f.
  27. ↑ s. in addition the excerpt from the so-called Bomber's Baedeker in: Gerd R. Ueberschär: Freiburg im Luftkrieg 1939–1945 . Freiburg im Breisgau / Munich, 1990. p. 107. ISBN 3-87640-332-4 .
  28. ^ The Casablanca Conference , III, p. 539. In: United States Department of State / Foreign relations of the United States. The Conferences at Washington, 1941-1942, and Casablanca, 1943 . (1941-1943)
  29. ↑ Gerd R. Ueberschär: Freiburg in the air war 1939-1945 . Freiburg im Breisgau / Munich, 1990. pp. 196f. ISBN 3-87640-332-4 .
  30. ↑ Gerd R. Ueberschär: Freiburg in the air war 1939-1945 . Freiburg im Breisgau / Munich, 1990. ISBN 3-87640-332-4 .
  31. ↑ Gerd R. Ueberschär: Freiburg in the air war 1939-1945 . Freiburg im Breisgau / Munich, 1990. Fig. 127. ISBN 3-87640-332-4 .
  32. ↑ raf.mod.uk: RAF History - Bomber Command 60th Anniversary ( Memento from February 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on January 27, 2010
  33. ↑ Gerd R. Ueberschär: Freiburg in the air war 1939-1945 . Freiburg im Breisgau / Munich, 1990, pp. 221 and 225, ISBN 3-87640-332-4 .
  34. ↑ cf. on this: Gerd R. Ueberschär: Freiburg in the air war 1939–1945 . Freiburg im Breisgau / Munich, 1990. p. 219, p. 398 Fig. 123. ISBN 3-87640-332-4 .
  35. ↑ City of Freiburg: Thousands of high-explosive and incendiary bombs devastated the city on November 27, 1944 in: Official Gazette of November 29, 2004 ( Memento of the original of October 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Accessed June 30, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.freiburg.de
  36. ↑ Gerd R. Ueberschär: Freiburg in the air war 1939-1945 . Freiburg im Breisgau / Munich, 1990. p. 242. ISBN 3-87640-332-4 .
  37. ↑ Gerd R. Ueberschär: Freiburg in the air war 1939-1945 . Freiburg im Breisgau / Munich, 1990. p. 237. ISBN 3-87640-332-4 .
  38. ^ Heiko Haumann, Hans Schadek (ed.): History of the city of Freiburg . Volume 3: From the rule of Baden to the present . S. 361. Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1635-5
  39. ↑ For a list of the names of the victims see: War Victims of the City of Freiburg i. Br. 1939–1945, Freiburg 1954
  40. ↑ Gerd R. Ueberschär: Freiburg in the air war 1939-1945 . Freiburg im Breisgau / Munich, 1990. p. 380. ISBN 3-87640-332-4 .
  41. ↑ Ueberschär, p. 381.
  42. ↑ Werner Wolf-Holzäpfel: The architect Max Meckel 1847-1910. Studies on the architecture and church building of historicism in Germany. , Josef Fink, Lindenberg 2000, ISBN 3-933784-62-X , p. 257 f.
  43. ^ City of Freiburg: The new central station Freiburg , press and information office / city planning office, Freiburg July 2001, p. 55.
  44. ↑ Hans-Wolfgang Scharf, Burkhard Wollny: The Höllentalbahn. From Freiburg to the Black Forest. Eisenbahn-Kurier-Verlag, Freiburg im Breisgau 1987, ISBN 3-88255-780-X , p. 128.
  45. ↑ Joachim Röderer: Freiburg: Diocese stops million dollar project in old town , suedkurier.de, November 29, 2013, accessed on December 13, 2013.
  46. ↑ Fabian Vögtle: Vacant lot in Freiburg's old town is closed after 75 years , badische-zeitung.de, May 16, 2020, accessed on August 24, 2020.
  47. ^ Freiburg: Bombs on the cemetery. Retrieved December 30, 2013 .
  48. ↑ Ute Scherb: We get the monuments we deserve. Freiburg monuments in the 19th and 20th centuries. City archive Freiburg im Breisgau 2005. ISBN 3-923272-31-6 . P. 196ff.
  49. ↑ Marlene Resch: Trees will be felled next week at the Heiliggeiststift. Badische Zeitung, February 5, 2016, accessed on November 23, 2019 .
  50. ↑ Hans Sigmund: Cross erected again. Badische Zeitung, July 4, 2019, accessed on November 23, 2019 .
  51. ↑ Federal Agency for Civic Education (ed.): Memorials for the victims of National Socialism. Volume 1. Baden-Württemberg a. a. A documentation. 2nd, revised edition. Bonn 1995–1999, p. 34.
  52. ↑ Keystone slab of the cathedral platform. Font design by Reinhold Schneider Circulating text: WRITTEN TEN MONTHS BEFORE THE AIRPLANE ATTACK ON FREIBURG * ON NOVEMBER 27, 1944, FREIBURG WAS DESTROYED. BUT THE MÜNSTER STAYED. Text on the plate:

    IS GORGEOUS indestructible in the mind /
    DU LARGE BETER GLAUBENSMAECHTIGER TIME /
    HOW YOU transfigured THE DAY GLORY /
    WHEN THE DAY GLORY long VERGLUEHTE.//

    SO I WILL ASK THAT I faithfully HUETE /
    THE HOLY THE you radiate IN STREIF /
    AND WANT A TOWER BE IN THE DARKNESS /
    THE LIGHT BEARING THAT OF THE WORLD /
    BLOOMED /
    AND SHOULD I FALL IN THE GREAT STORM /
    SO BE A VICTIM THAT STILL TORCH DOORS /
    AND THAT MY PEOPLE OF TRUTH TORCH /
    WILL /
    YOU WILL NOT FALL IN MY LOVE /
    BUT WHEN THE JUDGE LIGHTNED YOU STROKE /
    GEN RISE BOLD OUT OF THE EARTH IN PRAYER //

    REINHOLD SCHNEIDER * THE MUENSTERTURM

  53. ^ Resolution template of the Freiburg municipal council, DRUCKSACHE G-93/047 (PDF), accessed on March 4, 2010
  54. ↑ Resolution on the PRINTED item G-93/047 (PDF), accessed on March 4, 2010
  55. ↑ Freiburg Official Journal, November 29, 2004 ( Memento of the original from October 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF), accessed June 30, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.freiburg.de
  56. ↑ http://www.badische-zeitung.de/freiburg/praegend-verstoerend-zerstoerend--94063017.html
  57. ^ Program booklet for the premiere, Duisburg January 11, 1950
  58. ↑ Horst Krüger: Freiburger Beginnings In: Dietrich Kayer (Hrsg.): Location description - authors see Freiburg Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1980, ISBN 978-3-7930-0359-5 ; quoted from Maria Rayers: Freiburg in old and new travel descriptions , Droste, Düsseldorf 1991, ISBN 978-3-7700-0932-9
  59. ^ Alfred Döblin: Letters , Walter-Verlag, Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau 1970, ISBN 978-3-423-02444-0 , quoted from Maria Rayers: Freiburg in old and new travel descriptions , Droste, Düsseldorf 1991, ISBN 978-3- 7700-0932-9
  60. ↑ Johannes Tran: Students at Friedrich-Gymnasium made films about Freiburg after the Second World War , Badische Zeitung, October 5, 2016, accessed on October 8, 2016.