Place of the Old Synagogue (Freiburg im Breisgau)

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The square of the Old Synagogue in Freiburg im Breisgau is the second largest inner-city square after Münsterplatz with its square footprint of 130 × 130 meters .

The square was given its current name in 1996 after the synagogue that was destroyed in the November pogrom in 1938 and was built in the southwest of today's square in 1869/1870.

The city ​​theater and the college building II of the Albert-Ludwigs-University are located on the square . To the south, at the level of Sedanstrasse, the university square is located , where the college building I and the university library are located.

From around 1927 to 1939 and after 1945 until the 1980s, the entire area between Bertold and Belfort Strasse was called Werthmannplatz , until the former synagogue site became Europaplatz . The university square has had its name since 2007.

As part of the Rotteckring project , the square has been fundamentally redesigned since 2016. In the north-south axis, the road in the inner city ring that had previously crossed the square was replaced by a tram route and the previous lawn was replaced by a continuous floor covering. The redesigned square was opened on August 2, 2017.

East of the square of the Old Synagogue (in the picture behind it), on which u. a. the synagogue, the college building II of the university was built in the early 1960s (1996)

history

Bastions, Rempart and Rempartstrasse

Excerpt from the siege plan from 1744 (today's buildings in brackets):
  • Bastei St. Josef (Colombischlössle)
  • Bastei St. Leopold (City Theater)
  • Bastei Kaiserin (cafeteria)
  • Breisach Gate
  • Bastei Kaiser (Holzmarkt)

    • In the 17th century, Freiburg was turned into a fortress by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban on behalf of the French King Louis XIV . In the area of ​​today's square were the Dauphin bastion (later Bastion St. Leopold ) and a Rempart , which connected it with the Bastion de la Reyne (later bastion Kaiserin ) and the emperor's bastion that followed her. The university cafeteria and the wood market are located at the locations of the latter two.

    Until they withdrew on April 29, 1745 as a result of the Peace of Füssen , the French blew up most of the fortifications, but the earthworks remained as rubble. Despite a doubling of the population in the following decades, it was not until the Freiburg train station , which was opened in 1845 and built outside the old town, and the railway line from Offenburg that initially ended there , that led to the western expansion of the city beyond the former fortress borders. With the draft of the building manager Joseph Roesch approved by the government of the Upper Rhine District on March 29, 1846 , the way was cleared for the construction of new streets in the village of Wiehre and between the train station and the old town.

    After 1863, Ludwig Klehe, owner of the Gaggenau hammer mill , built a villa at the intersection of Bertholdstrasse and later Rempartstrasse on the site of the former Leopold Bastion, where Heinrich von Stein also lived in 1869 .

    At the end of the decade, the Israelite Religious Society , which was also founded in 1863, acquired what would later become the property opposite Rempartstrasse 15 in order to build a synagogue there. Since the mayor's office was planning to demolish the Remparts in order to build a street, it obliged the community to carry out the necessary construction work on the synagogue, such as the construction of embankments, stairs, etc. From autumn 1869, the synagogue was built within a year according to plans by Georg Jakob Schneider , who had already drawn up the plans for the Colombischlössle (1859/1860), at the location of which the Saint Louis Bastion ( Bastei St. Josef ) following the Leopold Bastion was located .

    The building south of the synagogue was built in 1777/1778 or 1781 initially as a garrison hospital in front of Austria instead of the “Lazy Pelz” residential area and was converted into a penitentiary at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1868, before the completion of the later Freiburg penal institution , it became the Rempart barracks.

    In keeping with the barracks was named by the year 1866 from parts of the already mentioned 1810 in Freiburg address place name Rampart the Rempartstraße emerged. Most of Rempartstrasse, however, was in the area at Beim Breisacher Tor , the other part of which had been integrated into the new Gartenstrasse. At the same time, the Jesuitengasse, named after the former operators of the grammar school and university, had become Bertholdstrasse by 1866. The continuation of Rempartstrasse on the opposite side of Bertholdstrasse has been called Rotteckstrasse since 1865. From 1867, the area, like the rest of the city, was given house numbers that start from the front in each street, instead of the numbering that had previously been used over four districts.

    Werderstrasse

    Werderstrasse with Alleegarten, in the background (from left to right) an outbuilding of the Rempart barracks, the synagogue, the Bertholdgymnasium and the Rotteck-Gymnasium (after 1876)

    Favored by the economic upswing after the establishment of the empire and the won Franco-German War of 1870/1871 , several streets were laid west of Rempartstrasse, the names of which still refer to this time. They were after the siege of Belfort , the Battle of Sedan , Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke and the German Emperor I. Wilhelm named. Rempartstrasse itself became partly Werderstrasse. This street, named after the Prussian general August von Werder , was built in 1876 to connect the Gartenstraße bridge (later replaced by the Friedrichs- and Kronenbrücke ) with Bertholdstraße, which had replaced a wooden walkway over the Dreisam in 1869 . A memorial at the former Villa Klehe also commemorated the general since 1874. It was acquired around 1873 by Wilhelm August Platenius , the first director of Deutsche Bank, founded in 1870 . In addition, Werderstrasse, more precisely the avenue garden at the site of the former Empress bastion, was one of the discarded potential locations for the victory monument unveiled in 1876 , with which Werder was honored as its leader alongside the XIV Army Corps .

    From 1872 to 1874, next to the Villa Platenius and Sedanstraße, the Oberrealschule was built according to plans by Heinrich Lang - the later Rotteck-Gymnasium Freiburg .

    At the beginning of the 1880s, next to Rotteck-Gymnasium and Belfortstrasse, opposite the Alleegarten, two three-story buildings based on plans by Christoph Walter and Friedrich Jacobsen followed. The corner house was used by the city councilor and wine owner Karl Thomann (1840–1904) as a café and restaurant from 1882 onwards, before being expanded into a hotel in the late 1880s.

    Löwenbräu restaurant with garden restaurant and hall at the entrance to Werderstrasse (around 1900)

    In 1885 Louis Sinner took over the brewery on the corner of Werderstrasse and Bertholdstrasse opposite Villa Platenius. It was founded by master brewer Fähndrich at the end of the 18th century and had been owned by the Kuenzer family since 1814. In 1887, Sinner also acquired the Löwen brewery with its headquarters in Löwengasse, which begins next to the synagogue. He merged the operations into the Löwenbrauerei (Louis Sinner) AG , which he founded in 1888 together with Karl Küchlin and Michael Hassler, and built a joint brewery facility in the Stühlinger , near a cellar of the Löwenbrauerei. Sinner converted the Felsenkeller Kuenzer'sche brewery into the Löwenbräu restaurant and expanded it to include a garden restaurant and a hall, which, like the entire complex, was also known as the Sinnerhalle from 1900 at the latest .

    Tree-lined square with synagogue and Jewish community center (left edge of the picture) next to college building I of the university (around 1913)

    Platenius sold his villa to the city in 1896 and in the following year, through his son Otto Platenius, became the father-in-law of the later MP Helene Platenius . The villa was demolished in 1905 to make way for the municipal theater, which opened in 1910. It was built according to plans by Heinrich Seeling from Berlin - the "most successful theater architect of his time".

    The Rempart barracks were also transferred to the city after the Hereditary Grand Duke Friedrich Barracks were completed in 1895. It was demolished in 1906 for the construction of what would later become the college building I of the university. The building, which opened in 1911, was originally planned by Friedrich Ratzel and completed by Hermann Billing after his death . The university library adjoining the new college building (today: college building IV) in Repartstrasse was opened in 1902. The architect here was Carl Schäfer , who later redesigned Martins- and Schwabentor .

    Billing was also involved in the Park Hotel Hecht , which opened in 1906 : Thomann's successor Gustav Hecht (leaseholder from 1891, owner from 1899) acquired the annex at Werderstrasse 4 in 1905 , combined it with the corner building and added a floor. Besides his colleague, the government master builder Josef Mallebrein , Billing probably only played a minor role in the planning.

    Werthmannplatz

    From 1927 onwards, Werderstrasse, the beginning of which had been on Bertholdstrasse in the previous year, only began behind Werthmannplatz. This had meanwhile been dedicated to the Caritasverband founder Lorenz Werthmann , who died in 1921, and ran from Bertold-Strasse to Belfort-Strasse. As early as May 1, 1924, the Park-Hotel Hecht had been sold to the Caritas Association, which made it its headquarters as Werthmannhaus .

    The Werder bust from Villa Platenius, which was stored until 1931, was placed in the avenue garden opposite.

    National Socialism and World War II

    The synagogue cannot be found in a plaster model of Freiburg city planning under city architect Joseph Schlippe from 1937; Instead, Werderstrasse was to be widened into a large parade boulevard and a horseshoe-shaped university building was to be built on the synagogue area after the synagogue hill had been removed.

    The following year, during the Reichspogromnacht of November 9-10 , 1938 , Freiburg SS and SA members set fire to the synagogue at around 3 a.m. The fire ruins were blown up by the SS and SA on the same day and the surrounding walls were immediately removed. Debris from the synagogue and the foundation walls in the ground initially remained on the site. The external stairs that led from the west and east to the synagogue hill, as well as the associated wall remnants, have also been preserved.

    War-damaged city theater

    In March 1939 Synagogenplatz and the devastated Jewish community center were forcibly “Aryanized” and became the property of the city of Freiburg by means of a purchase agreement with the Israelite Council . This had 67,000 Reichsmarks, minus the costs for the rubble removal, transferred to a blocked account. Schlippe's plan was not implemented during the war.

    In the Freiburg address book from 1939, only the even house numbers at Werthmannplatz were mentioned, i.e. Rotteck School and Caritas Association. In the following edition there was no more Werthmannplatz: from then on the German Caritas Association sat in the Werthmannhaus in Werderstrasse. 4, the Rotteck School in the now extended Rotteckstraße 10.

    During the Second World War, especially as a result of the British air raid on November 27, 1944 , the buildings on the square (former Jewish community center, brewery, Peterhof barracks) and in its vicinity (city theater, university, Rotteck grammar school) were severely damaged or completely damaged destroyed. Instead of the beer garden there was a bomb crater. In addition to the damage to the university building, the attic figures Truth and Freedom by Wilhelm Gerstel were destroyed, as was the head of the mourners on the university war memorial by Arnold Rickert (1928).

    reconstruction

    With the address book from 1946 which was in front of the Werthmann House to again Werthmannplatz .

    On December 1, 1948, the city and state reached a settlement with the municipality, according to which the city would remain the owner of the former synagogue site. In return, she undertook to pay for the restoration of the Jewish cemetery , the walling of the cemetery area and the construction of a guard's house with a cemetery hall.

    The city theater was rebuilt by 1949. The upper secondary school, which had meanwhile become a higher middle school, had already been largely restored by 1948, as the 1st Baden Industrial and Commercial Exhibition (BIGA) took place there. However, it took until 1950 to repair the last damage and to complete the facility.

    The construction work on the university building lasted until 1951. In the same year, the rubble of the synagogue and the synagogue hill were removed to street level. At the same time, from the winter of 1947/1948, five one-story makeshift shops had been built to improve the supply situation from Bertholdstrasse to the confluence with Löwenstrasse. Another five makeshift shops were on Bertholdstrasse.

    The comparison between the Jewish community and the city had also stipulated that the “site may not be used for purposes that might represent profanation .” The city council decided on July 9, 1954 that the use as a parking lot was compatible with this agreement.

    University expansion

    As part of a large-scale property swap, the state of Baden-Württemberg acquired the area between Bertoldstrasse, Werderring and Löwenstrasse (as well as the Peterhof ) from the city between 1950 and 1956 , in order to add additional university buildings over the next few years to build. The university gave up the location of the former "Gymnasium Academicum" and the first university library (later Rombach bookstore). Between 1956 and 1961 the new KG II was built, which the Karlsruhe architect Otto Ernst Schweizer had designed as the dominant building of the area and whose west facade runs parallel to that of the adjacent KG I, but set back, so that it is about 100 meters away from the city theater to the west today's square was created. The red sandstone facade takes up the material of the KG I and the Freiburg Minster . In the northeast corner of the square in front of KG II, a round catering pavilion was planned for the Löwenbrauerei Louis Sinners, which continued to be the owner of this area. For cost reasons, she decided not to start building in January 1961, had the excavation pit filled in and sold the property to the university.

    Reclining Figure ( Horizontal ) by Henry Moore on the space conversion

    The state of Baden-Wuerttemberg acquired in 1961, with the participation of Walter Müller, head of the South Baden Building Administration, for the front of the new building for 30,000 DM a Neuguss sculpture Reclining Figure ( Horizontal ) by artist Henry Moore . It was created in 1953 as a result of Moore's drawings of people seeking protection from bombing raids on the London Underground during World War II . It was inaugurated in the spring of 1961 by Prime Minister Kurt Georg Kiesinger and, with its organic-free form, was intended to form a counterpoint to the strictly symmetrical facade of KG II. It was controversial from the time it was set up, so that it remained a topic in the local press for years and received nicknames such as “Emmentaler Venus” and “ornamental toilet glasses”. The planned location was a central position near Bertholdstrasse, but at the end it was in the opposite corner between KG II and KG I. The sculpture has now received the status of a registered cultural monument.

    Mounted memorial plaque to commemorate the destruction of the synagogue (1966) before the reconstruction of the square

    At the beginning of 1961, the shape of the square, which existed until 2016, was created with an enclosed rectangular lawn area. The makeshift shops had existed until 1959, in one case until at least 1960.

    For the completion of the new college building, the city administration planned to be able to unveil a bronze plaque by Karl Rißler on the lawn, which will commemorate the fate of the synagogue. However, the agreement between the city and the university was delayed, so that the memorial plaque could not be inaugurated until November 11, 1962. The memorial plaque was unveiled a second time on November 9, 1966, but on a pedestal. A little later this was surrounded with a hedge.

    Between 1964 and 1965 Werderstrasse was renamed Werderring.

    In 1969 the Caritas Association and with it the name Werthmannhaus moved into the new building at Karlstrasse 40. The house went to the university. A roof fire in 1974 destroyed the corner tower of the former Wertmannhaus , which was not rebuilt afterwards.

    In 1972 the neighboring Rotteck-Gymnasium was torn down, as it stood in the way of the new university library. At the same time, the Rotteck memorial , which had been in the green area north of the grammar school on the corner of Rotteckring and Sedanstrasse since 1937, was stored.

    Europaplatz

    Rotteck monument on its place in front of the KG II before the reconstruction of the square

    In 1978 the city of Freiburg acquired the land from the state of Baden-Württemberg to build an underground car park . In the purchase agreement, the city administration undertook to obtain written approval from the board of directors of the Israelite community for all changes to Europaplatz.

    In 1981 the Rotteck monument was erected in the north-eastern corner of the square in front of Kollegiengebäude II. In 1983 the mirror tent of the first tent music festival stood on the meadow .

    In 1984 the square between Bertoldstrasse and Sedanstrasse was renamed Europaplatz , while the part between Sedanstrasse and Belfortstrasse kept the previous name Werthmannplatz .

    In 1996 it was renamed Platz der Alte Synagoge - according to critics such as the art historian Peter Kalchthaler "a long overdue measure". The former name Europaplatz was transferred to Karlsplatz on May 5, 1997 in the presence of Mayor Rolf Böhme . It is now called Karlsplatz again, as the name Europaplatz was transferred to the square in front of the New Fair in 2001 at the latest . In 2018 the name Europaplatz moved to the previously unnamed place at the Siegesdenkmal and the one in front of the fair was renamed Neuer Messplatz .

    Old Synagogue Square

    Gurs memorial, old location

    In 2000, the artist group Büro for unusual measures set up a yellow signpost in the style of a traffic sign that bears the inscription Gurs 1027 km . The memorial, which was only subsequently approved by the city administration, is intended to commemorate the Jews from Baden who were deported in 1940 as part of the Wagner-Bürckel campaign , including more than 400 from Freiburg and the surrounding area. The traffic information sign was supplemented by an explanation board . There are comparable Gurs memorials in other Baden and Palatinate cities; among others in Mannheim , Bruchsal , Ludwigshafen and Neustadt an der Weinstrasse .

    Remodeling plans

    At the end of 2004, the Freiburg city administration organized a “Planungswerkstatt Platz der Alten Synagoge” on two dates, which was supposed to develop proposals and concepts for redesigning the square and ideas for future use. On March 21, 2006, the Freiburg municipal council decided to rebuild the square of the Old Synagogue and put the new square design to public tender. In addition to general urban development concepts, the competition participants were also asked to “take up the theme of the 'Old Synagogue' in the design with creative or artistic means.” In doing so, the “remembrance and information about the Old Synagogue and about former and present Jewish life in the city” should be taken into account and "the area of ​​the old synagogue in the square conception will have a quieter character, but at the same time it will also be a meeting place ('Knesset')."

    The winning design by the architect and town planner Volker Rosenstiel and the landscape architect Martin Schedlbauer from the landscape architecture firm faktorgruen was modified several times in the following years. In principle, the square should be retained in its function as a large open space between the city theater and the university. Since the Rotteckring cut up the second largest square in the city with the traffic routing at the time, it was not noticed in its entirety. Therefore, from the point of view of the city, a renovation has become necessary with which the areas of the abandoned four-lane street and the theater forecourt are optically included. The existing monuments should be preserved. In addition, a water basin was to trace the exact floor plan of the old synagogue on the square in terms of location and size and symbolically remind of it in the sense of a memorial.

    Also in spring 2006, the Freiburg University Building Authority, representing the State of Baden-Württemberg, launched a limited competition to redesign the university library. The successful design of an almost completely new building by the Basel architectural office Degelo Architects was opened in October 2017.

    In 2007, on the occasion of the university anniversary, the remaining part of Werthmannplatz was renamed Platz der Universität . In order to continue honoring Werthmann with a street, the Werderring was renamed Werthmannstraße .

    modification

    The converted square of the Old Synagogue was released on August 2, 2017

    As part of the “Stadtbahn und Umgestaltung Rotteckring” project, work began in 2012 with the closure of the Rotteckring and was completed in 2018. At its meeting on December 10, 2013, the municipal council decided to make further changes to the seven-year-old plan, which were criticized by the Freiburg Chamber of Architects. After the information pavilion was replaced by trees to shade the square in 2010, the renovation of the theater forecourt was to be saved and the urban gardening should be continued in place of the planned water curtain . To further improve the microclimate, it was planned to install a soda maker in the middle of the square. The official groundbreaking ceremony for the reconstruction of the square took place on April 18, 2016. Shortly afterwards, tracks for the tram were laid and connected to the existing track network in Bertoldstraße. Because of the theater forecourt and the new stop directly to the north of the intersection, a direct curved track between the Rotteckring light rail and the east-west axis could only be realized for the route Erbprinzenstraße – Bertoldsbrunnen. The Rotteck monument was put back into storage and the reclining figure was placed inside the college building II. The synagogue memorial plaque was temporarily located in front of the new synagogue on Engelstrasse and was integrated into the fountain at the old location.

    Square of the old synagogue, water table and university library, view from KG II

    At the end of September 2016, the remains of the foundation of the Jewish church were found during the earthworks for the synagogue floor plan fountain. This was followed by a public debate about changing the plan to keep the stones visible . It was officially ended by a municipal council resolution on November 15, 2016, as a result of which from mid-November the remaining wall fragments were covered with geotextile and filled with earth in order to prepare the foundation of the water basin; Some of the exposed rows of stones had already been removed at the beginning of November. By spring 2018, the handling of the stones is to be determined in a moderation process. 40,000 euros have been approved for two years.

    A well was built underground . In March 2017, a plane tree - for one that was damaged and felled during renovation - and nine leather sleeve trees were planted on the square . They received an underground irrigation system. Originally it was planned to plant purple alder trees ( Alnus spaethii ), but this was not done because of the increased risk of allergies. Since the work was progressing faster than planned, the square was officially inaugurated - three months earlier than planned - on August 2, 2017. Between the 3,000 granite slabs that came from a quarry in the Bavarian Forest, 12 water nozzles are installed on the square, which can spray 1.5 meter high water fountains. The wooden seating and lounging platforms around the large trees were not originally intended. Because the former meadow with its sandstone wall was half a meter higher, the tree roots are above the level of the square. It is "the largest non-commercial seating area in the city center", says the head of the gardening and civil engineering department, Frank Uekermann. The place can carry around 30 tons of weight. However, the problem of bicycle parking has not yet been resolved. The cost of the redesign remained at 9.4 million euros. The test run for the memorial fountain, which showed a mirror-smooth water surface, began towards the end of July.

    At the southern end of the square the granite slabs are still missing, because from 2019 the construction site access for the renovation of the college building II to the place of the White Rose will be between the synagogue fountain and the college building I [out of date] . Only then should they be relocated.

    Gurs memorial with text panel, location after the square redevelopment, March 2018

    When the Gurs memorial (the “traffic sign”) with an explanation board, which was removed during the reconstruction of the square, was to be re-erected in early 2018, there were differences of opinion about the location. While the city administration wanted to set it up on the southwest corner of the square near the memorial fountain, others preferred the old location on Bertoldstrasse. At the end of March 2018, the Gurs memorial was finally attached to a lamp post west of the memorial fountain and the explanatory text plaque was embedded in the stone slab below.

    use

    Since the light granite slabs quickly get dirty from intensive use, the city cleaning department bought a special cleaning vehicle for 350,000 euros shortly after the opening, which cleans the square with steam from nano-filtered water.

    Because people repeatedly abuse the fountain as a paddling pool, two information steles were set up in November 2017 to provide information about the former synagogue and ask for appropriate behavior. Because this measure had little effect, the city announced a catalog of measures in April 2019. A zoning tape with inscriptions and pictograms should be attached next to a digital information stele . In addition, a bronze model of the destroyed synagogue is to be erected. The two Jewish communities are divided on the project. In August 2019, the city installed boards with pictograms in eight places around the fountain, which should make it clear how to behave with respect and dignity.

    Since the Rotteckring was completed in spring 2019 and the tram has been running, motor vehicles have been driving illegally across the square of the Old Synagogue, which is a pedestrian zone. The community enforcement service controls and issues warnings. A mobile speed camera has also been used.

    Place of the destroyed synagogue?

    In 2016, the historian Bernd Martin , chairman of the commission for the review of Freiburg street names, proposed that the square be named “Square of the Destroyed Synagogue”, which was approved by Mayor Dieter Salomon .

    In July 2017, the SPD parliamentary group of the Freiburg municipal council appealed to this suggestion and submitted a letter to the mayor to rename the “Old Synagogue Square” to “The Destroyed Synagogue Square”. The previous place name gives the impression, according to the SPD city councilors, "that there was a place of worship that was no longer needed for whatever reason"; the "euphemistic previous naming conceals what actually happened, namely the destruction of the house of worship of the Jewish population of Freiburg as part of the extermination procession of the nationalist German Reich". In contrast to Salomon and the majority of the community council, the Jewish community spoke out against a renaming.

    On September 18, 2017, the main committee of the municipal council decided not to pursue the proposal to rename the square.

    and display information about the image
    Place of the Old Synagogue, v. l. Right: College building II, college building I, university library, city theater (September 2017)

    literature

    • City of Freiburg im Breisgau (Ed.): Realization competition open to a limited extent - Rotteckring, Platz der Alten Synagoge (documentation of the competition results). Müller-Abele, Stutensee, approx. 2007.

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b Redesign of the Rotteckring: The construction phases in detail. In: freiburg.de. February 12, 2015, accessed April 13, 2017 .
    2. ^ Peter Kalchthaler, Joachim Röderer: Freiburg: Passage forbidden. Badische Zeitung , August 25, 2012, accessed on April 22, 2017 .
    3. ↑ a b city ​​map from 1931
    4. ↑ Simone Höhl: Freiburg: New construction sites create new traffic jams. Badische Zeitung , July 24, 2017, accessed on July 24, 2017 .
    5. ^ A b Heinrich Schreiber: The Schloßberg near Freiburg: historical painting; with a siege plan of the city of Freiburg from 1744 and a perspective view of the lower castle at that time. Wangler, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1844, p. 42, ( digitized ).
    6. ↑ a b Plan of the fortress Freiburg 1693 from the workshop of Nicolas de Fer , ( alt-freiburg.de )
    7. ↑ Joshua Kocher: 10 Freiburg street names and what they mean. In: fudder.de. April 23, 2015, accessed May 6, 2017 .
    8. ^ A b Leo Schmidt: City character and architecture. Freiburg building history since 1800 . In: Heiko Haumann, Hans Schadek (Hrsg.): History of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau . tape 3 : From the rule of Baden to the present. Theiss, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-8062-0857-3 , pp. 561 ff .
    9. ^ Christa-Renate Uhlbach: Johann Carl Christoph Schleip and the creation of the Erbprinzenstraße in Freiburg. In: Schau-ins-Land: Annual magazine of the Breisgau history association Schauinsland. Volume 125. Freiburg im Breisgau 2006, p. 161, ( digitized version )
    10. ↑ Michael Wessel: History of the iron works Gaggenau. In: michael-fluerscheim.de. April 9, 2012, accessed May 6, 2017 .
    11. ^ Freiburg address calendar . Freiburg im Breisgau 1863, p. 95 ( digitized version ). (Construction site)
    12. ^ Freiburg address calendar . Freiburg im Breisgau 1863, p. 126 ( digitized version ). (first apartment)
    13. ^ Freiburg address calendar . Freiburg im Breisgau 1864, p. 95 ( digitized version ). (finished)
    14. ↑ Reinhardt Pester: Hermann Lotze. Letters and documents. , Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2003, p. 506 f., Preview in the Google book search
    15. ^ Freiburg address calendar . Freiburg im Breisgau 1871, p. 50 ( digitized version ).
    16. ^ Joachim Hahn , Jürgen Krüger : Synagogues in Baden-Württemberg. Volume 2: Joachim Hahn: Places and Facilities. Theiss, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1843-5 , pp. 128f.
    17. ↑ a b c d e f g Peter Kalchthaler, Joachim Röderer: Freiburg: Passage forbidden. Badische Zeitung , August 25, 2012, accessed on May 6, 2017 .
    18. ^ A b Paul Hartung: Military Buildings . In: Baden Architects and Engineers Association, Upper Rhine District (Ed.): Freiburg im Breisgau. The city and its buildings . HM Poppen & Sohn, Freiburg im Breisgau 1898, p. 588 ( Scan - Wikisource ).
    19. ^ Freiburg address calendar . Freiburg im Breisgau 1865, p. 71 ( digitized version ).
    20. ^ Bourgeois schematism of the grand heart. Baden's capital, Freyburg im Breisgau, with a calendar . Freiburg im Breisgau 1810, p. 100 ( digitized version ).
    21. ^ Freiburg address calendar . Freiburg im Breisgau 1866, p. 76 ( digitized version ).
    22. ^ Freiburg address calendar . Freiburg im Breisgau 1865, p. 69 ( digitized version ).
    23. ^ Freiburg address calendar . Freiburg im Breisgau 1866, p. 74 ( digitized version ).
    24. ^ Freiburg address calendar . Freiburg im Breisgau 1867, p. 50 ( digitized version ).
    25. ^ Freiburg address calendar . Freiburg im Breisgau 1866, p. 84 ( digitized version ).
    26. ↑ Max Buhle: Bridges and footbridges . In: Baden Architects and Engineers Association, Upper Rhine District (Ed.): Freiburg im Breisgau. The city and its buildings . HM Poppen & Sohn, Freiburg im Breisgau 1898, p. 131 ( Scan - Wikisource ).
    27. ^ Friedrich Kempf: Public fountains and monuments . In: Baden Architects and Engineers Association, Upper Rhine District (Ed.): Freiburg im Breisgau. The city and its buildings . HM Poppen & Sohn, Freiburg im Breisgau 1898, p. 497 ( Scan - Wikisource ).
    28. ↑ a b c Ute Scherb: "We get the monuments that we deserve". Freiburg monuments in the 19th and 20th centuries. City archive Freiburg im Breisgau, Freiburg im Breisgau 2005, ISBN 3-923272-31-6 , p. 56 f .
    29. ^ Freiburg address calendar . Freiburg im Breisgau 1873, p. 115 ( digitized version ).
    30. ^ Platenius, Wilhelm August. In: Deutsche Bank. bankgeschichte.de, June 17, 2016, accessed on May 6, 2017 .
    31. ↑ Ute Scherb: "We get the monuments that we deserve". Freiburg monuments in the 19th and 20th centuries. City archive Freiburg im Breisgau, Freiburg im Breisgau 2005, ISBN 3-923272-31-6 , p. 66 .
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    105. ^ Joachim Röderer: Place of the Old Synagogue. The memorial fountain gets provisional information boards , Badische Zeitung, September 18, 2017.

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    Coordinates: 47 ° 59 ′ 40.5 ″  N , 7 ° 50 ′ 45.6 ″  E