Schoenberg (Eringen)
| Schoenberg | ||
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 Isohypsy map of Schönberg, 10 m intervals |
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| height | 644.2 m above sea level NHN | |
| location | Baden-Wuerttemberg , Germany | |
| Mountains |
Upper Rhine Graben foothills of the Black Forest |
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| Coordinates | 47 ° 57 '17 " N , 7 ° 48' 20" E | |
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 Aerial view of Schönberg from the north |
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The Schönberg (historically Schinberg ) on the southern outskirts of Freiburg im Breisgau is 644.2 m above sea level. NHN high local mountain of the community Ebringen .
Community membership
In addition to Ehaben, to which the summit belongs, the mountain lies within the boundaries of Schallstadt , Merzhausen , Au , Wittnau , Sölden and the Freiburg district of Sankt Georgen .
geology
Alongside the Black Forest and the Rhine Plain, the Schönberg forms the third scenic unit in the Freiburg area, the so-called Vorbergzone . It is separated from the Black Forest in the east by the Hexental , in the south by the Staufener Bay and in the north by the Freiburg Bay . The Rhine plain extends to the west. The area thus enclosed has a length of about 8 km and a width of about 4 km from northeast to southwest. The Schönberg is the highest mountain in the Markgräfler Hügelland to which it belongs.
Together with the 493.6 m above sea level NHN high Hohfirst in the south and, as the southernmost foothills, the 416.4 m above sea level. NHN high Mount of Olives, the mountain forms the Schönberg massif, a promontory of the Black Forest that is already in the rupture zone of the Upper Rhine Rift. The geological surface formations include due to numerous faults and rift breaks from the Mesozoic, mainly the Triassic and Jurassic . Conglomerates and volcanic layers originate from the Paleogene . These include a small tuff chimney on the southern slope near the Berghauser Chapel and a larger chimney on the northern slope near the Schönberger Hof. Along the southeast slope west of the former clay pit there is a basalt dike over 100 meters long .
The lower layers on the western slope are also covered by thick layers of loess. The eastern slope of Schönberg slopes steeply to Hexental. At the foot of the eastern slope u. a. the Wittnauer Kapuzinerbuck from large landslides.
Mining
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Due to the iron ore mining at Schönberg, which began in 1935 as part of the Third Reich's striving for self-sufficiency, deeper layers of the mountain have also been well explored through numerous drillings. In the immediate vicinity of the town center of Ehaben, for example, two drilling rigs were operated around the clock, in which water was used as drilling fluid , which was obtained from the Dorfbach via two diesel engines.
Mining was essentially carried out in two fields; the north field dismantled from the Freiburg district of Sankt Georgen and, to a lesser extent, from the south field located on the Ebringer district. The ores from the southern field were transported by cable car to the loading point in Sankt Georgen. There was also a small mining field on the Steinberg near Bollschweil (Kuckucksbad), where mining was stopped in 1939. The iron ore, with its 20-30% iron content, was not necessarily eligible for funding, so that mining was stopped again in 1942, when the much more ferrous ores from France ( Lorraine ) and Sweden were available due to the course of the war . The main reason for the discontinuation, however, is likely to be the beginning of the large-scale use of the Paschke-Peetz process for smelting acidic iron ores, which made the highly calcareous ores, including those from Schönberg, unnecessary.
etymology
The standard German name of the mountain - "Schönberg" - gradually replaced the Alemannic or Middle High German designation "Schinberg" or "Schimberg" in official usage between 1700 and 1900 . It is an etymologically incorrect transcription of the dialect name.
The word part “schin” is derived either from mhd. “Schin” = “seem, visible from afar” or from mhd. Scina / schine after the flattened shape of the mountain and has nothing to do with “beautiful”.
Settlement
It can be assumed that Schönberg was regularly visited by people 160,000 years ago. Two outdoor discovery sites near Bollschweil and Ehrenstetten are over 100,000 years old. There were mammoth - Wildrind- and woolly -Bone found. Various stone artifacts such as hand axes and spearheads were also found. Since then, Schönberg has probably been permanently settled.
A Neolithic settlement was located on the summit plateau of Schönberg. Today there is a SWR transmitter mast on the summit. This steel lattice mast with a height of 58 m was erected at the end of 2012 next to the lower old concrete mast, which has since been demolished. To the south below the summit is the Obere Schönberger Hof, an agricultural business, to the west, below, the Untere Schönberger Hof , an excursion restaurant with a view of Freiburg im Breisgau. The ruin Schneeburg is located on the western secondary peak of the mountain .
The Jesuit castle is located on the north side of the Merzhausen district .
Historical events
On August 3, 1644, the western slope of Schönberg (Gewann Bohl) was the scene of the first day of the Battle of Freiburg in the Thirty Years' War between Bavaria and the French, which continued on August 5th and 9th on Lorettoberg opposite the eastern slope of Schönberg. France attempted to regain control of Freiburg, which had fallen to imperial Bavarian troops on July 27th after several weeks of siege by Weimar, which was allied with it. Although the Bohl on the western Schönberg was taken on August 3rd with great losses to the attackers, the Bavarians were able to retreat relatively unnoticed via the Schönberg to catching positions on the Lorettoberg and successfully assert this (and thus Freiburg) against the French.
At the Battle of Freiburg am Ebringer Bohl, France suffered its most lossy defeat of the entire war with around 1,100 soldiers killed compared to 300 Bavarian losses (a total of around 6,000 men were lost among the French and well below 1,000 among the Bavarians). The Freiburg suburbs were destroyed by the fighting and the villages around Schönberg were plundered and also badly affected.
On the Schönberg above Leutersberg and Ebringen the battle cross commemorates the battle on August 3rd. It stands in the place of the ossuary, where the bones of the fallen were buried only 30 years after the battle, which were scattered all over the mountain.The mass grave developed - not to the delight of the church - into a place of pilgrimage for the Catholic population of the region and it became apparent also repeatedly stolen bones as relics. Since the church could not prevent the pilgrimages, the remaining bones of the fallen were finally transported away at the instigation of Ildefons von Arx in 1791, which slowly brought the worship to a standstill in the following decades.
flora
Forest
The higher parts of the Schönberg are either used for forestry or as pasture areas due to the lack of other agricultural usability . Of the approximately 24 km² area of the Schönberg massif, around 9.4 km² are forested, of which 3.4 km² are on the actual Schönberg. The predominant tree species in the mixed deciduous forests is the common beech , but due to the many different soils and local climatic conditions there are many different forest communities and also monocultures .
Beech and silver fir predominantly grow on moist, deep ground and form a dense crown. As a result, the bushes are largely missing and there are almost exclusively shade-proof herb species such as witch's herb , arum and woodruff . The greater part of the forest stands on drier, less nutrient-poor soil. Here you can also find the grape oak , field maple and whitebeam , as well as the forest pine as a non-local conifer . The herbs that grow here are the pinnate toothwort and the forest ringelkraut, as well as many types of sedges and many types of orchids such as nest root , red forest bird and white forest bird . The fungi that numerous rare are boletes and cortinarius remarkable; Schönberg is the only known German place where the wolf tube was found . In addition, there are isolated oak and hornbeam forests and oak forests. Alder and ash communities can also be found in damp and wet locations, i.e. in headwaters and along streams .
It can be assumed that in earlier centuries, when the forests were still used as pastures, the transition between forest and meadows may have been less clear than it is today. This is borne out by the noticeably frequent occurrence of the holly , which was not grazed and thus received a selection advantage. Overall, the forest has been on the advance since the middle of the twentieth century and it requires constant care to stop further forestation of the meadow edges. In a diploma thesis it was proven that the residents at the beginning of the 18th century. agriculture was practiced on the upper and lower plateaus, which are now tree-lined.
Viticulture
Viticulture is practiced on the western and southern slopes, and occasionally on the south-eastern locations. A number of short-lived plant species, the so-called annuelles, are found in these locations. They can form three to four generations per year and thus survive more frequent weed control as a species. Probably the best-known species include the chickweed , dead nettle and the Persian speedwell . Furthermore, onion plants, so-called geophytes , can be found between the rows of vines , which survive the intensive cultivation of the vineyard in the ground. They are mostly of Mediterranean origin. Especially the frequent would Traubenhyazinthe to mention and this plant community eponymous, vineyard leeks . The field yellow star and the wild tulip, which only appears locally, are rarer . Since the late 1970s, however, this flora has given way to a dense thatch of grass that has been favored by mulching.
grasslands
Between the vineyards and the wooded heights, the landscape is characterized by orchards, pure grassland and smaller hedge sections with flora typical of the region.
Oat meadow
On Schönberg, the meadow that characterizes the landscape is the so-called Glatthaferwiese. When pruned twice a year and with moderate fertilization, it is rich in species and interspersed with many colorful flowering plants. More frequent pruning and more powerful fertilization in the last few decades increased the yield, but made society poorer in species. The most common group of plants and economically the most important part of this meadow are the sweet grasses . These include the Schoenberg: The Ordinary oat grass , the Ordinary orchard grass , the Meadow Gold oats , the Woolly honey grass , the red fescue and the comb grass - just to name a few. A species-rich smooth oat meadow can contain up to 20 species of sweet grass. Also economically important are the butterflies , which are particularly rich in protein because of their good nitrogen fixation. As flowering plants and thus easily recognizable indicator species for this meadow type, one can find at Schönberg u. a. the sharp buttercup , the field widow flower , the white bedstraw and the meadow Pippau . In the higher meadow areas one increasingly finds so-called alternating freshness indicators such as the autumn crocus or the meadow silage and dryness indicators such as meadow sage and sasparsette .
In some places, tourism, use as a French maneuvering area, but also improper use as a motocross practice area, has massively compacted the ground. Here you can mainly find the common plantain and the German ryegrass , but also the two rare species, the centaury and the strawberry clover .
Rush meadows
The very humid rush meadows have been reduced to a single location in the headwaters of the Eckbach near the Wittnau clay pit due to drainage measures and land backfilling. Here you can still find ash trees, black alders and individual willows as well as various types of perennials such as purple loosestrife and meadowsweet . The pointed flowering bulrush and the marsh marigold mark the edge of this narrow wet strip.
Semi-arid and dry meadows
A small part of the Schönberg is also made up of low-yield semi-arid grassland. It is characterized by high biodiversity, including many species of orchids. About 80% of all orchid species native to Germany can be found on the Schönberg, most of them in the area of the Jennetal nature reserve north of Ehaben. Including the foseless spur , the pyramid dogwort , the bee ragwort , the fire orchid and the buckskin tongue . The orchids, however, are at no point determining the aspect. Indicator species for this dry grassland on Schönberg are the wound clover , the Karthauser carnation , the sun rose and the cypress milkweed . There is also the Sumsergarten , a fenced-in area that is opened to the public by volunteer conservationists during the heyday.
fauna
Due to the large number of animal species native to Schönberg, only a list of the most conspicuous, most common or most endangered animal species is given here.
Mammals
- deer
- wild boar
- Brown hare
- Red fox
- European badger
- different species of martens and weasels
- squirrel
- at least eight bat species, all of which are classified as endangered or endangered in the Red List .
Birds
There are over 80 species of breeding birds on Schönberg. Including one of the last stocks of the fence bunting in Germany and the rare in southwestern Germany turncoat , Orioles and Red-backed Shrike . Hoopoes , Orpheusspötter and bee-eater , actually Mediterranean species, find one of their northernmost occurrences here.
The bulk of the species on Schönberg are titmice , corvids and finches . There are also six species of woodpecker and several birds of prey, among which the tree hawk and the honey buzzard deserve special mention for their rarity. However, the most dominant birds of prey are the common buzzard over the red kite . In 2015, long- eared owls were also successfully breeding at the foot of Schönberg .
Amphibians
Reptiles
Molluscs
Up to 50 species of snail can be found on the calcareous soils of Schönberg, including the conspicuous 10–15 cm large slug , the forest slug and the garden slug , which is unpopular with gardeners . The largest snail on Schönberg is the black snail with a length of up to 25 cm . The largest shell snail in our latitudes, the Roman snail , can also be found.
Arachnids
The exact number of arachnid species on Schönberg is not known. There are many species of spiders , harvesters and mites , as well as some pseudoscorpions . The most conspicuous spider species is certainly the wasp spider . The funnel spider's webs are also easy to spot .
insects
A special feature of the Schönberg insect world is the presence of the praying mantis , which can also be easily recognized by laypeople. The ant- lion trapping is also an interesting object to observe. The loud chirping of the field crickets and mole crickets ensures a Mediterranean flair on mild summer nights and the glow of the little fireflies is always an experience.
Butterflies
Over 60 different types of butterflies have been spotted on Schönberg. Many of them are “endangered” or “critically endangered” species on the Red List. The species that are endangered include the blue saspard , the short-tailed blue , the blue-eye , the white forest porter and the small mother-of-pearl butterfly . Some of the more common and conspicuous species include the swallowtail , the six-spot ram , the Russian bear and the peacock butterfly .
Beetle
As with arachnids, the number of beetle species on Schönberg is not known, but it can be assumed that a large number of the 4500 beetle species known in Baden can also be found on Schönberg. The observation of the bombardier beetle is interesting for laypeople .
Additional information
literature
- Helge Körner (Hrsg.): The Schönberg - natural and cultural history of a Black Forest foothill , 472 pages, 48 color plates and 200 b / w illustrations. Lavori-Verlag, Freiburg 2006, ISBN 3-935737-53-X .
Web links
- Iron ore mining at Schönberg 1937–1942
- Schönberg between Hexental and Rhine Valley
- Beetle on Schönberg
- Long-eared Owls on Schönberg
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Map services of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation ( information )
- ^ Working group Ebringer village history (ed.): Ebringer village history no. 2. E Bring under the swastika. Contemporary witness reports , Ehaben 2008, p. 59 f.
- ↑ kartan.de: The connecting cable car from Südfeld to the train loading , accessed on May 13, 2010
- ↑ kartan.de: Das Eisenerzbergwerk St. Georgen , accessed on May 13, 2010
- ↑ Ehaben, Herrschaft und Gemeinde, Vol. 1, Clausdieter Schott and Edmund Weeger (eds.), Rombach-Verlag Freiburg, ISBN 3-9802758-0-9 , p. 364
- ↑ Bulletin of the municipality of Ebringen KW 44 from November 2, 2012
- ↑ Cf. German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 216.
- ↑ Silvia Faller: The community owes a lot to the forest In: badische-zeitung.de, Lokales, Ehaben, February 3, 2012 (February 19, 2012)
- ↑ s. here "Owls in our garden".