Autumn crocus

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Autumn crocus
Autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale)

Autumn crocus ( Colchicum autumnale )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Liliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Lily-like (Liliales)
Family : Timeless plants (Colchicaceae)
Genre : Timeless ( Colchicum )
Type : Autumn crocus
Scientific name
Colchicum autumnale
L.

The autumn timeless or autumn timeless ( Colchicum autumnale ) is the best known plant species from the approximately 100 species of the timeless family (Colchicaceae). The autumn crocus blooms in late summer to autumn and is widespread in Europe and also known as an ornamental plant. Occasionally it can be confused with autumn-blooming crocuses . The foliage and fruit formation takes place in spring and summer. Active ingredients of this very poisonous plant are occasionally used in medicine and plant breeding. It was voted poisonous plant of the year in 2010.

Description and ecology

The autumn crocus is a perennial , extremely poisonous herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 8 to 30 centimeters. It is a geophyte , because only the subterranean parts of the plant survive the unfavorable seasons. During the winter, the original tuber is broken down and a new one is created over it. At the same time, the side shoot grows into a new tuber. In summer the autumn crocus forms a brown scaly tuber with a diameter of 2.5 to 5 centimeters and a length of up to 7 centimeters. The funnel-like, sloping to steeply upward, slightly curled, but actually quite broadly lanceolate leaves appear to be narrow but appear together with the still unripe capsule fruit in early summer and are up to 40 centimeters long. They are noticeably thick and stiff and contracted at the tip like a boat and knot-like. This is an important, fundamental difference to the thin, flat and quickly slack leaves of wild garlic . In addition, the leaves of autumn crocus are always twisted slightly to the left.

One to five flowers per specimen are formed. The hermaphroditic, radial symmetry flowers are threefold. The six identical, mostly pale pink to violet, rarely white colored bracts are fused into a long tube. There are six stamens . The three carpels grown together ovary is located deep in the earth. The branches of the style in the blossoms of the autumn crocus remain separate along their entire length up to the subterranean ovary. So they do not grow into a pen ( stylus ), but are Stylodien . They can be up to 20 cm long in large flowers. The pollination is done by insects ( Entomophilie ), for example by bees and flies. However, this species is self-fertile , so self-pollination also leads to good seed set. The flowering period extends from September to October; autumn crocus seldom also bloom in spring.

The elongated egg-shaped capsule fruit does not form until the ripening time in early summer (May to June) within the "funnel" of mostly three leaves, which forms from early spring. When ripe in summer, the capsule fruit is slightly swollen and brown. The small, black-brown seeds have a white elaiosome that encourages ants ( myrmecochory ) to spread ; spread of wind is also possible.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 38, less often 36.

Occurrence

Flower detail with the three free, whitish style branches
Leaves with still unripe capsule fruits in early summer
Existence of the autumn crocus in Marchfeld in Lower Austria

The autumn crocus is a sub-Mediterranean-subatlantic floral element . Their distribution area extends from southern Ireland , the southern half of Great Britain , France and the northern Iberian Peninsula over southern Central Europe and northern Italy eastwards to the northern Balkan Peninsula and western Ukraine . Further north ( Scotland , Denmark , southern Scandinavia , the Baltic States, north-western European Russia) it is absent or is only introduced. It is also introduced in New Zealand and North America.

Blooming autumn crocus with pollinators
Blooming autumn crocus with pollinators

The autumn crocus grows mainly on moist, nutrient-rich meadows and on embankments, preferably in sunny or partially shaded locations where it is relatively warm and which are not exposed to the wind without protection. But you can also come across them in sparse alluvial forests, even right next to wild garlic (for example in an alluvial forest near Umkirch im Breisgau). This species occurs en masse in some locations, so that grazing with livestock is impossible there. The autumn crocus is a character species of the order Molinietalia, but also occurs in humid societies of the order Arrhenatheretalia or the Alno-Ulmion association. In the Allgäu Alps it occurs up to 1500 meters above sea level.

Ingredients and toxicity

Chemical formula of the alkaloid colchicine

There are always cases of poisoning due to confusion with wild garlic , even fatal. The blossoms of the autumn crocus are fairly easy to recognize as such. However, this easy recognition does not apply to the leaves of the autumn crocus. To make matters worse, unlike many other plants, one never sees the leaves and the flowers at the same time in the autumn crocus. In autumn you see the flowers - but without leaves, whereas in spring you see the leaves - but always without flowers.

All parts of the autumn crocus contain the highly poisonous alkaloid colchicine , a capillary and mitotic poison. The highest content is found in the flower with up to 1.8%. But the seeds (0.5%), the tuber (0.2%) and the leaves (0.03%) also contain enough colchicine to cause poisoning. The content fluctuates over the course of the year and increases as the seeds ripen. The alkaloid is also retained in dried parts of the plant. When eating hay with a content of dried autumn crocus, the dangerous poisons can pass into the milk. Milk contaminated with colchicine can cause cancer in humans: “Colchicine poisoning can also occur in ruminants (...); since the alkaloids pass into the milk, there is a risk for consumers. Colchicine is also mutagenic and can lead to tumor formation. " Therefore, agricultural areas, especially meadows for the production of hay or silage, should be freed from autumn crops.

Seeds of the autumn timeless with 1 mm scale

The seeds of the autumn crocus ( Latin Semen Colchici) are used as a pharmaceutical drug for the production of medicines , whereby according to the Pharmacopoeia a content of at least 0.4% total alkaloids is required, calculated as colchicine. A known preparation contains, for example, a dry extract of Semen Colchici at 15.6 mg with a colchicine content of 0.5 mg per coated tablet.

Symptoms of poisoning usually only appear after a two to six hour delay. The symptoms are initially a burning sensation in the mouth. This is followed by difficulty swallowing, nausea and vomiting with often bloody diarrhea. Depending on the dose, children in particular can die from respiratory paralysis or circulatory failure, and kidney damage is also frequently observed. In the literature, a mortality of 90 percent is given. The lethal dose in humans is around 0.8 mg per kilogram of body weight. About 60 grams of fresh leaves can kill a person weighing 80 kilograms. In addition to colchicine, the plant also contains demecolcine and about 20 other alkaloids as well as colchicoside , inulin and asparagine .

Colchicine poses a particular risk to children who live in rural areas, e.g. B. when collecting hay in the beginning of autumn can easily come into contact with the then flowering plants, especially in view of the already low lethal dose of colchicine in adults, which is even lower in children. There have also been reports of poisoning from the milk of sheep or goats that are said to have previously eaten autumn crocus. But the autumn crocus can be dangerous not only for children, also for adults, especially if you mistake their tubers for kitchen onions , or the leaves with wild garlic or other wild lettuce, and thus ingest large amounts of the poisonous plant. In addition, the autumn crocus is quite similar to some common ornamental plants such as the crocus .

The autumn crocus is also very poisonous for many animal species such as horses, cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, cats, rabbits, hares, guinea pigs, hamsters and also for birds. In the case of large animals, horses and pigs in particular are at risk. Cattle and sheep are not quite as sensitive. Lactating animals can release the poison through their milk, even if they do not show any symptoms of intoxication themselves.

On farm meadows on the Baar on the south-eastern edge of the Black Forest in the vicinity of the town of Löffingen , which have been closed in accordance with the regulations of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive , the density of autumn crops has been increasing for years. Often there are more than 30 of these poisonous plants per square meter. However, not all specimens also have (ripening) fruit capsules. It is also still unknown how many years after germination in the dense grasslands the gradually strengthening plants first reach flowering maturity. At the end of May 2018, a closer examination of 46 specimens, each with at least 1 capsule, revealed the following numbers: 29 plants with 1 capsule each, 14 specimens with 2 capsules each (4 of them with 1 normal-sized plus 1 much smaller capsule), 2 with 3 Capsules, 1 with 5 capsules: 4 normal-sized and 1 small. In the case of the latter, the number of seeds in the five capsules that could be recognized as mature was carefully determined. The results were as follows: 104 + 149 + 77 + 159 + 13 = 502 still white, but mature seeds - in addition to many undeveloped or moldy seeds.

First aid

If poisoning is suspected, medical help is strongly recommended, e.g. B. via the poison control center . The long latency period of the toxic effect makes timely treatment difficult. Due to the long latency period, gastric lavage is only useful in suspected or early cases. The focus is therefore on elementary aid in the form of maintaining the circulation and maintaining the water-electrolyte balance (through drip infusion with a full electrolyte solution ).

Abdominal spasms are treated with atropine . In 2009, antidotes against the alkaloid colchicine were being tested but not yet approved.

application

In addition to this toxic effect, colchicine is also used in medicine and in plant breeding.

Colchicine is still very important in the treatment of acute gout (podagra). Autumn timeless powder was already used in the Middle Ages for the topical treatment of ulcerated skin tumors (such as basalioma ). Demecolcin is u. a. used in cancer therapy .

In homeopathy the homeopathic Colchicum autumnale (short form: Colch , also colch ) is made from the chopped up fresh onion bulbs (collected in the autumn) in alcohol , which is administered, for example, for gout, gastroenteritis , rheumatism , cataracts , pericarditis and pregnancy sickness becomes. In Germany is Colchicum autumnale prescription up to and including D3 potency .

In plant breeding, colchicine is used for polyploidization and thus for the enlargement of crops such as strawberries . This effect is achieved because colchicine interrupts mitosis so that the amount of DNA in the cell nucleus doubles with each interrupted division, making each individual cell much larger.

history

"Wysen Timeless" - Colchicum autumnale . Hieronymus Bock 1546

Ephemeron , colchicon , hieribulbum ("holy tuber") and hermodactylus are Latin-Greek plant names that were used to denote the autumn crocus. The plant called ephemeron by Theophrast cannot be determined.

Dioscorides described a colchicon and an ephemeron .

  • The colchicon was later interpreted as a timeless species . Dioscorides described its poisonous effects and warned against its use.
  • The ephemeron of Dioscurides is difficult to determine and possibly means a type of convallaria . Dioskurides recommended it to rinse the mouth for toothache and as a poultice to spread edema and swelling.

About the ephemeron , Pliny , who probably referred to a species of iris like Iris florentina L. , and Galen wrote similarly to Dioscorides. They did not mention a colchicon .

The hieribulbum in Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarius (4th century) is also interpreted as a timeless species . Its external use in the form of an ointment was recommended for joint pain and against spots on the facial skin of women.

In the 6th century, Alexander von Tralleis first mentioned a drug with the name hermodactylus ("Hermes finger"), which was later interpreted as a timeless species . In nine recipes against Podagra , he listed hermodactylus along with mild drugs such as anise, pepper and ginger. According to the doctrine of juices - the Herbstzeitlose tuber was considered to be “warm and dry in the third degree” - the “bad juices”, which were considered to be the cause of Podagra, should be removed from the body by stimulating stool excretion. Alexander von Trallais described the therapy with "hermodactylus" as "invented by the ancients". Also in the 7th century, hermodactylus was mentioned by Paulus of Aegina as a remedy against Podagra.

In the 18th century, Anton Störck carried out a pharmacological test of the autumn acorn root and used it as an effective agent against dropsy . Because of the toxicity of the plant, he used the smallest amounts after long periods of storage. Experiments with volunteers have also shown that the toxicity of the tuber varies with the season and is relatively low at some times. In England, a tincture of the autumn acorn root was soon prescribed for gout .

Taxonomy

The Herbstzeitlose was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . Synonyms for Colchicum autumnale L. include Colchicum commune Neck. and Colchicum crociflorum Sims . The scientific genus name Colchicum , on the other hand, is derived from a landscape on the Black Sea, the Colchis in today's Georgia . There is also said to be the home of the legendary Medea , who is a poisoner and sorceress. There is probably a connection between the legends about a poisoner in this region and the occurrence of the timeless species Colchicum variegatum there . The specific epithet autumnale is a reference to the flowering time in autumn and is derived from the Latin autumnus "autumn".

Common names

The German trivial name Herbstzeitlose is derived from the fact that the plant blooms in autumn until October and thus outside of the flowering time of other plants and therefore with its flowering the beginning of the autumn time "lost" ( ahd.  Liozan  , losen / divine / predict ) (cf. ahd.  heilhoubito  'Herbstzeitlose' from ahd.  heilisōn  'fortune telling' and ahd.  houbit  'head, head', cf. also Polish zimowit or outdated zimokwit 'Herbstzeitlose', literally "winter greeting", "winter reception").

It is also often spelled with a hyphen as “Herbst-Zeitlose” and the species was and is also called Zeitlose (mhd. Zitelôse ) for short . But because of what has been said above, this is misleading; the general, modern generic term timeless did not exist historically and was apparently constructed in retrospect by botanists ( Linné's translator). It is by no means “timeless”.

Other common German names for the Herbstzeitlose are poison crocus, butterwecken, poison flower, cock balls, hen, hen poison, autumn forgotten, dog flower, dog knofel, cheese sprayer, coconut oil, cuckoo's wake, cows, cow whit, cow udder, lice flower, corpse flower, nack flower, monkwort , Ox brush, spindle flower, spider flower, devil's bread, devil's root, meadow lily, meadow saffron, wild saffron, wild onion, winter bonnet and winter breath. Swiss German: Blutts Mäitli (Swiss German for naked girl ), Säulöichrut, Tüfelswurzle, Zitlose.

Other common German names for the Herbstzeitlose are: Camutsches ( Graubünden near Oberhalbstein ), Ciidelosse ( Middle High German ), Citelose, Cytelose, Citlose ( Old High German ), Duchblumen, Ermodatten ( Middle Low German ), Fädelkraut ( Hungary ), Faule Futen ( Alsace ), Fude ( Lower Alsace ) ), Fuli Fudes (Lower Alsace), Fuattarreiv ( Davos ), Poison Flower (Kirchheim), Hailhobet (Old High German), Gutzergagel, Hanekloatenblaume ( Göttingen ), Heilhobedo (Old High German), Heilhobet (Old High German), Heilhobito (Old High German), Heilhobito (Old High German), Heilhobito (Old High German) Hemetasche ( Austria ), Hemettasche (Austria), Heilheubt, Heylheupt, Heilhovit, Hellopt, Herbstblume (Alsace, Eifel , Hessen ), Herbstkunkel ( Memmingen , Thuringia ), Herbstlilien, Herbstziglose ( St. Gallen bei Werdenberg ), Herczelose, Hermodactyll (Middle High German ), Hermodatteln (Middle High German), Hoblumen (Middle High German), Hondskällera ( Appenzell ), Hosenbunte (Graubünden), Hundshoden ( Entlibuch , Glarus , Appenzell, Franconia ), Huntloch (Old High German), Naked Whores (Thuringia, Franconia, Salzburg ), Naked Maiden ( Bremen ), Naked Maiden (Franconia, Northern Bohemia ), Kalberschissen ( Bernese Oberland ), Kawenerawt (Middle Low German), Kelberkrut (Middle Low German) , Keltbliamle (Alsace, Sundgau ), Kelterle (Alsace, Sundgau), Kiltblume ( Bern , Entlibuch), Kobenkrut (Middle Low German), Kobentkrut (Middle Low German), Kowenkraut (Middle High German, meaning cow herb), Kühdutten (Alsace), Kühschlotten (Henne) ), Künschlotten (Franconia), Kunkel (Memmingen), Lausblume ( Swabia ), Lauskreokt ( Transylvania ), Lichtblume, Masworzef, Mattensaffran (Alsace), Michaelisblume, Michaeliswurz, Michelsblume ( Silesia ), Michelswurz (Silesia), Mockel ( Reutlingen ), Muniseckel ( Lucerne , Appenzell), Nachtguckeln (Kirchheim), Nackarsch (Eifel near Altenahr , Low German ), Natternkreokt (Transylvania near Radeln ), Quelckenwurzel, cattle flower (Bernese Oberland), Ruhrwurze (Austria h), wild saffron, Schemmer ( Tyrol ), school flower (Swabia, Schmalkalden ), scribbles (Graubünden near Tnusis ), spider flowers (Swabia, Thuringia), spinner (Swabia), Storckenbrod, Sytelose, Titelose (Low German), Tufädel (Hungary) , Uchtblumen, Uchtelblume (Middle High German), Uchtelbrawt (Middle High German), Uchtwurzel, Waldzeitlose ( Dreis ), Wiesenhahn (Eifel), Wiesensaffran, Wiesenzeitlose (Alsace), Zeitblumen ( Hohenlohe ), Zeitlöslin, Timeless, Zeitlost, Zitlöse (Middle High German), Zitlose ( Bern), Zitloswurzel, Zitloss and Zitlostwurzel.

literature

  • Pedanius Dioscurides from Anazarba: Five books on medicine. (translated by Max Aufmesser). In: Classical Studies and Studies. Volume 37, Olms-Weidmann, Hildesheim 2002, ISBN 3-487-11604-9 , p. 248.
  • Homeopathic Repertory , German Homeopathy Union (DHU).
  • Norbert Enders: Proven application of homeopathic medicine 2. The medicine and its application. 2., revised. Edition. Haug, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8304-7214-5 .
  • Andrew Lockie, Ursula Bischoff (transl.): The great lexicon of homeopathy. Dorling Kindersley, Starnberg 2000, ISBN 3-8310-0005-0 .
  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Excursion flora from Germany . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 10th edited edition. tape 4 : Vascular Plants: Critical Volume . Elsevier, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich / Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1496-2 .
  • Duden. Volume 7, Etymology. Mannheim 1963, keyword "Time", ISBN 3-411-00907-1 .
  • Wolfram Buff, Klaus von der Dunk: Poisonous plants in nature and the garden . 2nd revised edition. Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-489-55222-9 .

Web links

Commons : Herbstzeitlose  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 123 .
  2. ^ Hermann Meusel, Eckehart J. Jäger, Erwin Weinert: Comparative Chorology of Central European Flora. Volume 1. Maps. Gustav Fischer, Jena 1965, p. 90.
  3. ↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Colchicum autumnale. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 29, 2018.
  4. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 321.
  5. ↑ www.gifte.de
  6. ↑ Wink, van Wyk, Wink, Handbook of poisonous and psychoactive plants, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH 2008, ISBN 978-3-8047-2425-9 , p. 260
  7. ↑ Egon Stahl, Werner Schild: Pharmaceutical Biology, 4: Drug Analysis II: Ingredients and Isolations. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart / New York 1981, ISBN 3-437-20209-X .
  8. ↑ Gustav Kuschinsky (first), Hasso Scholz, Ulrich Schwabe (ed.): Pocket book of drug treatment: Applied pharmacology. 13th, revised and updated edition. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2005, ISBN 3-540-20821-6 .
  9. ↑ Julia Grupe, Julia Kruse, Julia Matlachowsky, Friederike Mayenfels, Lisa Suhrenbrock: Toxic Plants in Germany. What the pharmacist should know. Lecture script, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, PDF file. ( Memento from August 23, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  10. ↑ Herbstzeitlose, Colchicum autumnale, Liliengewächse information page on botanikus.de, accessed on November 27, 2012.
  11. ↑ RED LIST ® . List of medicinal products for Germany (including EU approvals and certain medical devices) . Accessed October 13, 2009.
  12. ↑ Gundolf Keil : The cancer powder recipe for Charlemagne. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 3, 1985, pp. 243-255, here: p. 248.
  13. ↑ Hans Zotter : Ancient medicine. The collective medical manuscript Cod. Vindobonensis 93 in Latin and German. Academic printing and Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1980 (= Interpretationes ad codices. Volume 2); 2nd, improved edition, ibid. 1986, ISBN 3-201-01310-2 , pp. 88-90 ( noun herbe Ieribulbum ) with note 48.
  14. ↑ Kurt Sprengel (ed.). Theophrast's natural history of plants. Altona 1822, vol. 2, p. 386 (9th book, cap. 16/6) (digitized version)
  15. ↑ Ute Mauch: The lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis). A contribution to the development of the systematic classification from antiquity to early modern times. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 24, 2005, pp. 293-328.
  16. ↑ Julius Berendes : Des Pedanius Dioskurides medicament theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, Book IV, Cap. 84, Colchicon (digitized version )
  17. ↑ Julius Berendes: Des Pedanius Dioskurides medicament theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, Book IV, Cap. 85, ephemeron (digitized version )
  18. ↑ Ute Mauch: The lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis). A contribution to the development of the systematic classification from antiquity to early modern times. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 24, 2005, pp. 293-328, especially p. 318.
  19. ↑ Pliny: Naturalis historia , Book XXV, § 170 (Chapter CVII) (digitized Latin) ( digitized edition Külb 1840–1864 German); Book XXVI, § 122 (Chapter LXXV) (digitized Latin) ( digitized edition Külb 1840–1864 German)
  20. ↑ Galen. De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus, lib. VI, cap. V / 25. (Kühn edition 1826, vol. XI, p. 879). (Digitized version)
  21. ↑ Ernst Howald , Henry E. Sigerist . Antonii Musae De herba vettonica, Liber Pseudo-Apulei herbarius, Anonymi De taxone liber, Sexti Placiti Liber medicinae ex animalibus. (= Corpus medicorum latinorum. Vol. IV), Teubner, Leipzig 1927, Cap. 21st
  22. ↑ Hans Zotter. Commentary on the facsimile edition of Cod. Vind. 93. Graz 1996, p. 23.
  23. ^ "De gradibus quos vocant simplicium liber", in: Constantini Africani post Hippocratem et Galenum [...]. Henricus Petrus, Basel 1536, pp. 342–387, here: p. 379 (“Hermodactyli, calidi et sicci in tertio gradu […]”).
  24. ↑ Alexander von Tralles Theodor Puschmann . Alexander von Tralles. Original text and translation together with an introductory essay. Vienna 1879, Vol. II, pp. 560-578. (Digitized version)
  25. ↑ Auguste Koch. About the Medicamenta heroica of Professor Anton Stoerck. Würzburg 1931, pp. 14-16.
  26. ^ Anton von Störck . Austrian Provincial Pharmacopoeia. Vienna 1795, p. 48: Timeless vinegar (digitized version)
  27. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 341, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D341%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D
  28. ↑ Gerhard Köbler: Old High German Dictionary - L
  29. ↑ Gerhard Köbler: Old High German Dictionary - H
  30. ↑ Colchicum autumnale L., Herbst-Zeitlose , in floraweb.de , accessed on September 2, 2019.
  31. ↑ Colchicum autumnale L. , in infoflora.ch , accessed on September 2, 2019.
  32. ↑ KEH Krause : Zitelôse. In: Yearbook of the Association for Low German Language Research 15, 1889, pp. 44–50.
  33. ↑ Des Ritter Carl von Linné's Complete Plant System according to the thirteenth Latin edition, Eilfter Part: Von den Zwiebelgewächsen , Nuremberg, 1784. S. 511ff.
  34. ^ Karl Imfeld: Obwalden dialect dictionary. Brunner, Kriens 2000, ISBN 3-905198-55-X , p. 63.
  35. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hanover 1882, page 105 f. ( online ).
  36. ↑ Heinrich Marzell : Dictionary of German plant names. 5 volumes, Leipzig, from volume 3 Stuttgart / Wiesbaden, volume I, p. 1097.