Marchfeld
 
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The Marchfeld is an approximately 900 km² large Tegel and gravel plain , which forms the part of Lower Austria bordering on the east of Vienna , one of the largest plains in Austria . It is bordered in the east by the March , the border river between Austria and Slovakia , and in the south by the Danube and its floodplains (e.g. Lobau ). In the north there is the Wiener Bisamberg to Angern an der March from the hills of the wine district is limited. (In the official district division of Lower Austria, but not in everyday perception, the Marchfeld belongs to the Weinviertel.) The Marchfeld is roughly congruent with the larger, southern part of the Gänserndorf district ( Gänserndorf is the main town of the Marchfeld) and traditionally functions as a vegetable supplier for Vienna and " Austria's Granary ”. It has been economically significant since the 1930s thanks to its oil and gas deposits, and architecturally, among other things, thanks to several baroque churches , town squares and the Marchfeld castles .
Geologically, the Marchfeld is the northern half of the Vienna Basin , which is around 60 kilometers wide along the Danube and narrows towards the north. In this view, the Slovak plain on the left bank of the March from Pressburg upstream or northwards to the Czech town of Göding is part of the (extended) Marchfeld, as does the flat Austrian bank of the March to Hohenau .
Landscape description
The Vienna Basin is a subsidence area between the Eastern Alps and the Carpathian Mountains, which in the Tertiary was a wide bay several hundred meters deep . It was slowly filled in by the deposits of the flowing rivers and resulted in a sedimentary basin up to six kilometers deep . The thriving on these deposits jungle sank into the ice ages and interglacials . Before the collapse of the Vienna Basin and the bulging of the Alps , the Molasse Sea lay here for 50 million years , which took another 20 million years for its retreat and the settling of brackish water layers until the Pannonian Lake dried up .
The Kleine Wagram divides the Marchfeld into the southern, fertile Praterterrasse and the northern Gänserndorfer Terrasse and Schlosshofer Platte: diluvial gravel with a thin layer of humus and drifting sand , originally a heather covered with bushes . The Marchfeld is not only geographically and politically a border area , but also in terms of landscape, between the Baltic and Pannonian zones.
Emmerich Schaffran writes:
“Already in the city-facing slopes of the Vienna Woods , the first harbingers of the Pannonian region can be seen in some plants, in some insect species and especially in the climate, and this becomes even clearer in the area around Hainburg , where very high summer temperatures contrast with cold and stormy winter days and where not, as in central and western Europe, especially in the area of the Baltic climate, the precipitation is more evenly distributed over the whole year, but is divided into sharply defined rainy and dry seasons. [...] Often the pine forest gives way to low, macchia-like thorn bushes, interspersed with twisted oaks and gorse bushes ; here and there fine-stemmed feather grasses, dwarf sword lilies and juniper bushes appear as further witnesses of the nearby steppe climate . Likewise, the large and sometimes difficult to pass floodplains between Petronell and Deutsch Altenburg , as well as across from Hainburg and near Wolfsthal, are mostly made up of Pontic trees, bushes and grasses. "
Only in isolated cases, especially between Gänserndorf and Oberweiden , has the original heathland been preserved. The Weikendorfer Remise was the first Austrian nature reserve in 1927 , and the Oberweiden sand mountains were declared a nature reserve in 1961. With the regulation of the European protected areas “Pannonian Sand Dunes” and “Sand Soil and Prater Terrace”, the entire area is under protection. The small swamps, moors and ponds, however, have almost completely disappeared. The largest body of water , the Rußbach , which divides the Marchfeld into two halves, coming from the northwest and flowing into the Danube near Hainburg , is a cloudy, dammed trickle, which only recently, when it was integrated into the Marchfeld Canal, a few newly created biotopes were granted.
Despite its position as “ Austria's granary ”, the Marchfeld is the driest area in Austria with an average annual rainfall of less than 550 millimeters . The sinking groundwater level was countered with a canal , the Marchfeld Canal , and desertification by wind removal of the humus with wind protection strips .
Although over-fertilized and cultivated, the Marchfeld has remarkable flora and fauna in small areas . Therefore, the European protected areas Pannonian sand dunes and the bird sanctuary Sandboden and Praterterrasse were designated in the eastern Marchfeld, to which the European protected areas March-Thaya-Auen border in the east . Leopold village is home to a wild biological station, since at close range bustards , whose ancestors after the introduction of rapeseed cultivation in 1920 in Seewinkel had immigrated, occur. These are threatened with extinction: 33 were counted in 1977, seven in 1996 and five in 2000 - one rooster and four hens. In 2009 three roosters and nine hens were counted. The fall of 2012 was eleven birds. The muskrats of course (imported to Europe by a Bohemian count in 1905 and since then spread) can look forward to the expansion of the Russbach into the Marchfeld Canal. In the March swamps near Marchegg you can still find storks .
history
In 1260 Ottokar II Přemysl of Bohemia struck Bela IV of Hungary here . Ottokar fell in 1278 just north of the Marchfeld in the battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen against Rudolf von Habsburg . In the 16th century, Croats settled there (similar to Burgenland), making up the Marchfeld Croats , which was able to survive until the middle of the 19th century. In 1809 Austria fought against Napoléon near Aspern and (Deutsch-) Wagram . In 1837 the Kaiser-Ferdinand-Nordbahn was put into operation in Marchfeld as Austria's first steam railway. In 1870 the Laaer Ostbahn and the Marchegger Ostbahn were opened. (The railway lines appear on plans as if drawn straight through the Marchfeld with a ruler.) In 1918/1919, the former bearer of the crown , Karl I , spent the last few weeks inland at Eckartsau Castle before emigrating. Geographically, the undeveloped peripheral areas of the 21st and 22nd districts of Vienna , both on the left bank of the Danube, belong to the Marchfeld.
Art and theater
The Marchfeld Strasshof ( KUMST ) cultural center opened in Strasshof on September 19, 2015 . One of the celebrations was the performance of an operetta: A work conceived by Carl Millöcker and Ludwig Anzengruber for the Wiener Harmonietheater in Alsergrund - Der Sackpfeifer - was premiered because it had not yet been performed on the stage during the authors' lifetime.
Small region
Small regions are associations of Lower Austrian municipalities on a voluntary basis, which are intended to improve regional cooperation. The communities of Aderklaa , Andlersdorf , Deutsch-Wagram , Eckartsau , Engelhartstetten , Gänserndorf , Glinzendorf , Groß-Enzersdorf , Großhofen , Haringsee , Lassee , Leopoldsdorf im Marchfelde , Mannsdorf an der Donau , Marchegg , Markgrafneusiedl , Obersiebenbrunn , Orth have joined forces with the small region Marchfeld the Danube , Parbasdorf , Raasdorf , Strasshof an der Nordbahn , Untersiebenbrunn , Weiden an der March and Weikendorf merged.
Marchfeld castles
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Six castles located in Marchfeld are marketed for tourism under the name “ Marchfeldschlösser ” or “Marchfelder Schlösserreich” . The castles are Hof , Niederweiden , Orth / National Park Center , Marchegg , Eckartsau and Obersiebenbrunn (only the garden pavilion).
See also
literature
- Friedrich Heller, Anna Bibersteiner: The Marchfeld discussed figuratively. Norbertus, Vienna 1986.
- Karl Lukan: The Weinviertel book. Jugend und Volk, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-224-17610-5 .
- Pia Maria Plechl: The Marchfeld. Herold, Vienna 1969.
- Otto Schilder (Red.): The political district of Gänserndorf in words and pictures.
- Edgar Weyrich: The political district Floridsdorf area. German publishing house for youth and people, Vienna 1924 / Gänserndorf 1970.
- Otto Schilder: Land on March and Danube. Marchfeld Cultural Association, Gänserndorf 1975.
- Herbert Eigner: The Marchfeld. Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2013.
- Laf Wurm: My Marchfeld. Verlag alex-buch, Groß-Enzersdorf 2014.
Special:
- Gustav Holzmann : The urbanization of the Marchfeld. Notring publishing house of the Austrian scientific associations, Vienna 1959.
- Hans Hörler : Legends, Schwänke and other folk tales from the Gänserndorf district. District School Board Gänserndorf, Gänserndorf 1951.
- Hans Schukowitz : War and battle legends from the Marchfelde. Journal of the Association for Folklore, Berlin 1899.
- Günther Schwab : The wind over the fields. Scheuermann, Vienna 1942.
- Johann Wenzel: Legends from the Hainburger gate. Self-published, Hainburg 1928.
Web links
- Homepage of the LEADER Region Marchfeld
- Information about the heathland
- Marchfeld in the Weinviertel
Individual evidence
- ↑ Natura Trails: Pannonian Sand Dunes (PDF; 266 kB)
- ↑ Federal Environment Agency: Nature Conservation in the Pannonian Region (PDF; 908 kB)
- ↑ Brochure European Protected Areas “Pannonian Sand Dunes” and “Sand Soil and Praterterrasse” ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 9.4 MB)
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from October 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Quote from the Habsburg law
- ^ Marchfeld region: Marchfelder Schlösserreich ; accessed on June 7, 2018
