broom

This article deals with the genus gorse. For the singer and singing teacher, see Ria Ginster .

broom
Heath gorse ( Genista pilosa )
Systematics
Eurosiden I Order : Fabales (Fabales) Family : Legumes (Fabaceae) Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae) Tribe : Genisteae Genre : broom
Scientific name
Genista
L.

The genus gorse ( Genista ) belongs to the subfamily of the butterflies (Faboideae). However, species of other genera are also referred to as “gorse”, for example the broom broom is a species of the clover genus ( Cytisus ).

description

Vegetative characteristics

Gorse species grow as shrubs or half-shrubs and reach heights of 0.5 to 2 meters, depending on the species. The Etna gorse ( Genista aetnensis ) is an exception , it can be up to five meters high. The broom form aged a taproot from. They often have rod-shaped branches that are often reinforced.

The alternately arranged leaves are undivided or threefold and often fall off early. At most small stipules are recognizable; mostly they are transformed into a thickening, the pulvinus .

Generative characteristics

German gorse ( Genista germanica )

The flowers are seldom individually in the leaf axils, sometimes some flowers are in the leaf axils together, usually many flowers are arranged in terminal, head-shaped or racemose inflorescences . The flowers are usually above a bract and two bracts . There are flower stalks.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are briefly fused with two lips; the upper lip ends in two and the lower lip in three calyx teeth. The corolla has the typical shape of a butterfly flower . The five bald or hairy petals are usually yellow. There are ten stamens . The only carpel is bald or hairy.

The glabrous or hairy, oval or linear-elongated legumes open when ripe or remain closed and contain one to many (up to 30) seeds. The seeds are usually smaller than 3, rarely up to 3.8 millimeters in size.

The basic chromosome number is x = 9, 10 or 12.

Toxicity

Etna gorse ( Genista aetnensis )

Hairy legumes from Genista monspessulana

All parts of the plant are poisonous.

ecology

From an ecological point of view, it is pollen - butterfly flowers with a folding or quick mechanism. No nectar is produced. The pollination is often done by bees and bumblebees . Also, self-pollination is common.

The seeds are spread by centrifugal crops.

Like many species of Fabaceae, gorse forms a symbiosis with nodule bacteria .

Term gorse

Some other genera and species also carry the word '-ginster "in the name, for example, the bins broom ( Spartium junceum ), the Scotch broom ( Cytisus scoparius ) and gorse ( Ulex ) and spiny broom ( Calicotome ). A north German name for the gorse is Brambusch .

The plant name Genista (" planta genista ") gave the English royal family Plantagenet , which they originally used as a symbol, their name.

Locations

Gorse usually grow in nutrient-poor locations. Many gorse species are typical elements of Mediterranean maquis , garrigue and Phrygana and the Atlantic heaths in Western Europe.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Genista was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné . Type species is Genista tinctoria L. Synonyms for Genista L. are Asterocytisus (WDJKoch) Schur ex Fuss , Chamaespartium Adans. , Enantiosparton K. Koch , Genistella Ortega , Pterospartum (Spach) K. Koch , Teline Medik. and Rivasgodaya Esteve .

The genus Genista belongs to the tribe Genisteae in the subfamily of the butterflies (Faboideae) within the family of the legumes (Fabaceae). The extent of the genera within the tribe Genisteae is controversial. Some authors take the genista genus very broadly. The genus Genista is divided into sub-genera and sections, the scope of the individual subtaxa is controversial.

The genus Genista is widespread in Europe (about 58 species) as far as southern Scandinavia and Poland and Russia, from Macaronesia to North Africa through West Asia to the Caucasus and Central Asia . Some species are neophytes in many areas of the world .

The genus Genista comprises about 90 or more species, depending on the author, here is a selection of species and their distribution:

Habit of the thorny gorse ( Genista acanthoclada ) English gorse ( Genista anglica ) Branch with leaves and zygomorphic flowers of Genista canariensis Habit of Genista cinerascens Genista cupanii Genista hirsuta Branches with inflorescences of Genista hispanica Genista linifolia Genista lydia Genista pumila Ball gorse ( Genista radiata ) Common gorse ( Genista sagittalis ) Genista salzmannii Genista scorpius Genista sericea Dyer's gorse ( Genista tinctoria ) Genista tridens Genista tridentata Branches with flowers of Genista umbellata Genista benehoavensis Genista abchasica Sachokia : It occurs in Georgia . Thorny gorse ( Genista acanthoclada DC. ): There are two subspecies: Genista acanthoclada DC. subsp. acanthoclada : It occurs from Greece to Turkey . Genista acanthoclada subsp. echinus (Spach) Vierh. (Syn .: Genista echinus Spach ): It occurs on islands in the eastern Aegean across the Asian part of Turkey to Lebanon and Syria . Etna gorse ( Genista aetnensis (Raf. Ex Biv.) DC. ): It occurs only in Sardinia and Sicily . Genista albida Willd. (Syn .: Genista godetii Spach ): It occurs in Romania, Greece, the Asian part of Turkey, Lebanon and Syria, in the Russian region of Krasnodar and in the Crimea . Genista anatolica Boiss. : It occurs from Bulgaria through Turkey to Lebanon and Syria. English gorse ( Genista anglica L. ): There are two subspecies: Genista anglica subsp. ancistrocarpa (Spach) Maire : It occurs in Morocco and on the Iberian Peninsula . Genista anglica L. subsp. anglica : It is particularly widespread in the Mediterranean region of Morocco, the Iberian Peninsula, France , Italy and Belgium , the Netherlands , Germany , Denmark , Sweden and the United Kingdom . Genista angustifolia Schischkin : It occurs in the northern Caucasus . Genista arbusensis Vals. : It only occurs in Sardinia. Genista aristata C. Presl : It occurs only in Sicily. Genista armeniaca Spach : It occurs in Azerbaijan and Georgia . Genista aspalathoides Lam. : It occurs in Algeria, Tunisia and Sicily. Genista aucheri Boiss. : It occurs in the Asian part of Turkey. Genista balearica Porta & Rigo : It only occurs in the Balearic Islands . Genista berberidea Lange : It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula . Genista burdurensis P.E.Gibbs : It comes ahead of Turkey on the Asian side. Genista cadasonensis Vals. : It only occurs in Sardinia. Genista canariensis L .: It only occurs in the Canaries . Genista capitellata Coss. : It occurs in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Genista carinalis Griseb. : It occurs in the former Yugoslavia , Bulgaria , Greece and Turkey. Genista carpetana Lange : There are two subspecies: Genista carpetana Long subsp. carpetana : It only occurs in Spain . Genista carpetana subsp. nociva (Pau & Font Quer) C.Vicioso & M.Laínz (Syn .: Genista nociva Pau & Font Quer ): It occurs only in Morocco. Genista cephalantha Spach : There are two subspecies: Genista cephalantha Spach subsp. cephalantha : It occurs in Algeria and Morocco. Genista cephalantha subsp. demnatensis (Murb.) Raynaud (Syn .: Genista demnatensis Murb. ): It occurs only in Morocco. Genista cinerascens Lange : It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula. Ash gray gorse ( Genista cinerea (Vill.) DC. ): It is common in northern Algeria , Tunisia , northwestern Italy, southern France, and Spain (including the Balearic Islands). Genista clavata Poir. : It only occurs in Morocco. Genista compacta Shishkin : It occurs only in the North Caucasus . Corsican gorse ( Genista corsica (Loisel.) DC. ): It occurs in Corsica and Sardinia . Genista cupanii casting. : It is endemic to Sicily. Genista depressa M.Bieb. (Syn .: Genista tinctoria var. Decumbens Ledeb. , Genista tinctoria var. Depressa (M.Bieb.) PEGibbs , Genista tinctoria var. Depressa (M.Bieb.) Schmalh. ): It is in former Yugoslavia, in Albania , Bulgaria , Greece, Ukraine and Crimea . Genista desoleana Vals. : It occurs in Italy , Corsica and Sardinia . Genista dorycnifolia Font Quer ( Genista romanica (Prodan) Prodan ): It is endemic to the Balearic Islands . Genista ephedroides DC. : It occurs in Sardinia. Genista falcata bread. : It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula . Genista fasselata Decne. : It occurs in Israel and on the islands of Cyprus , Crete , Karpathos , Kasos and Gavdos . Genista ferox Poir. : It occurs in Algeria, Tunisia and Sardinia. Genista flagellaris Sommier & Levier : It occurs only in Georgia . Genista florida L .: There are three subspecies: Genista florida L. subsp. florida (Syn .: Genista polygalifolia DC. ): It occurs from the Iberian Peninsula to Morocco. Genista florida subsp. leptoclada (Spach) Cout. (Syn .: Genista leptoclada Spach ): It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula. Genista florida subsp. polygaliphylla (bread.) Cout. (Syn .: Genista polygaliphylla bread. ): It occurs from the Iberian Peninsula to France. Genista fukarekiana Micevski & E. Mayer : It occurs in the former Yugoslavia . Genista gasparrinii (cast.) C.Presl : It is endemic to Sicily. German gorse ( Genista germanica L. , Syn .: Genista heterocantha Schloss. & Vuk. , Genista spinosa Gilib. ): It is in Europe from France (including Corsica ), via Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, in the Switzerland , northern Italy , Austria , the former Czechoslovakia , the former Yugoslavia, Hungary , Bulgaria, Romania , Poland , Belarus , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , the European part of Russia up to Ukraine. Genista haenseleri Boiss. : It only occurs in Spain. Genista halacsyi hero dr . : It only occurs in Greece. Genista hassertiana (soon.) Buchegger : It occurs in former Yugoslavia, Albania and Greece. Genista hillebrandtii H.Christ : It occurs in the Canary Islands . Genista hirsuta Vahl (Syn .: Genista lanuginosa Spach ): There are two subspecies: Genista hirsuta subsp. erioclada (Spach) Raynaud (Syn .: Genista erioclada Spach , Genista erioclada subsp. atlantica (Spach) Maire ): It occurs in Algeria and Morocco. Genista hirsuta Vahl subsp. hirsuta : It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands . Genista hispanica L .: There are two subspecies: Genista hispanica L. subsp. hispanica (Syn .: Genista hispanica var. villosa Willk. ): It occurs in Spain and France. Genista hispanica subsp. occidentalis Rouy (Syn .: Genista occidentalis (Rouy) HJCoste ): It occurs in Spain and France. Genista holopetala (WDJKoch) Soon. : It occurs in the former Yugoslavia and in Italy. Genista humifusa L. (Syn .: Genista lipskyi Novopokr. & Schischk. , Genista sachokiana A.I.Kuth. ): This rare species occurs in the Caucasus . Genista hystrix Lange (Syn .: Genista polyanthos . Subsp hystrix (Lange) Franco ): There are two subspecies: Genista hystrix Lange subsp. hystrix : It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula. Genista hystrix subsp. legionensis (Pau) PEGibbs (Syn .: Genista aspalathoides var. legionensis Pau , Genista legionensis (Pau) M. Laínz ): It occurs only in Spain. Genista ifniensis Caball. (Syn .: Genista ferox subsp. Microphylla (Ball) Font Quer ): It occurs in Morocco. Genista involucrata Spach : It occurs in Turkey . Genista januensis Viv. (Syn .: Genista scariosa Viv. , Genista triangularis Willd. , Genista lydia var. Spathulata (Spach) Hayek ): It occurs in Italy, in the former Yugoslavia, in Bulgaria, Romania, Albania and Greece. Genista juzepczukii Tzvelev : It occurs only in the West Caucasus and in the Crimea . Genista kolakowskyi Sachokia : It only occurs in Georgia . Genista libanotica Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey and Lebanon. Genista linifolia L .: Depending on the author, there are about four subspecies: Genista linifolia L. subsp. linifolia : It occurs in Algeria, Morocco, in Spain including the Balearic Islands, in France and maybe in Italy. It is an invasive plant in Australia . Genista linifolia subsp. gomerae P.E. Gibbs & Dingwall : It occurs in the Canary Islands . Genista linifolia subsp. pallida (Poir.) Hanelt (Syn .: Genista splendens Webb & Berthel. ): It occurs in the Canary Islands. Genista linifolia subsp. teneriffae P.E. Gibbs & Dingwall : It occurs in the Canary Islands. Genista lobelii DC. : There are two subspecies: Genista lobelii DC. subsp. lobelii (Syn .: Genista aspalathoides subsp. erinaceoides (Loisel.) Maire ): It occurs only in France . Genista lobelii subsp. longipes (Pau) Heywood (Syn .: Genista longipes Pau ): It occurs in Morocco and Spain. Genista lucida Cambess. : It occurs in Spain including the Balearic Islands . Genista Lydia Boiss. (Syn .: Genista rhodopea Velen. , Genista rumelica Velen. ): It occurs in the former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey and from Syria to Lebanon. Genista maderensis (Webb & Berthel.) Lowe : It is endemic to Madeira . Genista majorica Cantó & MJSánchez (Syn .: Genista cinerea subsp. Leptoclada (Willk.) O.Bolòs & Molin. ): It is endemic to the Balearic Islands. Genista Melia Boiss. : It occurs in Greece. Genista michelii Spach : It occurs in Italy. Genista micrantha Ortega (Syn .: Genista broteroi Poir. Nom. Illeg.): It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula. Genista microcephala Coss. & Durieu : It occurs in Algeria and Tunisia. Genista microphylla DC. : It is endemic to the Canary Islands. Genista millii Boiss. (Syn .: Genista pontica (Zelen.) Juz. ): It occurs in Greece and the Ukraine as well as in the Crimea. Genista mingrelica Albov : It occurs in Azerbaijan , Armenia and Georgia. Montpellier gorse ( Genista monspessulana (L.) LASJohnson , Syn .: Genista candicans L. ): It is widespread in the Mediterranean and Western Asia. Genista morisii Colla : It is endemic to Sardinia. Genista mugronensis Vierh. (Syn .: Genista pumila subsp. Mugronensis (Vierh.) Rivas Mart. ): It occurs in Spain. Genista nissana Petrovič : It occurs in the former Yugoslavia. Genista numidica Spach : The four subspecies occur only in Algeria: Genista numidica Spach subsp. numidica Genista numidica subsp. filiramea (Pomel) Batt. (Syn .: Genista ischnoclada Pomel ) Genista numidica subsp. ischnoclada (Pomel) Batt. (Syn .: Genista ischnoclada Pomel ) Genista numidica subsp. sarotes (pomel) batt . (Syn .: Genista sarotes Pomel ) Genista obtusiramea Spach : It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula. Genista osmariensis Coss. : It occurs in Morocco. Genista oxycedrina Pomel : It occurs in Morocco. Genista paivae Lowe : It is endemic to Madeira. Genista parnassica Halácsy : It occurs in Greece including the Aegean islands. Hairy gorse or heather gorse ( Genista pilosa L. , Genista decumbens (Durande) Willd. , Genista repens Lam. ): It is common in Europe. Genista polyanthos Willk. : It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula. Genista pseudopilosa Coss. : It occurs in Algeria, Morocco and Spain. Genista pulchella Vis. (Syn .: Genista villarsii Clementi ): It occurs in France, Albania and in the former Yugoslavia. Genista quadriflora Munby : It occurs in Algeria and Morocco. Ball gorse or ray gorse ( Genista radiata (L.) Scop. ): It is widespread in France, Austria , Switzerland, Italy, the former Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece and Romania. Genista ramosissima (Desf.) Poir. (Syn .: Genista cinerea subsp. Ramosissima (Desf.) Quézel & Santa ): It occurs in Algeria, Morocco and Spain. Common winged gorse ( Genista sagittalis L. , Syn .: Genista delphinensis Verl. , Genistella sagittalis (L.) Gams ): This endangered species is widespread in Europe. Genista sakellariadis Boiss. & Orph. : It occurs in Greece. Salzmann's gorse ( Genista salzmannii DC. ): It occurs in Italy, on Corsica and Sardinia. Genista sanabrensis Valdés Berm. & al. : It occurs in Spain. Genista sandrasica Hartvig & Strid : It occurs in Turkey. Genista sardoa Vals. (Syn .: Genista acanthoclada subsp. Sardoa Vals. ): It is endemic to Sardinia. Genista scorpius (L.) DC. : There are three subspecies: Genista scorpius (L.) DC. subsp. scorpius : It occurs in France and Spain. Genista scorpius subsp. intermedia Emb. & Maire : It occurs only in Morocco. Genista scorpius subsp. myriantha (Ball) Maire (Syn .: Genista myriantha Ball ): It occurs only in Morocco. Genista scythica Pacz. : It occurs in southern Russia, Ukraine and Crimea . Genista segonnei (Maire) PEGibbs : It occurs only in Morocco. Genista sericea Wulfen : It occurs in Italy, in the former Yugoslavia, Albania and Greece. Genista sessilifolia DC. (Syn .: Genista trifoliolata Janka ): It occurs in the former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. Genista × spachiana Webb (Syn .: Genista fragrans hort.): It is only known from culture and some species are involved in the development of this hybrid . Rush-leaved gorse ( Genista spartioides Spach ) (Syn .: Genista retamoides Coss. ): There are two subspecies: Genista spartioides Spach subsp. spartioides (Syn .: Genista spartioides subsp. retamoides (Spach) Maire ): It occurs in Algeria and Spain. Genista spartioides subsp. pseudoretamoides Maire : It occurs in Algeria and Morocco. Genista spinulosa Pomel : Little is known about it and it appears only in Algeria. Genista stenopetala Webb & Berthel. : It occurs in the Canary Islands. Genista suanica Schischk. ex Grossh. (Syn .: Genista adzharica Popov , Genista glaberrima Novopokr. ): This rare species is endemic to Georgia. Genista subcapitata Pančić : It occurs in the former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania and Greece. Genista sulcitana Vals. : It only occurs in Sardinia. Genista Sylvestris Scop. : There are some varieties or subspecies, depending on the author: Genista sylvestris subsp. dalmatica (Bartl.) H. Lindb. (Syn .: Genista dalmatica Bartl. , Genista sylvestris var. Dalmatica (Bartl.) H. Lindb. ): It occurs in the former Yugoslavia and in Albania . Genista Sylvestris Scop. subsp. sylvestris : It occurs in Italy, in the former Yugoslavia and in Albania. Genista taurica Dubovik : This endemic occurs only in the Crimea . Genista tejedensis (Porto & Rigo) C.Vicioso : It occurs only in Spain. Soft gorse ( Genista tenera (Jacq.) Kuntze , Syn .: Genista virgata Link ): It is endemic to Madeira . It is used as an ornamental plant. Genista teretifolia Willk. : It only occurs in Spain. Genista tetragona Besser : This endangered species is endemic to the Dniester basin in Moldova and southern Ukraine. Genista thyrrena Vals. : It occurs in Italy including Sicily. Dyer's gorse ( Genista tinctoria L. , Syn .: Genista patula M.Bieb. , Genista tinctoria var. Elata (Wender.) Asch. & Graebn. ) (Syn .: Genista alpestris Bertol. , Genista anxantica Ten. , Genista borysthenica Kotov , Genista campestris Janka , Genista donetzica Kotov , Genista elata Wender. , Genista elatior W.DJKoch , Genista humilis Ten. , Genista hungarica A.Kern. , Genista lasiocarpa Spach , Genista mantica Pollini , Genista marginata Besser , Genista mayeri Janka , Genista oligosperma (Andrae) Simonk. , Genista ovata Waldst. & Kit. , Genista patula M.Bieb. , Genista perreymondii Loisel. , Genista ptilophylla Spach , Genista pubescens Láng , Genista rupestris Schur , Genista sibirica L. , Genista tanaitica P.A.Smirn. , Genista tenuifolia Loisel. , Genista virgata Willd. , Genista tinctoria subsp. oligosperma Andrae , Genista tinctoria var. campestris (Janka) Morariu , Genista tinctoria var. oligosperma Andrae ): There are some varieties depending on the author or subspecies, this will con trovers discussed. It is widespread in Eurasia and was grown as a dye plant. Genista toluensis Vals. : It only occurs in Sardinia. Genista tournefortii Spach (Syn .: Genista decipiens Spach , Genista welwitschii Spach ): It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula and in Morocco. Genista transcaucasica Shishk. (Syn .: Genista dracunculoides Spach ): It occurs in Azerbaijan , Armenia and Georgia . Genista triacanthos bread. (Syn .: Genista scorpioides Spach , Genista winkleri Lange ): There are two subspecies: Genista triacanthos bread. subsp. triacanthos : It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, northern Algeria and Morocco. Genista triacanthos subsp. vepres (Pomel) PEGibbs (Syn .: Genista vepres Pomel ): It occurs only in Algeria. Genista tricuspidata Desf. : There are subspecies: Genista tricuspidata subsp. duriaei (Spach) Batt. : It occurs in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. Genista tricuspidata Desf. subsp. tricuspidata Genista tridens (Cav.) DC. (Syn .: Genista gibraltarica DC. ): It occurs in Spain and Morocco. Genista tridentata L. (Syn .: Genista tridentata subsp. Riphaea (Pau & Font cross) Greuter ): There are several subspecies (selection): Genista tridentata L. subsp. tridentata : It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula. Genista tridentata subsp. cantabrica (Spach) Nyman (Syn .: Genista cantabrica Spach ): It occurs only in Spain. Genista tridentata subsp. lasiantha (Spach) Greuter (Syn .: Genista lasiantha Spach ): It occurs in Spain and Morocco. Genista tridentata subsp. stenoptera (Spach) Nyman (Syn .: Genista stenoptera Spach ): It occurs only in Spain. Genista ulicina Spach : It occurs in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. Genista umbellata (L'Hér.) Poir. : There are two subspecies: Genista umbellata (L'Hér.) Poir. subsp. umbellata : It occurs in southern Spain, northern Algeria and Morocco. Genista umbellata subsp. equisetiformis (Spach) Rivas Goday & Rivas Mart. (Syn .: Genista equisetiformis Spach ): It occurs only in Spain. Genista valentina (explosive) Steud. (Syn .: Genista oretana Willk. , Genista cinerea subsp. Valentina (Spreng.) Rivas Mart. ): It occurs only in Spain. Genista verae Juz. : It only occurs in the Crimea . Genista versicolor Boiss. : The two subspecies are only found in Spain: Genista versicolor Boiss. subsp. versicolor Genista versicolor subsp. pumila (Hervier) Fern. Casas (Syn .: Genista baetica var. Pumila Hervier , Genista pumila (Hervier) Vierh. )

Danger

Some Genista species are listed in the IUCN's Red List of Endangered Species : Genista ancistrocarpa (Status: Endangered = endangered), Genista angustifolia (insufficient data are available), Genista benehoavensis (Status: Vulnerable = endangered), Genista dorycnifolia (insufficient data are available), Genista fasselata (status: Least Concern = not endangered), Genista ferox (status: Least Concern = not endangered), Genista holopetala (insufficient data are available), Genista maderensis (status: Least Concern = not endangered), Genista parnassica (insufficient data are available), Genista pseudopilosa (status: Least Concern = not endangered), Genista sagittalis (Status: Least Concern = not endangered), Genista tenera (Status: Least Concern), Genista tetragona (Status: Vulnerable = endangered).

use

The varieties of some species, for example Genista aetnensis , Genista falcata , Genista hispanica , Genista horrida , Genista lydia , Genista linifolia , Genista monspessulana , Genista pilosa , Genista stenopetala , Genista tenera , Genista tinctoria , are used as ornamental plants. They are used, for example, as ground cover and low hedges. There are also some hybrids such as Genista × spachiana .

The dyer's gorse ( Genista tinctoria ) was grown as a dyer's plant. The yellow dye from the flowers was mixed with the blue dye from the woad to produce the green textile " Kendal green". Also Genista germanica was used for dyeing.

In addition to Genista tinctoria , other Genista species were also used to produce fibers.

The medical effects of some Genista species, such as Genista germanica , Genista hispanica , were investigated.

Essential oils for perfume production are obtained from the flowers of some Genista species . The use of Genista species as a coffee substitute and spice is reported. The flower buds of Genista tinctoria are pickled and used as a substitute for capers .

Trivia

The shrub under which the biblical prophet Elijah lay down to sleep in his desperation (1 Kings 19: 5) was a type of gorse that occurs in the Middle East. Martin Luther mistakenly translated the Hebrew ROTEM to mean juniper , which was retained up to and including the revision of the Luther Bible in 1984. It was not until the revised edition from 2017 that the juniper was replaced by gorse . In contrast, the German translation of the Bible by Ludwig Philippson mentioned the genus gorse bush as early as 1848 .

Web links

Commons : Gorse ( Genista )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

• Datasheet from Tela Botanica .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Salvador Talavera: Genista. In: Flora Iberica. Volume 7, 1999, p. 54 ff. (PDF)
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Peter E. Gibbs: Genista L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1968, ISBN 0-521-06662-X , pp. 94-100 (English).
3. ↑ Dinesh K. Maheshwari, Meenu Saraf and Abhinav Aeron: Bacteria in Biology Agro Crop Productivity Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3642372414 .
4. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum . Volume 2, 1753, p. 709. ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
5. ^ Genista at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 16, 2015.
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Genista in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Legumes of the World online = LOWO des Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ( Memento of the original from December 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff} data from ILDIS World Database of Legumes. 2010: Genista In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
9. ^ Peter E. Gibbs: A revision of the genus Genista L. In: Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Volume 27, 1966, pp. 11-99.
10. ↑ DM Percy, QCB Cronk: Different fates of island brooms: contrasting evolution in Adenocarpus, Genista and Teline (Genisteae, Fabaceae) in the Canary Islands and Madeira. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 89, 2002, pp. 854-864.
11. ↑ Cristina Pardo, Paloma Cubas, Hikmat Tahiri: Molecular phylogeny of Genista (Leguminosae) and related genera based on nucleotide sequences of nrDNA (ITS region) and cpDNA (trnL-trnF intergenic spacer). In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 244, 2004, pp. 93-119.
12. ↑ World Database of Legumes - International Legume Database Information Service = ILDIS, Version 10.38 of July 20, 2010.
13. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
14. ^ ^{A b} Search for "Genista" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
15. ↑ ^{a b c d} Entries on Genista at Plants For A Future
16. ↑ ^{a b} Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein pp. 398–399).
17. ↑ Cf. https://www.die-bibel.de/bibeln/online-bibeln/lutherbibel-1984/bibeltext/bibel/text/lesen/?tx_bibelmodul_bibletext%5Bscripture%5D=1.+k%C3%B6nige+19 with https://www.die-bibel.de/bibeln/online-bibeln/lutherbibel-2017/bibeltext/bibel/text/lesen/?tx_bibelmodul_bibletext%5Bscripture%5D=1.+k%C3%B6nige+19 .
18. ↑ Ludwig Philippson (ed.): The Israelite Bible - Second Part: The Prophets. Contains: the holy original text, the German translation, the general, detailed explanation with more than 500 English woodcuts. 2nd edition Leipzig 1858.

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