Arum

Arum
	Fruit stands of the Eastern Arum ( Arum orientale subsp. Orientale ) with ripe and unripe berries
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Frog-spoon-like (Alismatales)
Family :	Arum family (Araceae)
Subfamily :	Aroideae
Genre :	Arum
Scientific name
	Arum
	L.

Arum ( Arum ) is a plant kind from the family of the arum family (Araceae). Arum is one of two genera from this largely tropical family of plants that also occur in Central Europe . The areas range from North Africa through Europe to Central Asia. They grow mainly in demanding mixed deciduous forests and bushes. In 2019, Arum was named Poisonous Plant of the Year .

Surname

The Arum tree owes its name to the biblical figure of Aaron , whose staff turned green as a sign of his election as high priest when it was placed “in front of the covenant testimony” in the tent sanctuary ( Num 17 EU ).

description

Illustration of the spotted arum ( Arum maculatum )

Appearance and leaves

Arum species grow as seasonal green, perennial herbaceous plants . These geophytes form tubers as persistence organs. There are several lower leaves (cataphylls). The two basal leaves are divided into leaf sheath, petiole and leaf blade. The simple leaf blades have a spike-like to arrow-shaped shape and imperforate leaf margins.

Generative characteristics

Arum species are single sexed ( monoecious ). The inflorescence typical of the Araceae consists of an inflorescence stem, spathe and cobs. The piston (spadix) is shorter than the individual cone-shaped bract ( spathe ). The male part of the inflorescence is shorter than the female. Between the fertile male and female flowers sit one to six rows of sterile flowers that curve downwards. There are no bracts . The male flowers consist of only three to four stamens .

The flowers are pollinated by flies and mosquitoes, which are attracted by the intense smell (of carrion). Due to the shape of the flower, which is also known as a fly kettle trap, an insect that has been attracted will always reach the pistil, which ensures that the pollen is safely transferred .

The obovate berries are red when ripe and contain some seeds. The seeds have endosperm .

Cretan Arum ( Arum creticum )

Southeastern arum ( Arum cylindraceum )

Arum hygrophilum

Black Arum ( Arum nigrum )

Arum palaestinum

Systematics

The genus Arum was in 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum erected . Type species is Arum maculatum L. The genus Arum belongs to the tribe Areae in the subfamily Aroideae within the family Araceae .

species

Currently, the following 28 Arum species (be Arum ) recognized:

Arum alpinariae (Alpinar & RRMill) PCBoyce , occurs only in northwest Anatolia in the province of Bolu .
Arum apulum (Carano) PCBoyce , occurs only in the Italian region of Apulia .
Arum balansanum R.R.Mill , occurs only in Western Anatolia.
Arum betterianum Schott , occurs in southern Poland and the Ukraine .
Arum byzantinum flower , occurs in European Turkey and northwestern Anatolia.
Arum concinnatum Schott (Syn .: Arum nickelii Schott ), occurs in southern Greece, Crete, western Anatolia and Cyprus.
Cretan arum ( Arum creticum Boiss. & Heldr. ), Occurs from Crete to southwest Anatolia.
Southeastern arum ( Arum cylindraceum Gasp. ), Is divided into two subspecies:
- Arum cylindraceum Gasp. subsp. cylindraceum (Syn .: Arum alpinum Schott & Kotschy , Arum maculatum subsp. danicum Prime ), occurs in southern Europe eastward to northwestern Anatolia and extends in central Europe to Denmark and southern Sweden.
- Arum cylindraceum subsp. pitsyllianum Hadjik., Hand & G.Mans. , is described as endemic to Cyprus in 2011 .
Arum cyrenaicum Hruby , occurs in northeast Libya and southwest Crete.
Dioscorides arum ( Arum dioscoridis Sm. ), Is a variable species that is widespread from the East Aegean Islands to Israel. One can distinguish four varieties.
Arum elongatum Steven , is distributed from the eastern Balkan Peninsula to the western Caucasus.
Arum gratum Schott , occurs in Central Anatolia, West Syria and North Lebanon .
Arum hainesii Riedl , occurs only in eastern Iraq.
Arum hygrophilum Boiss. , has a disjoint area in northeast Morocco , eastern Cyprus, northern Turkey, and from southwest Syria to western Jordan. With two subspecies:
- Arum hygrophilum subsp. hygrophilum
- Arum hygrophilum subsp. euxinum (RRMill) Alpinar (Syn .: Arum euxinum R.R.Mill ): It occurs in northern Turkey.
Arum idaeum Coustur. & Gand. , is limited in its distribution to the mountains of Crete.
Italian arum ( Arum italicum Mill. ), Is divided into four subspecies:
- Arum italicum subsp. albispathum (Steven ex Ledeb.) Prime (Syn .: Arum albispathum Steven ex Ledeb. ): Occurs in the Crimea and from northeast Anatolia to the Caucasus.
- Arum italicum subsp. canariense (Webb & Berthel.) PCBoyce (Syn .: Arum canariense Webb & Berthel. ): occurs in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands.
- Arum italicum subsp. italicum , occurs from the Mediterranean region eastwards to Iraq as well as in Great Britain and Switzerland .
- Arum italicum subsp. neglectum (F.Towns.) Prime , occurs in southern Great Britain, western France , northwestern Spain, and Morocco and Algeria.
Arum jacquemontii flower (Syn .: Arum griffithii Schott ), occurs from northeastern Iran to Central Asia and western Nepal .
Arum korolkowii rule , occurs in Central Asia , Iran and Afghanistan , is absent in China.
Arum lucanum Cavara & Grande , occurs in southern Italy and Albania .
Spotted arum ( Arum maculatum L. ), occurs in central and southern Europe eastward to northern Anatolia and the western Caucasus.
Arum megobrebi Lobin, M.Neumann, Bogner & PCBoyce , is common in Anatolia and Transcaucasia .
Black arum ( Arum nigrum Schott) , occurs on the northwestern Balkan peninsula and in northern Greece .
Eastern arum ( Arum orientale M.Bieb. ), Is divided into two subspecies:
- Arum orientale subsp. longispathum (Rchb.) Engl. , occurs on the northwestern Balkan Peninsula .
- Arum orientale subsp. orientale , occurs from eastern Central Europe to the western Caucasus region.
Arum palaestinum Boiss. , occurs from western Syria and Lebanon to Jordan .
Arum pictum L.f. , occurs in the Balearic Islands , Sardinia , Corsica and Montecristo , blooms in autumn.
Arum purpureospathum P.C.Boyce , is endemic to southwest Crete .
Arum rupicola Boiss. : It occurs in two varieties from the East Aegean island of Lesbos to Iran and Israel .
Arum sintenisii (Engl.) PCBoyce , occurs only in northeastern Cyprus .
Arum × sooi Terpo = Arum cylindraceum × Arum maculatum

Structure below the genus

The species of the genus Arum are divided into the following sub-genera, sections and subsections:

Subgenus Arum
- Arum section :
  - Arum byzantinum , Arum concinnatum , Arum italicum , Arum maculatum , Arum megobrebi
- Section Dioscoridea (Engler) PCBoyce :
  - Subsection Alpina P.C.Boyce :
    - Arum cylindraceum
  - Subsection Cretica (Engler) PCBoyce :
    - Arum creticum , Arum idaeum
  - Subsection Dischroochiton Schott
    - Arum alpinariae , Arum apulum , Arum balansanum , Arum betterianum , Arum cyrenaicum , Arum elongatum , Arum gratum , Arum hainesii , Arum lucanum , Arum nigrum , Arum orientale , Arum purpureospathum . Arum sintenisii
  - Subsection Hygrophila P.C.Boyce
    - Arum euxinum , Arum hygrophilum
  - Sub-section Poeciloporphyrochiton Schott
    - Arum dioscoridis , Arum palaestinum
  - Subsection Tenuifila (Engler) PCBoyce
    - Arum jacquemontii , Arum korolkowii , Arum rupicola
Subgenus Gymnomesium (Schott) Engler (Syn .: Gymnomesium Schott )
- Arum pictum

Some species that were previously classified in the genus Arum now belong to other genera:

Arum cornutum (trade name for) → Helicodiceros muscivorus
Arum guttatum Salisb. (often as a trade name for) → Dracunculus vulgaris
Arum guttatum Wall. → Typhonium venosum
Arum proboscideum L. → Arisarum proboscideum (L.) Savi
Arum venosum Dryand. ex Aiton → Typhonium venosum

Poisonous plant

All parts of the plant are poisonous and contain large amounts of oxalate , as well as volatile pungent substances such as the bitter saponin aroin and the alkaloid coniin . Even just touching the plant can cause reddening of the skin and blistering. After eating parts of the plant, especially the red, sweet-tasting berries, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea can set in. Swelling of the lips and inflammation of the oral mucous membranes with painful burning sensation on the tongue and in the throat can also result. Symptoms usually appear within 5 to 25 minutes. If you chew the triangular leaves, the oxalate creates a prick on the tongue. Fatal poisoning from eating the leaves in spring was observed in grazing cattle in particular. Because of the pleasantly sweet taste, poisoning in children by the red berries is also common. It is reported in the literature that shock deaths occurred in collapse. The absorption of toxins can be prevented or reduced by giving medicinal charcoal or liquid. The toxicity of the berries can vary considerably depending on the location and degree of ripeness. Boiling and drying make the plant lose its toxicity.

swell

literature

Heng Li, Peter C. Boyce: Arum. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 , pp. 33 (English, PDF file ).
Wilbert LA Hetterscheid: Arum . International Aroid Society.
Yasin J. Nasir: Flora of West Pakistan 120: Araceae . Stewart Herbarium, Rawalpindi 1978, p. 6 (English, online ).

Individual evidence

↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 964, digitized .
^ ^A ^b Arum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Arum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 12, 2018.
↑ Ralf Hand, GN Hadjikyriakou, CS Christodoulou (ed.): Flora of Cyprus - a dynamic checklist. Berlin from 2011 (continuously updated). Entry for Arum concinnatum , accessed September 11, 2013.
^ Nicholas J. Turland, Lance Chilton, J. Robert Press: Flora of the Cretan Area. Annotated Checklist and Atlas . The Natural History Museum and HMSO, London 1993, ISBN 0-11-310043-4 , pp. 158-159, 369-370 (English).
^ Heng Li, Peter C. Boyce: Arum. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 , pp. 33 (English, PDF file ).
^ ^A ^b Wolfram Lobin, Michael Neumann, Josef Bogner, Peter C. Boyce .: A new Arum species (Areae, Araceae) from NE Turkey and Georgia. In: Willdenowia. Volume 37, No. 2, 2007, pp. 445-449, DOI: 10.3372 / wi.37.37206 .
^ Sandro Pignatti (ed.): Flora d'Italia . Vol. 3. Edagricole, Bologna 2003, ISBN 88-506-2449-2 , pp. 627 (third unaltered reprint of the 1st edition from 1982).
↑ Peter C. Boyce: The genus Arum (A Kew Magazine Monograph). HMSO, London 1993, ISBN 0-11-250085-4 .
^ ^A ^b Wolfram Buff, Klaus von der Dunk: Poisonous plants in nature and the garden . 2nd revised edition. Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-489-55222-9 , pp. 239-243 .
↑ Poison Control Center Bonn .

Web links

Commons : Arum ( Arum ) - collection of images, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Arum - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

[SpPl-1] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 964, digitized .

[GRIN-2] A ^b Arum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[WCSP-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Arum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 12, 2018.

[Hand-4] Ralf Hand, GN Hadjikyriakou, CS Christodoulou (ed.): Flora of Cyprus - a dynamic checklist. Berlin from 2011 (continuously updated). Entry for Arum concinnatum , accessed September 11, 2013.

[TCP-5] Nicholas J. Turland, Lance Chilton, J. Robert Press: Flora of the Cretan Area. Annotated Checklist and Atlas . The Natural History Museum and HMSO, London 1993, ISBN 0-11-310043-4 , pp. 158-159, 369-370 (English).

[FOC-6] Heng Li, Peter C. Boyce: Arum. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 , pp. 33 (English, PDF file ).

[Lobin+al2007-7] A ^b Wolfram Lobin, Michael Neumann, Josef Bogner, Peter C. Boyce .: A new Arum species (Areae, Araceae) from NE Turkey and Georgia. In: Willdenowia. Volume 37, No. 2, 2007, pp. 445-449, DOI: 10.3372 / wi.37.37206 .

[Pignatti-8] Sandro Pignatti (ed.): Flora d'Italia . Vol. 3. Edagricole, Bologna 2003, ISBN 88-506-2449-2 , pp. 627 (third unaltered reprint of the 1st edition from 1982).

[Boyce1993-9] Peter C. Boyce: The genus Arum (A Kew Magazine Monograph). HMSO, London 1993, ISBN 0-11-250085-4 .

[BuffDunk-10] A ^b Wolfram Buff, Klaus von der Dunk: Poisonous plants in nature and the garden . 2nd revised edition. Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-489-55222-9 , pp. 239-243 .

[Giftzentrale-11] Poison Control Center Bonn .