lily of the valley

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lily of the valley
Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis)

Lily of the valley ( Convallaria majalis )

Systematics
Monocots
Order : Lily-like (Liliales)
Family : Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae)
Genre : Convallaria
Type : lily of the valley
Scientific name
Convallaria majalis
L.

The lily of the valley ( Convallaria majalis ) is a species of the species-poor genus Convallaria in the lily family (Liliaceae). The common name Maieriesli is also used in German-speaking Switzerland . It was voted poisonous plant of the year in 2014.

description

leaves
illustration
Flowers on a stalk with a bract
Fruit cluster

Appearance

The lily of the valley is a perennial, herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 10 to 30 cm. It has a rhizome that is up to 50 cm deep as a storage and persistence organ and is therefore counted among the rhizome geophytes . The relatively thin, creeping and runners-like rhizome branches out monopodially . The above-ground shoots therefore each form behind the tip of the rhizome. With the help of their initially conical shape, the young shoots break through the ground in spring. The otherwise unleaved, upright growing and angular stalk usually has two leaves at its base in a rolled bud layer , which envelop it in a sheath.

leaf

The lily of the valley shows two to three leaves that arise directly from the rhizome. They are divided into a stem-like, a pseudo-stem forming leaf sheath and the leaf blade. The length of the sheath is about 4 to 30 centimeters. The entire leaf blade is glabrous. Their length varies between 12 and 20 centimeters, the width is between 2.5 and 5 centimeters. It is broadly lanceolate in shape and ends in a short, pointed tip of the leaf. The top and bottom of the leaf are dark green in color, the top of the leaf is clearly shiny. Towards the base of the leaf, the leaf narrows into the pseudo-stem, whereby the stem-like sheath of the lower-standing leaf encloses that of the higher-standing leaf in a sheath-like manner. In addition, several membranous lower leaves encompassing each other separate the base of the false stems.

Inflorescence and flower

Between March and June, five to ten nodding, broad-bellied flowers develop in a more or less one-sided racemose inflorescence . Each flower stands over a membranous, 4 to 20 mm long, lanceolate bract , which is about half as long as the 5 to 11 mm long pedicel and envelops this at the base. The characteristic, intensely sweet scent that attracts potential pollinators is characteristic of the lily of the valley flowers. The aromatic aldehyde bourgeonal is decisive for the fragrance note . The pure white flower envelope of the lily of the valley has a uniform design and, as is widespread in the subfamily Nolinoideae , not divided into calyx and crown . The six 5 to 9 mm long tepals, apart from their six short, 1 to 3 mm long, bent-back tips, are almost completely fused together in a bell-shaped manner. The tepals are covered with microscopic glands. The perigone is mostly pure white, rare specimens have six purple-violet spots inside where the stamens are inserted (var. Picta Wilczek ). The flower of the lily of the valley is hermaphrodite , i. i.e., it contains stamens and carpels in a flower. There are two circles with three fertile stamens each free from one another. The short, mostly slightly reddish colored stamens are fused with the base of the bracts and do not protrude beyond them. The yellow, elongated to lanceolate anthers have two counters. They open on both sides from top to bottom with a longitudinal gap to release the pollen . Three carpels are fused to form a round, upper, three- chamber ovary. Each ovary chamber contains four to eight ovules . The short, thick, straight stylus closes off a small, weakly three-lobed to capricious scar . The stylus does not protrude beyond the flower envelope.

Fruit and seeds

With a diameter of six to twelve millimeters, the three- faced, spherical berries turn bright red when ripe. They contain pulp and one to five seeds. The yellow to light brown seeds are about three to four millimeters long and almost spherical to angular in shape. They require cold to germinate and are considered short-lived.

Chromosome number

The basic chromosome number is x = 19. In wild plants there is a diploid chromosome set of 2n = 38.

ecology

From an ecological point of view, the lily of the valley is a bellflower with a sprinkler. The lily of the valley does not offer any nectar, but has a sap-rich tissue at the base of the ovary that can be pierced. The pollination via insects, with bees emerge as main pollinators in appearance. The lily of the valley has two strategies for promoting cross-pollination. On the one hand, the flowers of the lily of the valley - distributed among different individuals - develop styles of different lengths, which is botanically known as heterostyly and, in relation to the individual plant, is intended to prevent pollination of the flowers among one another. On the other hand, the anthers mature within the same flower before the stigmas. This strategy - called proterandry in botany - is intended to avoid pollination of the individual flower with itself. Nevertheless, self-pollination also leads to fruit set in the lily of the valley .

The lily of the valley uses several mechanisms of propagation ( polychory ). The fruits, red berries , develop in summer and are spread by animals, which excrete their yellowish and pear-shaped seeds. Blackbird and red thrush ( bird spread ) in particular contribute to the endochoric spread. As a popular garden and cemetery plant (conscious seed propagation by humans: ethelochory ), the lily of the valley succeeds in spreading from these cultivated locations into the surrounding area. The lily of the valley uses the possibility of vegetative self- propagation through its rhizome even more often .

Diseases

The lily of the valley is attacked by the rust fungus Puccinia sessilis var. Sessilis with spermogonia and aecia .

Toxicity

The lily of the valley is classified as very toxic overall. All parts of the plant are poisonous, especially the flowers and fruits . 38 glycosides were found in the plant, which can be derived from 9 aglyca. Main active ingredients: convallatoxin , convallatoxol , convallosid and desglucocheirotoxin . Symptoms of poisoning: Skin and eye irritation occurs on external contact with the plant. When ingested, nausea, diarrhea, cardiac arrhythmias, dizziness and tightness in the chest occur. First high blood pressure and rapid pulse occur, later decreased blood pressure, very slow and deep breathing and finally cardiac arrest. After consuming one to five berries, sinus arrhythmias were observed at most briefly, mostly no symptoms. In the case of larger amounts, the same treatment as for cardiac glycoside poisoning is necessary.

Children are particularly at risk from berries, flowers and leaves. If parts of the plant are ingested, the poison control center or a doctor should be consulted. With the lily of the valley z. B. Wild garlic confused again and again when collecting. The typical garlic smell of wild garlic distinguishes both. Serious poisoning of animals can occur in forest fattening . Poultry is also at risk.

Occurrence

Distribution map of Convallaria : 1. Convallaria majalis L., 2. Convallaria keiskei , 3. Convallaria pseudomajalis

The lily of the valley is widespread in almost all of Europe up to the Caucasus. It is considered naturalized in North America . In southern Europe, its populations are usually limited to mountain areas. Other species of the genus Convallaria are native to East Asia and North America, cultivated forms of the lily of the valley, such as. B. the pale pink flowering variety 'Rosea' are distributed worldwide.

In the mountains, the lily of the valley is native to altitudes of 1900 meters on mountain mats , scree slopes and in light bushes . In the Allgäu Alps, in the Tyrolean part of the Lachenkopf near the Jöchelspitze , it rises up to 1,820 meters above sea level.

The lily of the valley prefers warm climates and partially shaded locations. It thrives on both calcareous and acidic soils. In very shady forest locations, the plant often only forms leaves, but no flowers. The spread here is mainly vegetative via the root runners. The lily of the valley germinates on gauze soil and is dependent on root fungi .

The gregarious growing lily of the valley is considered a class character species of the beech and deciduous oak forests of Europe. In dry to slightly moist, sparse deciduous forests , especially in beech and oak forests of medium species diversity and sparse pine forests , it often forms dense stands. It also occurs in societies of the subalpine high grassland association, subalpine riding grass lawns ( Calamagrostion arundinaceae ). The lily of the valley is a characteristic of the lily of the valley hazel bushes ( Convallario-Coryletum ), an association that belongs to the association of heat -loving bushes ( Berberidion ). The shrubbery, previously only known from the Swiss Jura , is dominated by the hazel and is developing as a pioneer society on the limestone soils of potentially natural maple-linden forests. It usually colonizes high colline to montane locations and appears there as a forest mantle. In addition to the characteristic species hazel and lily of the valley, common ivy ( Hedera helix ), alpine buckthorn ( Rhamnus alpina ) and especially the (sub) Mediterranean species such as common pimpernut ( Staphylea pinnata ), black vetch ( Hippocrepis emerus ) and common groundweed ( Tamus communis ) the diagnostic clans.

Systematics

With Convallaria majalis as type species of the genus has been Convallaria by 1753 Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 1, pp 314-316 first published . The specific epithet majalis refers to the month of May.

  • Lily of the valley ( Convallaria majalis L.): With two varieties:
    • Convallaria majalis var. Majalis
    • Convallaria majalis var. Transcaucasica (Utkin ex Grossh.) Knorring (Syn .: Convallaria transcaucasica Utkin ex Grossh. )

history

"Meyenblůmlin" - Convallaria majalis . Otto Brunfels 1532. Further historical images:

The lily of the valley was first mentioned as a medicinal plant in Gabriel von Lebenstein's treatise “From the burned waters”, the oldest known textual witness of which dates from the 1st quarter of the 15th century. In it, the lily of the valley was described as a Mary flower: “Lilium convalium. Vn aucher Libe Fraw also spoke in the puch der Libe: I pin a plvm of the valley and also of the green forest. ”Lebenstein attributed the following healing effects to the water made from lily of the valley flowers:

  • General effect when used internally: prevention of “high sick days” (cannot be interpreted with certainty), strengthens the heart and all human organs.
  • Internal use: against weakness in labor, paralysis after a stroke ("beaten by paraliß"), loss of speech, dropsy, pain in the loin, menstrual cramps, skin diseases ("ausseczig"), urination disorders, "laziness" of the liver, respiratory disease - pulmonary emphysema (" Lung growth "), hoarseness, swelling of the throat.
  • External use: against reddening of the eyes, inflammation of the male genitals, hereditary grind on the head, gray hair, foul smell from nose and mouth.

In the little book on burnt-out waters attributed to Michael Puff from Schrick , Lebensstein's indications were repeated in a more streamlined form and supplemented by the statement "anti-toxic". In the Mainz Garden of Health of 1485, Erhard Reuwich depicted the lily of the valley true to life. The text mentioned the fragrant flowers, compared the leaves with the plantain leaves and described the production of a distillate from the flowers:

“Di ble blomen ſynt beſſer an irer krafft wan das krut. And the roots beer then the blomen. Item nym diſſer blomen eyn half phunt and thu darvber gůten lutern wyn vnd let them be in for four weeks. Then ſeyge den wyn abe vnd diſtillier den durch eyn elembig five times. Diſſer wyn alſo diſtillieret is beſſer dan golt. Who do wyn miſchet with vi. pepper grains and a little lavender water the darff ich not provide for the same month for the ſlage. "

Even in small Destillierbuch of Hieronymus Brunschwig , as well as in the herb books of the fathers of botany , the lily of the valley was mentioned.

Until the middle of the 19th century, the lily of the valley was neglected by conventional medicine, but then - emerging from Russian folk medicine - rediscovered and used as a substitute for the digitalis and the scilla for heart muscle weakness with water congestion. In 1858 the Heidelberg pharmacologist Georg Friedrich Walz prepared the glycosides "convallamarin" and "convallarin" from the lily of the valley . In 1867 Wilhelm Marmé from Göttingen carried out animal experiments with "convallamarin", proved its cardiac effect, determined the dose that was lethal for dogs and classified it among the digitaloids a. He recognized convallarin as a laxative and eliminated it for heart therapy.

use

Ornamental plant cultivation

The lily of the valley is particularly suitable as an ornamental plant in the garden for groups of trees and shady borders. It prefers partially shaded locations. A compost layer in autumn is recommended.

The lily of the valley is also grown as a cut flower and potted plant. In the case of vegetative reproduction by dividing the rhizomes, it should be noted that in the first year, when the "eye" sprouts, only leaves are formed; the flowers only develop in the second year. A trained eye recognizes vegetative and flowering rhizome parts, they have to be sorted accordingly so that only flowering rhizome parts come into the " forcing ". Lily of the valley can also be found in many parks and gardens.

The town of Drossen (today Ośno Lubuskie , Poland) was known as the "May flower town" until 1945 because of the lily of the valley breeding there. Today's cultivation area is the Elbmarsch community near Hamburg. The flower oil of the lily of the valley is often added to perfumes.

medicine

The dried aboveground parts of the plant are used as medicinal drugs; mostly from related species such as Convallaria keiskei MIQ.

The active ingredients are steroid glycosides (about 40 cardenolides ) with an effect on the heart , especially convallatoxin , convallatoxol , convalloside , locundjoside , desglucocheirotoxin ; Steroid- saponins , flavonoids .

Applications: The use of the drug itself is not justifiable because of its toxicity, only the powder adjusted to a certain active value of convallatoxin (k-strophanthidine) or corresponding extracts or pure glycosides are used against slight heart muscle weakness, for age-related complaints and to flush out heart-related water accumulations.

The preparations often contain extracts of other drugs that have an effect on the heart, such as Adonis herb, sea onion, or oleander leaves, and occasionally hawthorn with a completely different active composition.

The lily of the valley as a motif

In the fine arts

Copernicus with a lily of the valley in his hand
The paradise garden with lilies of the valley on the lower left of the picture

It used to be common for eminent physicians to be portrayed with certain medical symbols. The lily of the valley often served as a symbol for medicine. For example, Nicolaus Copernicus has himself depicted with a lily of the valley in his hand. One such picture, painted by Tobias Stimmer (1534–1584), hangs in the Strasbourg Cathedral next to the famous astronomical clock.

In addition, the lily of the valley was one of the so-called Marian flowers in Christian iconography, alongside the lily , rose and other plants ; with its small, white, nodding flowers it was a symbol of the chaste love, humility and modesty of Mary . Accordingly, the lily of the valley in the paintings is mostly inconspicuous and small at the bottom of the picture; A typical example of this is the famous painting Paradiesgärtlein by an unknown master from the 15th century and the picture Maria in den Erdbeeren, created by the same Upper Rhine master around 1415 .

As part of the write advertising campaign, the Deutsche Bundespost once again put on small oval stickers with images of flowers related to the month. The motive for May is certainly obvious.

In the literature

The fragrant and early blooming lily of the valley has always sparked the imagination of numerous poets. Eichendorff and Fallersleben are mentioned here as examples . The Swedish poet Gustaf Fröding wrote a poem Kung Liljekonvalje '("King Lily of the Valley ")' , which was best known through David Wikander's setting.

Common names

For the lily of the valley the other common German names exist or existed : Aprilenglöckle ( Swabia near Geißlingen ), Chaldron ( Tyrol ), Eenstengelkenbläder ( Mecklenburg ), Faltrian ( Austria ), Fildronfaldron (Tyrol near Lienz ), Glasblüamli ( St. Gallen in Obertoggenburg ) , Galleieli ( Graubünden , St. Gallen), Weiß Gilgen ( Middle High German ), Gläjele (St. Gallen near Werdenberg ), Glayg (Middle High German), Herrenblümli (Graubünden), Hillgenkümmveilchen ( Weser near Wildeshausen ), Leljekomfoaltcher ( Transylvania ), Leljen (Transylvania ), Lielje ( Bremen ), Lilje (Bremen), Lilenconvallen ( Hamburg ), Liligen (Middle High German), Liljenconveilchen (Oldenburg, Unterweser ), Liljenkonvalljen ( East Prussia , Holstein , Pomerania , Mecklenburg, Altmark ), Lilumfallum ( Carinthia ), Mäjariesli (St Gallen), Maiarisli ( Appenzell ), Maiblaume ( Göttingen ), Maiblömche ( Aachen ), Maienblömkes, Maiblome (Weser), Maiblume, Maiblümle ( Bavaria near Kirchheim), Maienblümle ( Memmingen ), Maienblümlein, Maienblumen, Maienrisli ( Switzerland ), Maienryss, Maienrysslin, Maienschälchen ( Gotha ), Maienzacken (Swabia), Maiglocken (Lower Weser), Maile (Swabia), Maischälchen ( Thuringia near Ruhla ), Mashelle, Marienblume, Marienbellchen, Marienschelle, Marienthalblume, Niesekraut ( Silesia ), Papoischla (Silesia near Silberberg ), Papoischle (Silesia near Silberberg), Philldron (Tyrol), Schillerleljen (Transylvania), Snowdrop ( Eifel near Dreis ), Springauf (Silesia), Stuchablümli (Graubünden), Thalkraut, Thallilgen (Silesia), Villumfalum ( Salzburg ), Weissgilgen (Middle High German), Weissliligen (Middle High German), Zauken ( Northern Bohemia ), Zautschen (Silesia), Zaupen ( Ore Mountains ) and Zschäupchen.

literature

  • Walter von Brunn : History of the lily of the valley. Düren / Rhineland 1937.
  • Frederick H. Utech: Convallaria. In: Flora of North America. Volume 26, 2002, p. 205. (online)
  • Liang Songyun (梁松筠), Minoru N. Tamura: Flora of China. Volume 24, 2000, p. 234. The monotypic genus Convallaria . (Section description)
  • Angelika Lüttig, Juliane Kasten: Rosehip & Co. Flowers, fruits and spread of European plants Fauna, Nottuln 2003, ISBN 3-935980-90-6 .
  • Peter Schmersahl: The lily of the valley - symbol of the doctor, Mary and love. In: Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung. 140, 2056, 2000.
  • Werner Rothmaler (Greetings): Excursion flora from Germany. Vascular plants, baseline. Spektrum-Verlag, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1359-1 .
  • Gerhard KF Stinglwagner , Ilse Haseder , Reinhold Erlbeck: The cosmos forest and forest lexicon. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10375-7 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species. 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 , p. 141 f.
  • Bernhard Auerswald, Emil Adolf Roßmaessler : Botanical conversations for the understanding of the native flora. Verlag Hermann Mendelssohn, Leipzig 1858. (2nd edition. 1863, DNB 994005423 ) (online)
  • Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer , Kurt Kormann: Poison Plants - Plant Poisons. 6th, revised edition, special edition, Nikol, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .
  • Ingrid and Peter Schönfelder : The new book of medicinal plants. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-12932-6
  • Gernot Rath : The Convallaria majalis. Your way through history. Madaus , Cologne 1959.
  • Gerhard Eis, Hans Josef Vermeer . Gabriel von Lebenstein: "From the distilled waters" . Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1965, ISBN 978-3-8047-0113-7 (= publications of the International Society for the History of Pharmacy , New Series, Volume 27).
  • Gundolf Keil : "Our dear fraw spoke in the puch der libe: 'I pin a plvm of the valley and also of the green forest'": The introduction of convallarin glycosides as an indication of Moravian-Silesian provenance. In: Iva Kratochvilová, Lenka Vaňková (ed.): German studies in the mirror of the generations. Festschrift Zdeněk Masařík. Opava / Ostrava 2004, pp. 72-132.
  • Ute Mauch: The lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis). A contribution to the development of the systematic classification from antiquity to early modern times. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 24, 2005, pp. 293-328.

Web links

Wiktionary: Lily of the valley  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Commons : Lily of the Valley  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ BiolFlor research system. Retrieved May 22, 2020 .
  2. ↑ Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) - poisonous plant of the year 2014. Hamburg.de , accessed on February 5, 2014.
  3. ↑ Werner Rothmaler : Herbaceous useful and ornamental plants. Spectrum academic publishing house 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , p. 400.
  4. ↑ a b c d Frederick H. Utech: Convallaria. , P. 205 - same text online as printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 .
  5. ^ Gustav Hegi : Illustrated flora of Central Europe . 2nd edition, Volume II, page 345. Munich 1939
  6. ↑ a b Angelika Lüttich: Rosehip & Co p. 188 f.
  7. ^ Werner Rothmaler : Excursion flora from Germany. Spectrum Akademischer Verlag Heidelberg, Berlin, 20th edition. 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-1606-3 , p. 191.
  8. ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll, Herfried Kutzelnigg: Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species. 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 , pp. 140 f.
  9. ↑ Peter Zwetko: The rust mushrooms Austria. Supplement and host-parasite directory to the 2nd edition of the Catalogus Florae Austriae, III. Part, Book 1, Uredinales. (PDF; 1.8 MB).
  10. ↑ a b Stinglwagner, Haseder, Erlbeck: Das Kosmos Wald- und Forstlexikon p. 558.
  11. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 333.
  12. ↑ The lily of the valley in the natural dictionary
  13. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  137 .
  14. ↑ Heinrich E. Weber: Bushes, hedges, herb edges. Ulmer Verlag 2003, ISBN 3-8001-4163-9 , p. 111.
  15. ^ Convallaria at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  16. ^ Convallaria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  17. ↑ Vitus outlet 1479 ( picture link )
  18. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit 1485 ( image link )
  19. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs 1543 ( picture link )
  20. ↑ Hieronymus Bock 1546 ( picture link )
  21. ↑ Cf. also Gundolf Keil: "In the puch der libe it was spoken by our libe fraw: 'I pin a plvm of the valley and also of the green forest'": The introduction of the convallarin glycosides as an indication of Moravian-Silesian provenance. In: Iva Kratochvilová, Lenka Vaňková (ed.): German studies in the mirror of the generations. Festschrift Zdeněk Masařík. Opava / Ostrava 2004, pp. 72-132.
  22. ↑ German dictionary. Siechthum 3e (digitized version )  : frais?
  23. ↑ In the little book about the burnt-out waters , in the garden of health and in the small distilling book , the illness called "high sick day" by Lebenstein was interpreted as epilepsy and / or as a stroke.
  24. ^ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, Clm 5905, Bavarian, 2nd half of the 15th century, Bl. 52r-52v (digitized version )
  25. ↑ Heidelberg Cpg 666, collection of medical prescriptions, Kurpfalz (?) 1478/1480, sheet 124r (digitized version )
  26. ↑ Heidelberg Cpg 545, collection of medical prescriptions and tracts, Nuremberg (?) 1474, sheet 103v-104v (digitized version )
  27. ↑ Michael Puff . Little book of the burnt-out waters, print Augsburg (Johannes Blaubirer) 1481 (digitized version )
  28. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, Cap. 230 (digitized version)
  29. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig . Small distilling book. Strasbourg 1500, sheet 73v (digitized version )
  30. ↑ Otto Brunfels . Contrafeyt Kreueterbuch. Strasbourg 1532, p. 165 (digitized version)
  31. ↑ Hieronymus Bock . New Kreütter book. Strasbourg 1539, book I, cap. 197 (digitized version)
  32. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs . New Kreütterbuch. Strasbourg 1543, Cap. 88 (digitized version)
  33. ↑ Brigitte Hoppe: Hieronymus Bock's book of herbs. Scientific historical investigation. With a list of all plants in the work, the literary sources of the medicinal indications and the uses of the plants. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1969, p. 246
  34. ^ Theodor Gottfried Husemann (1833–1901). Handbook of the entire pharmacology. 2nd edition, Volume II, Springer, Berlin 1883, p. 1172 (digitized version)
  35. ^ Georg Friedrich Walz. Convallaria majalis Lin., Their components. In: New Yearbook for Pharmacy, 10 (1858), 145–154 (digitized version )
  36. ^ Hager's handbook of pharmaceutic practice . 1900, Volume I, p. 956 (digitized version)
  37. ^ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Rothmaler Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , p. 737.
  38. ↑ Walter von Brunn: The lily of the valley as a symbol of the doctor. In: The medical world 10, 1936, p. 505 f.
  39. ↑ Ute Mauch: The lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis). A contribution to the development of the systematic classification from antiquity to early modern times. In: Würzburger medical history reports 24, 2005, pp. 293–328, here: pp. 319–323 ( The lily of the valley in art ).
  40. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hanover 1882, page 107 f. ( online ).