Fathers of botany

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Otto Brunfels (1488-1534)
Hieronymus Bock (1498–1554)
Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566)

The doctors and botanists Otto Brunfels , Hieronymus Bock and Leonhart Fuchs are called the “fathers of botany” in the narrower sense . Her direct forerunner is Hieronymus Brunschwig .

Origin of name

The choice of words goes back to Kurt Sprengel , who introduced it in his Dissertatio de Germanis, rei herbariae patribus ("Treatise on the German fathers of botany"), which was presented in 1810 and appeared in print in 1812. Compared to the ancient authors who had already been referred to as the “fathers of botany”, he emphasized the role of the renaissance physicians , who had earned themselves through numerous first descriptions of the flora of Central Europe. Once again he paid tribute to the "fathers of German botanical science " in a monograph in 1817 and in 1827 in the third volume of the third edition of his work, Attempt at a pragmatic history of medical science . The number and names of those honored with this epithet vary, however; It is often used above all for the three named, who became known for their herbal books , which are characterized by, among other things, captivatingly lifelike images of the plant species shown and thus represent the transition from medieval herbalism to modern botany.

Similarities

Brunfels, Bock and Fuchs worked in the first half of the 16th century and turned to Protestant teaching after the Reformation. All of them had studied medicine or worked as doctors. They had their books produced in important printing locations in the early 16th century, Strasbourg and Basel . In their Latin and German editions, Brunfels, Bock and Fuchs pursued the goal of creating botanicals from a humanistic perspective.

In 1532 Otto Brunfels had a text by Hieronymus Bock and a text by Leonhard Fuchs printed in the appendix of the 2nd volume of his Latin herb book. In the late summer of 1533 Brunfels ran from Strasbourg to Hornbach (90-100 km) to persuade Hieronymus Bock, who lived there, to publish the records of his botanical observations. Brunfels and Bock quoted each other in their herbal books. Leonhart Fuchs, on the other hand, mentioned neither Brunfels nor Bock. He had no intercourse with Bock.

precursor

The fathers of botany were not breaking completely new ground. The first steps towards the systematic botanical determination of the medicinal plants handed down in the sources were already rudimentary in the German-speaking area

has been done.

Brunschwig's preliminary work was respected and used by Brunfels and von Bock. Brunfels had Brunschwig's plant descriptions printed in full.

Hieronymus Bock wrote in the foreword to the 1551 edition of his book of herbs (Chapter 10):

"But as much as the simple artzney of the Kreutter was concerned / God raised the pious and learned Ottonem Brunfelsium / after the hard-working Hieronymo Braunschweig in the German land / which the Kreutter describe themselves."

Editions of the herbal books by Brunfels, Bock and Fuchs (selection 1530–1551)

author title printer place year
Leonhart Fuchs Errata recentiorum medicorum Johann Setzer Haguenau 1530
Otto Brunfels Herbarum vivae eicones ad naturae imitationem, summa cum diligentia et artificio effigiatae, vna cum effectibus earundem, in gratiam veteris illius, & iamiam renascentis herbariae medicinae. ... (Images of living plants imitated from nature. Executed with the greatest conscientiousness and skill. In addition, their effects according to the old and now emerging herbal medicine. ...) Johann Schott Strasbourg 1530
Otto Brunfels Herbarum vivae eicones ... (Volume II) Johann Schott Strasbourg 1532
Otto Brunfels Contrafayt Kreüterbůch according to the right, perfect art, vnd description of the old, overpopulated doctor, formerly in Teütſcher ſprach der maſſzen nye go ... Johann Schott Strasbourg 1532
Otto Brunfels Tomus Herbarii Othonis Brunfelsii III (Herbarum vivae eicones III) ... Johann Schott Strasbourg 1536
Otto Brunfels Another part of the Teütschen Contrafayten Kreüterbůchs. Johann Schott Strasbourg 1537
Hieronymus Bock New Kreütter Bůch from vnderscheydt, Würckung vnd names of the Kreütter so grow in Teütschen land. The same special and well-founded use in medicine, to keep and to keep your body healthy, almost useful and comforting, previously shared understanding. ... Wendel Rihel Strasbourg 1539
Leonhart Fuchs De historia stirpium commentarii / insignes, maximis impensis et vigiliis elaborati, adiectis earundem vivis plusquam quingentis imaginibus, nunquam antea ad naturae imitationem artificiosius efficatis & expressis ... Michael Isingrin Basel 1542
Leonhart Fuchs New Kreütterbůch / in which not only the whole history / that is name / shape / instead of and time of growth / nature / strengthens and spice / of the master theyl of Kreütter so grow in Teütschen and other countries / described with the best wear / but also of all the same roots / stems / leaves / flowers / seeds / fruits / and in sum the whole shape / all so artificially and artificially depicted and contrafayt / the same thing has never been seen before / still comes to light. ... Michael Isingrin Basel 1543
Hieronymus Bock Kreüter Bůch. In it differences / Würckung vnd names of the Kreuiger grow in German lands / Also the same actual and well-founded use in the medical profession diligently / to keep body health and to be useful and comforting for their future / First of all to the common simple one. Described by H. Hieronymum Bock from long and certain experience / Vnnd now and diligently overlooked by newem / improved and increased / Darzů adorned with cute figures everywhere. ... Wendel Rihel Strasbourg 1546
Hieronymus Bock Kreüter Bůch. Darinn Vnderscheidt / Nammen vnnd Würckung and the Kreüter / Perennials / Hedges and Beumen / Sampt their fruits / so grow in Germany ... Wendel Rihel Strasbourg 1551

Simplicia instead of Composita

In 1532 Otto Brunfels stated in the foreword of his German herbal book that “the ancients” would have used single herbs ( Simplicia ) and no compound medicines ( Composita ). The contemporary doctors, however, were led by " Avicenna and his like" to leave this path (Chapter 12). From “ Galen to Avicenna and his same Arabian” the “junk got out of hand” and he was considered to be the best doctor who prescribed the most complicated recipes with ingredients from Arabia and India. Brunfels demanded that the composites should be made up of a maximum of four or five indigenous individual substances (Chapter 15).

Humanists against "arabists"

As humanists , the fathers of botany fought against the Arabic-Latin tradition of Greek works called “Arabism”. Instead, they referred to the preparatory work of Italian and French humanists who had re-evaluated the pharmacological works of Dioscurides , Pliny and Galen at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries . In 1532, in the second volume of his Latin book on herbs, Otto Brunfels had a Pliny criticism by Niccolò Leoniceno and a Pliny defense by Pandolfo Collenuccio printed. In 1551 Hieronymus Bock referred to Hermolaus Barbarus , Jean Ruel , Johannes Manardus and Marcellus Virgilius as "new Kreutter Artzet" who - drawing from Greek-Byzantine and Longobard sources - "pulled the old thewren Dioſcoridem from newem out of the area / and the same really Latiniſch to talk emptied and made edible ” .

Due to the collapse of the Byzantine Empire after the conquest of Constantinople (1453) and the further expansion of the Ottoman Empire after the Battle of Mohács (1526) , the soil in western Europe was fertile for hostility to the Arabs at the beginning of the 16th century. The fathers of botany were also caught up in this mood. The extent of hostility towards Arabs, however, varied greatly among them. In 1532 Otto Brunfels recommended the reader to study the theory: “… ſo let do by das erſt bůch / Doctor Lorentzen Fryeßen / called the mirror of artzeney / von vns jungt gebeſſert and survive / in it you would find everything / ſo vil dir not iſt zů this trade. ... "The the" imagined mirror "theory was based primarily on the corresponding passages in the Canon of Medicine of Avicenna . In 1530 Fries had published a defense for Avicenna in Strasbourg. Leonhard Fuchs, on the other hand, identified himself as a militant anti-Arabist in 1530 with the writing Errata recentiorum medicorum . In 1534 he was called to Tübingen to free the university there from Arabism.

  • Although he expressed contemporary anti-Arab prejudices in the forewords of his herbal books, Otto Brunfels quoted Arab authors in detail and without polemics.
  • Similar to Hieronymus Bock. Whenever he criticized the Arab author Serapion, he did not attack him as a representative of Arab medicine, but because, in his opinion, he neglected the study of nature (Part I, Chapter 126), which is why Pliny was reprimanded elsewhere ( Part I, Chapter 142).
  • Leonhart Fuchs ignored Arabic sources in his herbal books.

Fathers of botany and forerunners. Images - descriptions - classifications.

Author or book title Illustrations Botanical descriptions particularities Text. Latin or national language Arrangement of plants. Systematics Description of medicinally unused plants
Vitus outlet 1479 Non-professional, but natural images. Most of the plants shown can be identified from these illustrations. No The plant illustrations in Vitus Auslasser's manuscript are an early testimony to the fact that from the 2nd half of the 15th century efforts began to identify medicinal plants known from tradition in the local flora. The text is limited to listing the names in Latin and the national language. No systematic recognizable. Yes
Herbarius Moguntinus 1484 Each chapter of the first part was accompanied by an illustration in which the plant was largely abstracted, but mostly already sketched with its typical characteristics. No. An assignment of the described species to native plants was made possible by the illustrations and the listed German names. In the first part 184 plant species that grow wild in Germany or that can be cultivated here. In the 2nd part 96 further medicines without images. Text in Latin. German plant names in the headings. According to the ABC of Latin plant names. No
Garden of Health 1485 The images of the native medicinal plants in the Health Garden were so detailed that the species depicted could be recognized with certainty. In the chapters with medicinal plants of foreign origin, on the other hand, the illustrations were carried out very carelessly and only rarely showed a minimum degree of similarity with the species treated. Partly available. Example: Cap. 190, “The question drowned . … This krut hait subtyel stengel vnd kortz vnd resembles the odermynge alleyn erbern krut bigger vnd breyter bletter hait. ... " Mostly incorrect source attribution by the compiler. National language. According to the ABC of Latin plant names. No
Hortus sanitatis 1491 For the Hortus sanitatis, the images of the Garden of Health were copied, scaled down and abstracted. In the Hortus sanitatis, the sparse descriptions of plants are made up of information in ancient and medieval sources. In contrast to the Gart der Gesundheit, reliable source attribution and clear structure in the text. Text in Latin. According to the ABC of Latin plant names. No
Hieronymus Brunschwig 1500 Hieronymus Brunschwig illustrated his Small Distilling Book with printing blocks from a Strasbourg reprint (1497) by Hortus sanitatis. To illustrate the plants he had just described, he selected images that looked similar to these plants, e.g. B. for the angelica a picture of the masterwort and for the marsh marigold a picture of the pond rose . Brunschwig described many native species that had not yet been taken into account in the herbal books that had been published until then. Based on their own observation and direct access to folk botany, Hieronymus Brunschwig and Vitus Auslasser set the course for the scientific development of the native flora. National language According to the ABC of German plant names. Yes
Otto Brunfels 1530-1537 Brunfels' herbal books were illustrated by woodcuts by the Strasbourg painter Hans Weiditz . With admirable certainty, this represented complicated flowers and inflorescences, the structure of which was only recognized by botanists two hundred years later. The position of the top and bracts, the flowers shells of the composite head, which often overlooked in later works rotation of Orchids - the ovary and many were correctly reproduced. Brunfels attempted to identify the plants described by the "ancients" and to bring order to the nomenclature. Brunfels' plant descriptions were initially based on the information given by the "ancients", but also took into account his own observations and the observations of Hieronymus Brunschwig from his small distilling book . Brunfels was well aware that the plants from the Mediterranean flora described in the old sources are mostly not identical to the plants from the northern European flora. Latin editions 1530, 32 and 36. National language editions 1532 and 37 No order according to the ABC A systematic classification as in Hieronymus Bock's herbal book is only just beginning to be recognized by Brunfels. Yes
Hieronymus Bock 1539–1551 Hieronymus Bock dispensed with illustrations in the first edition of his herbal book in 1539. He trusted that his detailed plant descriptions made illustrations superfluous. It was not until the 1546 edition that his book of herbs was illustrated by the young self-taught David Kandel . About half of Kandel's woodcuts were heavily based on the illustrations in Leonhart Fuchs' book of herbs. In his descriptions of plants, Bock created pictures expressed in words not just of a single state of life, such as the flowering or fruit-bearing plant, but rather, as it were, he let the sequence of pictures of the complete life history of a plant scroll before us. At Bock you can also find detailed information about occurrences and locations. He had collected botanical observations in what is now Rhineland-Palatinate and in the Swiss Grisons. He only treated plants that he had seen himself. He had grown and observed many plants in his garden. He exchanged plants with the Nuremberg pharmacist Georg Öllinger (1487–1557) and the Zurich doctor Conrad Gessner . Bock dedicated his “New Kreütter Bůch” to “vorab gemeynem verstand” (1539) or “vorab den common simple man” (1546). He wrote in the local language. He described morphological individual parts precisely and he discovered many matching forms, the representatives of which he combined through comparisons or identical names or combined in his systematic arrangement into groups. Bock tried to find a natural arrangement. Some noticeable groups, such as legumes , mint , umbelliferous , cruciferous , daisy and grass , are already clearly evident in him. Yes
Leonhart Fuchs 1542-1543 The herbal books by Leonhard Fuchs - "De historia stirpium" (1542) and "New Kreuterbuch" (1543) - are characterized by their lifelike illustrations of plants, drawn by H. Füllmaurer and A. Meyer and cut into wood by VR Speckle. Fuchs plant descriptions and classifications go little beyond those in Brunfels and Bock's herbal books. The plant descriptions in the "New Kreuterbuch" are - partly literally - borrowed from Bock's work. Fuchs was the first to treat the foxglove species Digitalis grandiflora and Digitalis purpurea . He could not fall back on any known written source, so he drew from the oral tradition of folk medicine and from his own observation. According to the judgment of Agnes Arber (1912, p. 175), plant drawing reached its climax as an art in the work of Leonhart Fuchs. It is true that at a later time, when the botanical significance of the exact structure of the flowers and fruits was recognized, images were produced that provided more precise and extensive information on this point than the images in Fuchs' works. Nevertheless, according to Arber, the illustrations in Fuchs "De historia stirpium" (1542) and in his "New Kreüterbuch" (1543) represent the apex of the kind of botanical drawings that treat the plant as a whole and do not favor the vegetative organs neglect the reproductive organs. Edition 1542 in Latin. Edition 1543 in local language. Fuchs arranged his plant chapters according to the alphabet of the Greek plant names. Yes

Remarks

  1. ↑ The images of the native herbs had retained much of the power of abstraction with which the essential characteristics of plants were depicted in Gothic painting . On this, Arnold Carl Klebs (1925, p. IX): “We who today in our aesthetic demands are drawing away more and more from the slavish copying of nature and demand that a work of art expresses type and character, can better appreciate the didactic value of these simple drawings than the previous generation to whom the photographic appealed as the highest form of truthful representation. ”(“ We, who today we are moving more and more away from the slavish copying of nature in our aesthetic claims, can appreciate the didactic value of this simple Appreciate drawings better than the previous generation, for whom photography represented the highest form of true representation. ")
  2. ↑ On this Walther Rytz (1936, p. 17): "If systematic-botanical science had already become aware of all the details that Weiditz recognized with astonishing certainty and captured in the picture, it could have skipped two centuries."
  3. ↑ Otto Brunfels. Contrafayt Kreüterbůch . Strasbourg 1532, foreword, chapter 19: “So not all creeper grows in all countries / but in one this / in the other that. Dioscorides also wrote not vff all land / but vff crawling land / Galenus of the same his creeper graded vff Crawl lands / vnnd zům theyl Italy / not vff Teütsch lands. Item also grows the cross each other does not land in one as in the other / special in a bigger bigger / higher / wolryechender / bass-colored / in another / occasionally half of the anthem / softer / leaner / mynder / more vnkrefftiger / and one should be one herb well known in Germany / in Italy and Grecia not / why the yne defraud the above vmbstend. Vnd thůt also vil darzů the announcement that they know and learn / which meanwhile sye are from day to day from day from gate / and little are those who know the crossers / we may not have learned everything vss the books / and namely the first abconterfeyte books not Meer vorhenden. "Brunfels refers here to Pliny , Naturalis historia , Vol. XXV, § 8, where it is reported that the Greek doctor Krateua's plants" depicted in pictures. "See also: Charles Singer. The herbal in antiquity . In: The journal of hellenistic studies. 47 (1927), pp. 5-18.

literature

  • Agnes Arber . Herbals. Their origin and evolution. A chapter in the history of botany 1470-1670. University Press, Cambridge 1912 (digitized version)
  • Brigitte Baumann, Helmut Baumann , Susanne Baumann-Schleihauf. The herbal manuscript of Leonhart Fuchs. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001.
  • Brigitte Baumann, Helmut Baumann: The Mainz herbal book incunabula - "Herbarius Moguntinus" (1484) - "Gart der Gesundheit" (1485) - "Hortus Sanitatis (1491)." Scientific historical investigations of the three prototypes of botanical-medical ladder of the late Middle Ages. Taking into account the forerunners Etymologiae˂ (around 630), ˃Capitulare de Villis˂ (around 800), ˃Hortulus˂ (around 840), ˃Physica˂ (1152), ˃De Vegetabilibus˂ (1256/1257), ˃buch der Natur˂ (1475), ˃Lateinischer Macer Floridus˂ (1st half of the 13th century), ˃Deutscher Macer Floridus˂ (1st half of the 15th century), Pseudo-Apuleius-Platonicus˂ (1481/1482), ˃Promptuarium Medicinae ˂ (1483) and ˃Garden of Health˂ / Hortus Sanitatis˂ reprints by Grüninger (1485/1486), Furter (1486), Dinckmut (1487), Prüss (1497) as well as the works ˃Arbolayre˂ ( 1486/86), Ruralia commoda˂ (1493) and ˃Liber de arte distillandi˂ (1500) . Anton Hiersemann, Stuttgart 2010 ISBN 978-3-7772-1020-9
  • Lottlisa Behling .
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    • The plant in medieval panel painting. Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1957.
    • The flora of the medieval cathedrals. Böhlau, Cologne / Graz 1964.
  • Johann Heinrich Dierbach . Contributions to Germany's flora, collected from the works of the oldest German plant researchers. Groos, Heidelberg / Leipzig 1825–1833 (digitized version)
  • Peter Dilg . The botany in humanism - The humanism in the botany. In: Contributions to research on humanism. Boldt, Boppard. Vol. VI (1980), pp. 113-134.
  • Hermann Fischer . Medieval botany. Verlag der Münchner Drucke, Munich 1929.
  • Mechtild Habermann. German specialist texts of the early modern period. Natural and medical knowledge transfer in the field of tension between Latin and vernacular. W. de Gruyter, Berlin / NY 2001.
  • Brigitte Hoppe.
    • Hieronymus Bock's herbal book. Scientific historical investigation. With a list of all plants in the work, the literary sources of the medicinal indications and the uses of the plants. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1969. (Basic work.)
    • Natural history classification in the early modern period - tradition and change. In: Ancient science and its reception. Colibri, Bamberg. Vol. IV (1994), pp. 95-112.
    • Physiognomy of natural objects, especially plants, in antiquity and their effects. In: Ancient science and its reception. Colibri, Bamberg. VIII (1998), pp. 43-59.
  • Arnold Carl Klebs . Herbals facts and thouths. Reprint of an introduction to the Catalog of Early Herbals from the Library of Dr. Karl Becher, Karlsbad. L'Art Ancien SA, 7, Piazza A. Manzoni, Lugano, Switzerland. Bulletin XII. 1925.
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  • Ferdinand Wilhelm Emil Roth .
    • Otto Brunfels 1489-1534. A German botanist. In: Botanische Zeitung , 58 (1900), pp. 191-232. (Digitized version)
    • Hieronymus Bock, called Tragus, (1498–1554) . In: Botanisches Centralblatt . Volume 74, 1898, pp. 265-271, 313-318 and 344-347 (digitized version ) .
    • Leonhard Fuchs, a German botanist, 1501–1566. In: Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt. Issue 8, 1898/99, pp. 161-191 (digitized version ) .
  • Walther Rytz . Plant watercolors by Hans Weiditz from 1529. The originals for the woodcuts in Brunfels' book of herbs. Haupt, Bern 1936.
  • Wilhelm Ludwig Schreiber. The herbal books of the XV. and XVI. Century. Commentary on the reprint of the Hortus sanitatis. Verlag der Münchner Drucke, Munich 1924. (pp. XXX-XLII Brunfels, Bock, Fuchs)
  • Alexander Tschirch . Handbook of Pharmacognosy . Chr. Herm. Tauchnitz, Leipzig 1910. Volume 1, section 2 (pp. 835–845: The fathers of botany and their relationship to medicinal plant science. )

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Report on the work of the Mathematical-Physical Class of the Royal. Bavarian Academy of Sciences , Volume 3, Munich 1810, pp. 137f. On-line
  2. ^ Kurt Sprengel: Dissertatio de Germanis, rei herbariae patribus . In: Memoranda of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Munich for the years 1811 and 1812 , Volume 3, Munich 1812, pp. 185–216. On-line
  3. ↑ Kurt Sprengel: History of Botany . Volume 1, Brockhaus, Altenburg / Leipzig 1817, p. 258. Online
  4. ↑ Kurt Sprengel: Attempt of a pragmatic history of Arzneykunde . Volume 3, Hall 1827, p. 45. Online
  5. ↑ a b c Wolf-Dieter Müller-Jahncke : The pharmacist as a botanist in the early modern period or: Wealth promotes a young science. In: Sabine Anagnostou , Florike Egmond and Christoph Friedrich (Eds.): A passion for plants: materia medica and botany in scientific networks from the 16th to 18th centuries. (= Sources and studies on the history of pharmacy, Vol. 95). Stuttgart 2011. ISBN 978-3-8047-3016-8 , pp. 7f.
  6. ^ Murray W. Nabors : Botany. Pearson Studium, ISBN 978-3-8273-7231-4 , p. 413.
  7. ^ Johannes G. Mayer : The first printed herbal books and the Angelika water of the Donaueschingen Tauler manuscript. In: Würzburg specialist prose studies. Contributions to medieval medicine, pharmacy and class history from the Würzburg Medical History Institute, [Festschrift] Michael Holler on his 60th birthday. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1995 (= Würzburg Medical History Research , 38), ISBN 3-8260-1113-9 , pp. 156–177; here: p. 156.
  8. ↑ Otto Brunfels. Herbarum vivae eicones. 1532, Vol. II, De vera herbarum cognitione appendix . Pp. 156–165: Hieronymi Tragi Medici, Herbarum aliquot dissertationes & censurae. (The doctor Hieronymus Tragus [Bock] discusses and investigates herbs.) . Digitized MDZ Munich
  9. ↑ Otto Brunfels. Herbarum vivae eicones. 1532, Vol. II, De vera herbarum cognitione appendix. Pp. 129–155: Leonhardi Fuchsii annotationes aliquot Herbarum & Simplicium, a Medicis hactenus non recte intellectorum. (Leonhard Fuchs comments on herbs and simple medicines that were not correctly recognized by previous doctors.). Digitized MDZ Munich
  10. ^ FWE Roth. Hieronymus Bock. 1898: p. 269.
  11. ^ FWE Roth. Leonhard Fuchs. 1898/99 p. 175.
  12. ↑ Vitus outlet. Herbarius depictus. 1479 (digitized version)
  13. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus. Mainz 1484. (digitized version)
  14. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit. (Mainz 1485). Edition Augsburg (Schönsperger) 1485. (digitized version)
  15. ^ Hortus sanitatis. (Mainz 1591). Strasbourg edition (Grüninger) 1497. (digitized version)
  16. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig. Small distilling book. Strasbourg 1500. (digitized version)
  17. ↑ Otto Brunfels. Herbarum vivae eicones. 1532, Vol. II, De vera herbarum cognitione appendix . Pp. 183-201: Hieronymi herbarii Argentorat. Apodixis Germanica, ex qua facile vulgares herbas omnes licebit perdiscere, coacta in seriem Alphabeticam. (From the Strasbourg herbalist Hieronymus [Brunschwig] German evidence from which the common plants can be easily recognized. In alphabetical order. ) (Digitized version)
  18. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs. Errata recentiorum medicorum. 1530 (digitized version)
  19. ↑ Otto Brunfels. Herbarum vivae eicones I 1530. (digitized version)
  20. ↑ Otto Brunfels. Herbarum vivae eicones II 1532. (digitized version)
  21. ↑ Otto Brunfels. Contrafeyt Kreüterbuch 1532. (digitized version)
  22. ↑ Otto Brunfels. Herbarum vivae eicones III 1536. (digitized version)
  23. ↑ Otto Brunfels. Kreüterbuch 1537. (digitized version)
  24. ↑ Hieronymus Bock. Herb book 1539. (digitized version)
  25. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs. De historia stirpium 1542. (digitized version)
  26. ^ Leonhardt Fuchs. New Kreütterbuch 1543. (digitized version)
  27. ↑ Hieronymus Bock. Herbal Book 1546. (digitized version)
  28. ↑ Hieronymus Bock. Herb book 1551. (digitized version)
  29. ^ Gerhard Baader : Medical reform thinking and Arabism in Germany in the 16th century. In: Sudhoff's archive. Volume 63, 1979, pp. 261-296.
  30. ↑ Felix Klein-Franke. Classical antiquity in the tradition of Islam . Darmstadt 1980 ( income from research , vol. 136.), p. 9.
  31. ↑ Otto Brunfels. Herbal Book. Strasbourg 1532, foreword, chapter 18.
  32. ^ De Plinii et aliorum in medicina erroribus. Ferrara 1492. - Brunfels 1532, Vol II, pp 44-89..
  33. ↑ Pliniana defensio adv. Leonicenum accusationem. Ferrara 1493. - Brunfels 1532, Vol II, pp 89-116..
  34. ↑ Castigationes Plinij Hermolai Barbari. Rome 1493 - Venice 1493/94 - Cremona 1495, volume I. Cremona 1495, volume II.
  35. ↑ Hieronymus Bock: Kreüterbuch… Strasbourg, 1551, preface (digitized version)
  36. ^ Heinrich Schipperges . Ideology and Historiography of Arabism. In: Sudhoffs Archiv , Beiheft 1, 1961, pp. 4–5.
  37. ↑ Otto Brunfels. Contrafayt Kreüterbůch according to the right, perfect art, vnd description of the old, betberümpten ärztz, formerly in Teütſcher ſprach der maſſzen nye go… Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1532, foreword, chapter 22 (digitized version ) . - The “Spiegel der Arznei” by the Alsatian doctor Lorenz Fries was edited by Brunfels from the 4th edition in 1529 to the 6th edition in 1532.
  38. ↑ Defensio medicorum princeps Auicennae, ad Germaniae Medicos. Strasbourg 1530. Digital copy MDZ Munich Partial translation by: Felix Klein-Franke. Classical antiquity in the tradition of Islam . Darmstadt 1980 ( Results of Research , Vol. 136.), pp. 24-28.
  39. ^ Leonhard Fuchs. Errata recentiorum medicorum, LX. Numero adiectis eorundem confutationibus. Hagenau 1530. Digitized MDZ Munich
  40. ^ Heinrich Schipperges. Ideology and Historiography of Arabism . 1961, p. 22.
  41. ↑ Gerhard Baader . Medieval and modern times in the work of Otto Brunfels. In: Medizinhistorisches Journal , Volume 13 (1978), pp. 186-203.
  42. ↑ Gerhard Baader. Medical reform thinking and anti-Arabism in Germany in the 16th century. In: Sudhoffs Archiv , Volume 63, Issue 3 (1979), pp. 261-296.
  43. ↑ Felix Klein-Franke. Classical antiquity in the tradition of Islam. 1980, pp. 32-43.
  44. ↑ Brigitte Hoppe. Hieronymus Bock's herbal book. , Stuttgart 1969, pp. 84-85.
  45. ↑ Eberhard Stübler. Leonhard Fuchs . Munich 1928, p. 76.
  46. ^ Hermann Fischer : Vitus Auslasser, the first Bavarian botanist and the relationships of his Herbarius from 1479 to the beginnings of Bavarian botany. In: Reports of the Bavarian Botanical Society for the research of the native flora. Vol. 18, Munich 1923, H. 1, pp. 1-31. (Digitized pdf)
  47. ↑ Hermann Fischer . Medieval botany. Munich 1929, pp. 110-112.
  48. ↑ Hermann Fischer. Medieval botany . Munich 1929, p. 113.
  49. ↑ In 1930 Walther Rytz discovered a herbarium by Felix Platter among stacked herbaria of the Bern Botanical Institute and drawings in it with watercolors, which can be identified as originals of Brunfels' book of herbs and originated in 1529.
  50. ↑ Brigitte Hoppe. Hieronymus Bock's herbal book. 1969, p. 9.
  51. ↑ Hieronymus Bock. Herbal Book 1546. Book I, Cap. 7: Dictam ... The same dictam was sent by Mr. Georg Ollinger from Nuremberg / and D. Conrad Geßner from Zurich / to whom I thank you very much ... sent me ... digital copy
  52. ↑ A Latin translation of Bock's herb book published by David Kyber in 1552 received little attention. Digitized MDZ Munich
  53. ↑ Brigitte Hoppe. Hieronymus Bock's herbal book. 1969, p. 87.
  54. ↑ Roth 1898, pp. 267-269.
  55. ↑ Karl Maidwoman. History of botany. 1973, p. 25.
  56. ↑ Hieronymus Bock. Herb book 1551. Foreword, chapter 14: “And in thought [herbal] books I kept the process and order in common / Namely that I related all plants / ſo to each other and / or ſonſt something similar to each other ſind and compared / zůſamen / yet differently set. And the previous old custom or order with the ABC like the one in the old Kreutter books zů erſehen / hindan gtelt. ” Digitized MDZ Munich
  57. ↑ Agnes Arber. Herbals . 1912, p. 124.
  58. ↑ Karl Maidwoman. History of botany. 1973, p. 27.
  59. ↑ 1542, Chapter 342 (p. 892) Digitalisat MDZ - 1543, Chapter 345 Digitalisat MDZ
  60. ^ Adelheid Overhamm. On the history of digitalis with special consideration of its external application. (Sources and studies on the history of pharmacy. Volume 13.) Jal-Verlag, Würzburg 1976
  61. ↑ Brigitte Baumann, Helmut Baumann and Susanne Baumann-Schleihauf. The herbal manuscript of Leonhart Fuchs. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, p. 25.

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