Vitus outlet
Vitus Auslasser , also Veit Auslasser , was a Benedictine monk in the St. Sebastian monastery in Ebersberg near Munich . Originally he came from Vomp near Schwaz in today's Tyrol . He died in the 15th century.
In 1479 he completed a herbarium (herbal book) with 198 depictions of plants with Middle Latin and German plant names that are still significant for research today, which, together with the watercolors by Erhard Reewiijk, forms the beginning of a series of similar works that are incorporated into the depictions of Georg Öllinger (1487– 1557) and Samuel Quicchelberg flows in the middle of the 16th century.
Life
Not much more is known about Vitus Auslasser than what is written about him in Codex Clm 5905 on sheet 94v. In the article for the Neue Deutsche Biographie, Gerhard Eis mentions a stay in Passau and scientific studies in his Tyrolean homeland. He was referred to as the first German florist and the first botanist in Bavaria.
His pictures document a transition phase between the Middle Ages and the late Renaissance, from static and symmetrical to dynamic and natural plant images. Proof of the quality of his work is that almost all plants can be identified using the illustration, which is not yet the case with the Gart der Gesundheit (1485).
It is also noteworthy that the Herbarius was based on a botanical interest, because not all of the listed plants were used as medicinal plants .
The herbal book
The Herbarius, which takes sheets 95r to 293r in Codex Clm 5905 of the Bavarian State Library , is preceded by a collection of pharmaceutical and medical texts. After the didactic poem De viribus herbarum , the most important herbal book in monastery medicine (Bl. 1r-40v), there are tracts on oak and the plague, various recipes in German and Latin as well as the treatise on distilled waters by Gabriel von Lebenstein (Bl. 52r -56r). Directly in front of the herbarium are two half-alphabetical registers of plants (Bl. 83r-87r and 88r-92r).
In 2009, 77 selected images from the herbal book were digitized for the first time and edited with accompanying texts from Circa instans and the Garden of Health . They were thematically divided into current medicinal plants (17), historically significant medicinal plants (10), medicinal plants according to the doctrine of signatures (5), plants from handicraft and household (9), garden flowers (10) and others according to their plant families (26).
The 22nd illustration of plants (p. 116), for example, shows St. John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum ). Auslasser gives the Latin names and German translations Corona regia (Chünigs chron), Fuga demonum (devil's flight), Perforata (perforated) and Yppericon, herba S <ancti> (Johannis - Sand Johanns chrawt). Hypericum vulgare was added with pencil .
Illustration 33 (f. 127) shows the autumn crocus ( Colchicum autumnale ) in the two important stages of the annual cycle, with the spring image he succeeds in reproducing the space (three-dimensionality). Auslasser calls the plant Hermodoctilus and in German Zeittlozz, Laus pluem, moss dokch. Colchicum aut. Was added with pencil .
Other notable illustrations are those of the stonecrop ( Sedum acre , no. 112) and the peony ( Paeonia officinalis , no. 115), which also achieve three-dimensionality. There is only one comment on effectiveness, namely with the flea knotweed ( Polygonum persicaria , no. 70). Auslasser writes that he is good for toothache.
Facsimiles of the images have been shown since 2009 as part of the traveling exhibition The Plants of Monastery Medicine in representation and application, among others at the State Garden Show Bamberg 2012 at the stand of the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment , in the Botanical Garden of the University of Würzburg and at the Lorsch Monastery World Heritage Site .
Illustration and naming of the plants
leaf | Botanical name | Name at outlet (selection) | H. Fischer 1923 | Illustration with outlet |
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95 | Asarum europaeum | Haselvurcz / Azarum - Weyrachwurz | No 1 |
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96 | Pyrola rotundifolia | Sinbel [= round] winter green / Pirola the big | No 2 |
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97 | Lilium martagon | Goldroot / Affodilla | No 3 |
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98 | Undetermined ( Pyrola rotundifolia ? Or Orthilia secunda ?) | Spitzi [er] Wint [er] der chla [n] z / Pirola | No 4 |
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99 | Gentiana cruciata | S. Peterswurz | No 5 |
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100 | Sanicula europaea | Sanik [e] l / Diapensia | No 6 |
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101 | Corydalis cava | Name of Aristolochia rotunda | No 7 |
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102 | Peucedanum cervaria | Hirswurcz | No 8 |
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103 | Arum maculatum | No 9 |
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104 | Indefinite | Bundschraut | No 10 |
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105 | Chrysanthemum leucanthemum | Haydnian Wundchrawt | No 11 |
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106 | Aconitum vulparia | Bolfswurz / Lupina | No 12 |
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107 | Indefinite | Mediana | No 13 |
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108 | Indefinite | Mediana | No 14 |
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109 | Polygonatum verticillatum | Weyswurz | No 15 |
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110 | Polygonatum multiflorum | Weiswurz - Sigillu [m] b [enedic] te virginis | No 16 |
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111 | Asplenium scolopendrium | Millet tongues / Lingua ceruina | No 17 |
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112 | Indefinite | Mediana | No 18 |
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113 | Impatiens noli-tangere | Glydchrawt | No 19 |
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114 | Polypodium vulgare | Süeßwurcz - Polipodium | No 20 |
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115 | Indefinite | Five plet / penthafilon | No 21 |
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116 | Hypericum perforatum | Chünigs chron / Corona regia - Devil's escape / Fuga demonum - Perforated / Perforata - Sand Johanns chrawt / Herba S. Johanis | No 22 |
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117 | Aquilegia vulgaris | Ackeley / Egilops | No 23 |
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118 | Campanula spec. | No 24 |
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119 | Convallaria majalis | Valley liligen / Lilium convallium | No 25 |
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120 | Lilium candidum | Weysse Jreos / Liliu [m] albu [m] | No 26 |
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121 | Iris germanica | Swerttel - Plabliligen | No 27 |
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122 | Iris pseudacorus | Muslims - Acorus | No 28 |
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123 | Stachys officinalis | Millet root / Cestron - Prawn Patonig / Bethonica fusca | No 29 |
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124 | Primula veris | Goose plumage / Bethonica | No 30 |
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125 | Verbascum nigrum | Hymelprant / Tapsus barbatus | No 31 |
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126 | Consolida regalis | Knight's Spurs - Consolida regalis | No 32 |
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127 | Colchicum autumnale | Timeless - Hermodactylus | No 33 |
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128 | Platanthera bifolia | No 34 |
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129 | Agrimonia eupatoria | No 35 |
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130 | Paris quadrifolia | Amperchrawt - Crux xpd | No 36 |
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131 | Listera ovata | No 37 |
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132 | Centaurium erythraea | Erdgall / fel terrae - Centawrea - Fieberchrawt | No 38 |
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133 | Valeriana officinalis | Valdrian / Valeriana | No 39 |
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134 | Euphrasia officinalis | Eyebright / Ewfrasia | No 40 |
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135 | Parnassia palustris | No 41 |
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136 | Verbena officinalis | Ysenchrawt the prawn / Verbena fusca | No 42 |
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137 | Plantago major | Plantain / Arnoglossa | No 43 |
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138 | Plantago media | Long plantain / Plantago minor | No 44 |
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139 | Plantago lanceolata | Sheep rib | No 45 |
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140 | Scrofularia nodosa | Drueßwurz / Scrofularia | No 46 |
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141 | Taraxacum officinale | Lebenzandt / Scariola - Rörelchrawt | No 47 |
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142 | Achillea millefolium | Tausendbletter / Millefolium | No 48 |
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143 | Hyoscyamus niger | Pilsenchrawt / Jusquiamus | No 49 |
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144 | Lithospermum arvense | Millet / Milium solis | No 50 |
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145 | Eupatorium cannabinum | Chunigschrawt | No 51 |
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146 | Cichorium intybus | Wegwart - Sunnenberbel / Sponsa solis - Solsequium | No 52 |
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147 | Euphorbia esula | Wolfmilich / Esula maius | No 53 |
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148 | Nasturtium officinale | Prunnchress / Nasturtium | No 54 |
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149 | Potentilla anserina | Grennsing / Portentilla | No. 55 |
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150 | Euphorbia cyparissias | Esula minor | No 56 |
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151 | Linaria vulgaris | Our frawn har / Gratiosa | No 57 |
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152 | Alchemilla vulgaris | No 58 |
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153 | Geum urbanum | Benedictine root / Benedicta rubea | No 59 |
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154 | Polygonum aviculare | Sperkenzung / Ligwa passerina - grass | No 60 |
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155 | Artemisia vulgaris | Schosmalten - Pesmalten - Peypos - Su [n] bent belt - Sand Johans belt | No 61 |
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156 | Dryopteris filix-mas | Fern / Filix | No 62 |
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157 | Solanum nigrum | Nachtschad - Solatrum | No 63 |
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158 | Indefinite | Morella | No 64 |
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159 | Phyteuma orbiculare | No 65 |
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160 | Undetermined ( Euphorbia helioscopia ?) | Haylchrawt | No 66 |
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161 | Gentiana pneumonanthe | No 67 |
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162 | Capsella bursa-pastoris | Taschelchrawt / Wursa pastoris - Sagwinaria | No 68 |
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163 | Potentilla erecta | Pentafilon | No 69 |
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164 | Polygonum persicaria | Flöchchrawt - Persicaria | No. 70 |
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165 | Prunella vulgaris | Prawnell / Brunella - Consolida minor | No. 71 |
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166 | Tussilago farfara | Hueffpleter / Ungula | No 72 |
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167 | Pulmonaria officinalis | Our frawn gepün / Lac benedicte virginis | No 73 |
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168 | Angelica Sylvestris | De heyligen Geist wurz / Herba sancti spiritus / Angelica | No 74 |
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169 | Potentilla erecta | Pluetwurz - Chrewzlwurz - Tormentill / Tormentilla | No 75 |
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170 | Polygonum bistorta | Naterwurz / Serpentina | No 76 |
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171 | Echium vulgare | Drakchenwurz / Tragontea | No 77 |
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172 | Malva sylvestris | Garden Papel / Malua | No 78 |
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173 | Althaea officinalis | Wid [e] papel / Malua agrestis | No 79 |
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174 | Polypodium vulgare | Hunigeswurz / Dulce saporis | No 80 |
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175 | Chelidonium majus | Swallowwort / Celidonia - Schelchrawt | No 81 |
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176 | Ranunculus acris | Glitzenpluem - Craefuess | No 82 |
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177 | Rubia tinctorum | Rubea tinctorum - sticky herb | No 83 |
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178 | Blank page |
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||
179 | Origanum vulgare | Wolgemuet - Origanum | No 84 |
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180 | Urtica dioica | Big nettle / Urtica maior | No. 85 |
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181 | Lamium purpureum | Dead nettle / Urtica mortua fusca | No 86 |
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182 | Galeobdolon luteum | No 87 |
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183 | Lamium album | No 88 |
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184 | Urtica urens | Habernettle | No 89 |
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185 | Trifolium pratense | Prawner Chlee / Trifolium fuscum | No 90 |
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186 | Trifolium repens | White chlee / Trifolium album | No 91 |
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187 | Indefinite ( Beta vulgaris ?) | Rappa | No 92 |
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188 | Indefinite ( Hepatica nobilis ?) | Weysser sanikell | No 93 |
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189 | Bidens tripartita | Hullg chraut | No 94 |
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190 | Oxalis acetosella | Cuckoo Garlic - Alleluia | No 95 |
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191 | Rumex acetosa | Sawr ampffer / Acetosa | No. 96 |
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192 | Anemone ranunculoides | No 97 |
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193 | Anemone nemorosa | No. 98 |
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194 | Caltha palustris | No. 99 |
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195 | Indefinite | Wild garlic | No. 100 |
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196 | Lathraea squamaria | Maywort | No. 101 |
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197 | Viola spec. | Wild veyall | No. 102 |
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198 | Gentiana verna | Wysen veyal / Vyola in prato | No 103 |
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199 | Cardamine pratensis | No 104 |
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200 | Bellis perennis | All moneyt pluet | No. 105 |
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201 | Ficaria verna | No. 106 |
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202 | Orchis latifolia | Ständelwurz - Hymelkey / Primula veris fusca | No 107 |
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203 | Orchis spec. | Primula veris alba | No 108 |
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204 | Cruciata glabra | No. 109 |
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205 | Epipactis spec. | No 110 |
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206 | Sempervivum tectorum | Houseleek - Barba Jouis maior | No 111 |
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207 | Sedum acre | Hawswurz - Tewfelspart / Barba Jouis minor | No 112 |
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208 | Helleborus viridis | Christwurz - Illisuica | No 113 |
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209 | Ajuga reptans | Humel | No 114 |
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210 | Paeonia officinalis | Peoni root / Peonia | No 115 |
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211 | Gentiana lutea | Enntian / Gentiana | No 116 |
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212 | Bellidiastrum michelii | Willder lactuk | No 117 |
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213 | Ranunculus lanuginosus | Benedicta | No 118 |
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214 | Glechoma hederacea | Gamandrea | No. 119 |
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215 | Silene dioica | Wundchrawt | No 120 |
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216 | Silene dioica | Stuenpluem | No 121 |
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217 | Indefinite ( Chenopodium rubrum ?) | No 122 |
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218 | Tragopogon pratensis | Pokchspart / Barba hircina | No 123 |
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219 | Raphanus raphanistrum | No 124 |
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220 | Lepidium latifolium | Pepper Chrawt - Typtamus | No 125 |
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221 | Levisticum officinale | Lugstekch - Ligustica | No 126 |
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222 | Filipendula ulmaria | Peychrawt | No 127 |
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223 | Tanacetum vulgare | Rayfan - Tanacetum | No 128 |
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224 | Anchusa officinalis | Ox tongue / Buglossa | No 129 |
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225 | Ranunculus bulbosus | No. 130 |
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226 | Dianthus carthusianorum | Gükgahändel - Stuenpluem | No 131 |
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227 | Campanula patula | Our frawn schueckel - pigeon drops | No 132 |
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228 | Anthyllis vulneraria | No. 133 |
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229 | Trifolium spec. | Yellow chlee | No 134 |
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230 | Rhinanthus alectorolophus | Chlaff or chornpluem | No 135 |
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231 | Agrostemma pallida | Ratem - prawn kornpluem - Zyzania | No 136 |
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232 | Centaurea cyanus | Plab chorn pluem | No 137 |
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233 | Melampyrum arvense | Zappffenkrawt | No. 138 |
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234 | Papaver rhoeas | Red roses in the chorn / Papaver agreste | No. 139 |
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235 | Hyssopus officinalis | Hyssop / hyssopus | No 140 |
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236 | Euphorbia verrucosa | Spurge - Esula | No 141 |
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237 | Atriplex spec. | Shasmelten - Atriplex | No 142 |
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238 | Sinapis alba | Seniff / Sinopis | No 143 |
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239 | Chenopodium bonus-henricus | Guet hainrich - Herba mercurialis | No 144 |
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240 | Symphytum officinale | Swartzwurtz - Simphitum - Consolida maior | No 145 |
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241 | Chrysanthemum leucanthemum | No 146 |
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242 | Centaurea jacea | Scabiosa | No 147 |
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243 | Senecio fuchsii | Wundchrawt | No 148 |
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244 | Silene vulgaris | No 149 |
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245 | Solanum dulcamara | Pitter / Amarum dulce | No 150 |
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246 | Indefinite | No. 151 |
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247 | Geranium phaeum | No 152 |
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248 | Indefinite ( Myosotis palustris ?) | No. 153 |
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249 | Marrubium vulgare | Marobel / Marrubium - Sigmynezen | No 154 |
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250 | Helianthemum nummularium | No. 155 |
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251 | Erodium cicutarium | Chronichenschnabel | No 156 |
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252 | Aposeris foetida | Gene - Scariola | No. 157 |
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253 | Stachys palustris | Wundchrawt | No. 158 |
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254 | Lotus corniculatus | Angel key tag | No 159 |
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255 | Scabiosa columbaria | Blessing chrawt | No. 160 |
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256 | Hieracium pilosella | Mäusörl / Auricula muris - Nagelchrawt | No 161 |
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257 | Knautia arvensis | No 162 |
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258 | Mentha aquatica | Red myntz / Menta rubea - Pachmyntz | No 163 |
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259 | Mentha spec. | Raydmynnzen / Mentha crispis | No 164 |
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260 | Nepeta cataria | Chazenmyntzen - Nepita | No. 165 |
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261 | Mentha arvensis | Veldmyntzen - Chorenmyntzen - Stainmyntzen | No. 166 |
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262 | Senecio vulgaris | Aselchrawt | No 167 |
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263 | Senecio sarracenicus | Wundchrawt | No 168 |
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264 | Nymphaea alba | Wasserpluem - Seburtz - Kol ros | No 169 |
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265 | Senecio jacobaea | No. 170 |
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266 | Lactuca serriola | Evil yellow tie | No 171 |
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267 | Lampsana communis | No 172 |
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268 | Lycopodium clavatum | No 173 |
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269 | Indefinite | No 174 |
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270 | Erica carnea | No 175 |
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271 | Hieracium pilosella | Musörl / Auricula muris - root worm - nail tie | No 176 |
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272 | Pinguicula vulgaris | Zitrochchrawt | No 177 |
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273 | Indefinite | Wundchrawt | No 178 |
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274 | Fragaria vesca | Erper chrawt / Fragula | No 179 |
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275 | Glabra hernia | Stainsprech / Saxifraga | No 180 |
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276 | Scrophularia nodosa | Haidnisch Wundchrawt | No 181 |
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277 | Salvia glutinosa | Wundchrawt | No. 182 |
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278 | Epilobium parviflorum | No 183 |
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279 | Salvia pratensis | Willder Sallfan | No 184 |
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280 | Lysimachia vulgaris | No. 185 |
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281 | Indefinite ( Phyteuma orbiculare ? Succisa pratensis ?) | Schelmburtz - Devil's pys / Morsus daemonis | No. 186 |
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282 | Calendula officinalis | Weinpluemen - Posem flowers - Kalendula | No 187 |
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283 | Atropa belladonna | Twalmroot | No. 188 |
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284 | Dipsacus sativus | Chartten - Sträler - Virga pastoris | No. 189 |
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285 | Melilotus officinalis | Nardenchrawt / Nardus | No. 190 |
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286 | Sonchus arvensis | May thistle | No 191 |
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287 | Clinopodium vulgare | Andron / Marrubium | No. 192 |
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288 | Verbascum thapsus | Wullchchrawt - Hymelprant / Candela | No 193 |
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289 | Anagallis arvensis | Red hunerdärm / Centrum galli | No 194 |
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290 | Stellaria media | Greens a lot | No. 195 |
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291 | Thymus serpyllum | Weld hyssop - serpillum | No. 196 |
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292 | Indefinite | Saxifraga | No. 197 |
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293 | Saponaria officinalis | No. 198 |
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literature
- Hermann Fischer : Vitus Auslasser, the first Bavarian botanist and the relationships of his Herbarius from 1479 to the beginnings of Bavarian botany. In: Reports of the Bavarian Botanical Society for the research of the native flora. Vol. 18, Munich 1923, H. 1, pp. 1-31. (Digitized pdf)
- Heinrich Marzell . Some remarks on the plant names in the Herbarius by Vitus Auslasser von Ebersberg (1479) . In: Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 4 (1926), pp. 75–78
- Gerhard Eis: Auslasser, Vitus. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 1, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1953, ISBN 3-428-00182-6 , p. 458 ( digitized version ).
- Lottlisa Behling : The plant in medieval panel painting. Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1957, pp. 85-100.
- Willem Frans Daems . Auslasser, Veit (Vitus). In: The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author's Lexicon , Volume I 2 , De Gruyter, Berlin etc. 1978, Sp. 552–553
- Johannes Gottfried Mayer , Konrad Goehl and Katharina Englert: The plants of monastery medicine in presentation and application. With pictures of plants by the Benedictine Vitus Auslasser (15th century) from Clm 5905 of the Bavarian State Library in Munich (= DWV writings on the history of medicine. Vol. 5). Deutscher Wissenschafts-Verlag, Baden-Baden, 2009. ISBN 978-3-86888-007-6 .
- Johannes Mayer, Konrad Goehl: Highlights of monastery medicine: The “Macer floridus” and the herbarium of Vitus Auslasser. Edited with an introduction and German translation. Reprint-Verlag Leipzig, Holzminden 2001, ISBN 3-8262-1120-0 (with facsimile of pages 28 to 123 of Choulant's 1832 edition and five detailed registers).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Vitus outlet. Herb book title page Clm 5905 Vitus outlet digitalisat . "Herbarius iste depictus est per fratrem Vitum Auslasser de Fumpp prope Swacz monachum p [ro] fessum prespiterum monasterii St. Sebastiani in Ebersperg anno domini 1479"
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Mayer et al. 2009, p. 66ff.
- ^ H. Fischer: Vitus Auslasser, the first German florist and his book of herbs from 1479. In: Reports of the German Botanical Society. Volume 42, 1924, pp. 159-163.
- ^ Gerhard Eis: Auslasser, Vitus. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 1, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1953, ISBN 3-428-00182-6 , p. 458 ( digitized version ).
- ↑ Clm 5905 Vitus outlet digitalisat
- ↑ From the Herbarium of Vitus Auslasser. In: Hohenloher Tagblatt , June 9, 2012
- ^ Events for the Bamberg Garden Show 2012. ( Memento from June 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Medicinal plants - wonderfully painted. ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Biozentrum of the University of Würzburg, May 4th 2010.
- ↑ Plants of monastery medicine. ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. On: Echo Online , June 19, 2010.
- ↑ Hermann Fischer . Vitus Auslasser, the first Bavarian botanist and the relationships of his Herbarius from 1479 to the beginnings of Bavarian botany. In: Reports of the Bavarian Botanical Society for the research of the native flora. Vol. 18, Munich 1923, no. 1, pp. 1–31 (digitized pdf)
- ↑ Hermann Fischer. Medieval botany. Verlag der Münchner Drucke, Munich 1929
- ↑ Heinrich Marzell . Dictionary of German plant names. (with the assistance of Wilhelm Wissmann and Wolfgang Pfeifer ): Volumes I – V, Leipzig, Stuttgart and Wiesbaden 1943–1979, Volumes III (from column 481) and IV (from the estate) ed. by Heinz Paul, Volume V (register volume) 1958 with Wilhelm Wissmann; Reprint (licensed edition) Cologne 2000. ISBN 3-88059-982-3 .
personal data | |
---|---|
SURNAME | Outlet, Vitus |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Botanist and monk |
DATE OF BIRTH | before 1463 |
DATE OF DEATH | after 1478 |